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Sami enjoys reading about the solar system, especially about the Sun. He thought of an idea to raise
awareness about the global warming issue among his class-mates by designing an  advertisement, but he needs to find answers to some questions first, by reading an article about global warming. Advise him to go back to the Student book, page18, to read the article: What can we do to slow down global warming? Or to find the link of the article in the padlet.
1. Does the Sun affect the Earth’s climate?
2. Is the Sun causing global warming?
3. What role does the sun play on earth?
I will design an advertisement about global warming, noticing the following points:

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أطلقَتْ وكالةُ ناسا 

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أطلقَتْ وكالةُ ناسا في شهرِ آبَ 2018 مسبارَ باركرَ الشمسيَّ إلى الغلافِ الجويِّ الشمسيِّ؛ وكانتْ أولَ مركبةٍ تصلُ إلى هذا القربِ منَ الشمسِ من قبل؛  بهدف دراسةِ هالةِ الشمسِ، واكتشافِ سرِّ حرارتِها التي تفوقُ حرارةَ الشمسِ نفسِها.
ستُحلقُ المركبةُ الفضائيةُ بينَ موادَّ تزيدُ حرارتُها عنْ مليونِ درجةٍ سلسيوس، وستتعرضُ لضوءٍ شمسيٍّ ساطعٍ جدًّا. صُممَتِ المركبةُ لمقاومةِ هذِهِ الظروفِ
بفضلِ درعِها الحراريةِ الكربونيةِ، إضافةً إلى نظامِ التحكمِ الذاتيِّ الذي سيحمي المركبةَ، ويُبقيها باردةً وآمنةً طوالَ
مدةِ المهمةِ، لكنهُ سيسمحُ لموادِّ الهالةِ بملامسةِ المركبةِ. ليسَتْ كلُّ الأجهزةِ محميةً خلفَ الدرعِ الحراريةِ، فالمسبارُ الشمسيُّ لنْ يكونَ محميًّا خلفَهُ، وهوَ عبارةٌ عنْ حساسٍ يقيسُ تدفقاتِ
الشحناتِ الكهربائيةِ القادمةِ منَ الرياحِ الشمسيةِ، ويُرسلُ القراءاتِ الدقيقةَ إلى الأرضِ. ستنجزُ المركبةُ أربعًا وعشرينَ
دورةً حولَ نجمِنا في سبعِ سنواتٍ، وفي كلِّ مرةٍ تقتربُ فيها منَ الشمسِ، ستأخذُ عينةً منَ الرياحِ الشمسيةِ، وستدرسُ هالة الشمسِ، موفرةً بذلكَ عملياتِ رصدٍ لمْ يسبقْ لها مثيلٌ حولَ نجمِنا.

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قلمٍ، ودفترٍ، وورقٍ 

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قلمٍ، ودفترٍ، وورقٍ مستعمَلٍ، وأسلاكٍ أوْ خيوطٍ، وألوانٍ أوْ أصباغِ طعامٍ.

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• أصممَ نموذجًا للمجموعةِ الشمسيةِ، مستعينًا ببياناتٍ حولَ أحجامِها وأبعادِها عنِ الشمسِ.
•أوضحَ دورَ الشمسِ في بقاءِ المجموعةِ الشمسيةِ. أحددَ موقعَ المجموعةِ الشمسيةِ في المجرةِ.
•أكتبَ الأعدادَ الكليةَ والكسورَ العشريةَ بالصيغةِ العلميةِ (بأسسٍ موجبةٍ فقطْ.)
•أحسبَ قيمَ تعابيرَ عدديةٍ تتضمنُ الأسسَ باستخدامِ أولوياتِ إجراءالعمليات
•أقرأَ صحفًا، وكتبًا، ومجلاتٍ، قراءةً هادفةً ومناسبةً عمري منْ مصادرِها المطبوعةِ والإلكترونيةِ،قراءةً صامتةً وجهريةً معبرةً
مراعيًا التنغيمَ المناسبَ، وحركاتِ الجسدِ وفقَ المعنى؛ موظفًا ما اكتسبتُهُ من مفرداتٍ وخبراتٍ ومعارفَ في التحدث
في قضيةٍ معينةٍ في حدودِ ( 3‒ 4) دقائقَ.
•أقرأَ مقالةً باللغةِ الإنجليزيةِ عنْ علاقةِ الشمسِ بالاحتباسِ الحراريِّ قراءةً جهريةً. أصممَ إعلانًا جاذبًا بلغةٍ سليمةٍ للتوعيةِ بظاهرةِ الاحتباسِ الحراريِّ، مضمنًا إياهُ ما اكتسبتُهُ منْ مفرداتٍ وخبراتٍ ومعارفَ.

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أتعرف أكثر حول المجموعة الشمسية من خلال تحميل هذا الكتاب بصيغة pdf

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ديفيد إيه روذري

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الكواكب: مقدمة قصيرة جدًّا | ديفيد إيه روذري | مؤسسة هنداوي

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يمكنك تحميل كتب ومؤلفات «ديفيد إيه روذري» مجانا من خلال موقعنا، بالإضافة إلى العديد من الكتب المجانية الأخرى‏.

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العلومُ:
أبحثُ في المراجعِ المختلفةِ مثلِ الكتبِ المدرسيةِ، أوِ المواقعِ العلميةِ، أوْ أنقرُ على (QR Code) عنْ مجرةِ دربِ التبانةِ، ومكوناتِها، وموقعِ الشمسِ في المجرة،
أرسمُ المجرةَ، وأحددُ موقعَ المجموعةِ الشمسيةِ فيها، أشاركُ أحدَ زملائي نتائجَ بحثي، ونتبادلُ ما توصلْنا إليهِ، ونُخبرُ معلمَنا بنتائجِ بحثِنا.
اللغةُ العربيةُ:
1 أبحثُ معَ أحدِ زملائي أوْ أفرادِ أسرتي عنْ سببِ تسميةِ المسبارِ باركرَ هذا الاسمَ، ونربطُ السببَ بقيمةٍ أخلاقيةٍ إنسانيةٍ.
2 أبحثُ عنِ المقصودِ بالمصطلحاتِ العلميةِ الآتيةِ: )هالةُ الشمسِ، الرياحُ الشمسيةُ(، وأعرضُها على زملائي، أوْ أفرادِ أسرتي.

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أتعرف على المزيد من المعلومات الشيقة عن مجموعتنا الشمسية من هذا الفيديو.

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Rising sea levels. Raging storms. Searing heat. Ferocious fires. Severe drought. Punishing floods. The effects of climate change are already threatening our health, our communities, our economy, our security, and our children's future.

What can you do? A whole lot, as it turns out. Americans, on average, produce 21 tons of carbon a year, about four times the global average. Personal action is, of course, no substitute for meaningful government policies. We still must limit carbon pollution and aggressively move away from dirty fossil fuels toward cleaner power.

But it's important to remember the equally vital contributions that can be made by private citizens-which is to say, by you. "Change only happens when individuals take action," says clean energy advocate Aliya Haq. "There's no other way, if it doesn't start with people."

Here are a dozen easy, effective ways each one of us can make a difference.

1. Speak up!

What's the single biggest way you can make an impact on global climate change? "Talk to your friends and family, and make sure your representatives are making good decisions," Haq says. By voicing your concerns-via social media or, better yet, directly to your elected officials-you send a message that you care about the warming world. Encourage Congress to enact new laws that limit carbon emissions and require polluters to pay for the emissions they produce. "The main reason elected officials do anything difficult is because their constituents make them," Haq says. You can help protect public lands, stop offshore drilling, and more here.

2. Power your home with renewable energy.

Choose a utility company that generates at least half its power from wind or solar and has been certified by Green-e Energy, an organization that vets renewable energy options. If that isn't possible for you, take a look at your electric bill; many utilities now list other ways to support renewable sources on their monthly statements and websites.

3. Weatherize, weatherize, weatherize.

"Building heating and cooling are among the biggest uses of energy," Haq says. Indeed, heating and air-conditioning account for almost half of home energy use. You can make your space more energy efficient by sealing drafts and ensuring it's adequately insulated. You can also claim federal tax credits for many energy efficiency home improvements. To help you figure out where to start, you could also get a home energy audit, which some utilities offer free of charge. (Alternatively, you can hire a professional to come to your home and perform one; the Inflation Reduction Act offers a partial tax credit for this.) The EPA's Home Energy Yardstick gives you a simple assessment of your home's annual energy use compared with similar homes.

4. Invest in energy-efficient appliances.

Since they were first implemented nationally in 1987, efficiency standards for dozens of appliances and products have kept 2.3 billion tons of carbon dioxide out of the air. That's about the same amount as the annual carbon pollution coughed up by nearly 440 million cars. "Energy efficiency is the lowest-cost way to reduce emissions," Haq says. When shopping for refrigerators, washing machines, heat pump water heaters, and other appliances, look for the Energy Star label. It will tell you which are the most efficient. (There may also be rebates to earn from your purchase of Energy Star-certified products.)

And when you're ready to swap out your old machines, don't just put them on the curb: Recycling an old refrigerator through the EPA's Responsible Appliance Disposal Program can prevent an additional 10,000 pounds of carbon pollution because the global-warming pollutants in the refrigerants and foam would be properly captured rather than vented to the air.

5. Reduce water waste.

Saving water reduces carbon pollution, too. That's because it takes a lot of energy to pump, heat, and treat your water. So take shorter showers, turn off the tap while brushing your teeth, and switch to WaterSense-labeled fixtures and appliances. The EPA estimates that if just one out of every 100 American homes were retrofitted with water-efficient fixtures, about 100 million kilowatt-hours of electricity per year would be saved-avoiding 80,000 tons of global warming pollution.

6. Actually eat the food you buy-and compost what you can't.

Approximately 10 percent of U.S. energy use goes into growing, processing, packaging, and shipping food-about 40 percent of which winds up in the landfill. "If you're wasting less food, you're likely cutting down on energy consumption," Haq says. As for the scraps you can't eat or the leftovers you don't get to, collect them in a compost bin instead of sending them to the landfill where they release methane. Recycling food and other organic waste into compost provides a range of environmental benefits, including improving soil health, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, recycling nutrients, and mitigating the impact of droughts.

7. Buy better bulbs.

LED light bulbs use one-sixth the amount of energy to deliver the same amount of light as conventional incandescents and last at least 10 times longer. They're also cheaper in the long run: A 10-watt LED that replaces your traditional 60-watt bulb will save you $125 over the light bulb's life. And because the average American home has around 40 to 50 light bulbs, this is a simple swap that will reap huge rewards. If every household in the United States replaced just one incandescent with an Energy Star-labeled LED, we would prevent seven billion pounds of carbon pollution per year. That's equivalent to the emissions of about 648,000 cars.

8. Pull the plug(s).

Taken together, the outlets in your home are likely powering about 65 devices-an average load for a home in the United States. Audio and video devices, cordless vacuums and power tools, and other electronics use energy even when they're not charging. This "idle load" across all U.S. households adds up to the output of 50 large power plants in the country. So don't leave fully charged devices plugged into your home's outlets, unplug rarely used devices or plug them into power strips and timers, and adjust your computers and monitors to automatically power down to the lowest power mode when not in use.

9. Drive a fuel-efficient vehicle.

Gas-smart cars, such as hybrids and fully electric vehicles, save fuel and money. And once all cars and light trucks meet 2025's clean car standards, which means averaging 54.5 miles per gallon, they'll be a mainstay. For good reason: Relative to a national fleet of vehicles that averaged only 28.3 miles per gallon in 2011, Americans will spend $80 billion less at the pump each year and cut their automotive emissions by half. Before you buy a new set of wheels, compare fuel-economy performance here.

10. Maintain your ride.

If all Americans kept their tires properly inflated, we could save 1.2 billion gallons of gas each year. A simple tune-up can boost miles per gallon anywhere from 4 percent to 40 percent, and a new air filter can get you a 10 percent boost. Also, remove unnecessary accessories from your car roof. Roof racks and clamshell storage containers can reduce fuel efficiency by as much as 5 percent.

11. Rethink planes, trains, and automobiles.

Choosing to live in walkable smart-growth cities and towns with quality public transportation leads to less driving, less money spent on fuel, and less pollution in the air. Less frequent flying can make a big difference, too. "Air transport is a major source of climate pollution," Haq says. "If you can take a train instead, do that." If you must fly, consider purchasing carbon offsets to counterbalance the hefty carbon pollution associated with flying. But not all carbon offset companies are alike. Do your homework to find the best supplier.

12. Reduce, reuse, and recycle.

In the United States, the average person generates 4.5 pounds of trash every day. Fortunately, not all the items we discard end up in landfills; we recycle or compost more than one-third of our trash. In 2014 this saved carbon emissions equivalent to the yearly output of 38 million passenger cars. But we could be doing so much more. "Reduce should always be the number-one priority," says NRDC senior resource specialist Darby Hoover. And to reap the environmental benefits of "recyclable" goods, you must recycle according to the rules of your municipality, since systems vary widely by location. Search your municipality's sanitation department (or equivalent) webpage to learn exactly what you can place in the recycling bin, as counties and cities often differ in what they accept.
This story was originally published on April 20, 2022 and has been updated with new information and links.

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There are many ways to prevent global warming from becoming worse. Many nations have put laws into place to fight climate change -- here's what you can do.

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أولًا : أقرأُ المقال

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أولًا : أقرأُ المقالةَ السابقةَ قراءةً صامتةً بتأنٍ؛ لفهمِها واستيعابِ أفكارِهاومفرداتها
ثانيًا: أستدلُّ منْ نَصِّ المقالةِ - بمشاركةِ زميلي أوْ أحدِ أفرادِ أسرتي - على ما يأتي محددًا مكانَ الاستدلالِ:
1. لا يحملُ مسبارُ باركرَ أشخاصًا على متنِهِ. 2. الشمسُ نجمٌ لا كوكبٌ.              3. التناسبُ بينَ عنوانِ المقالةِ وما جاءَ فيها.

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There is no one-size-fits-all approach to stopping or slowing global warming, and each individual, business, municipal, state, tribal, and federal entity must weigh their options in light of their own unique set of circumstances. Experts say it is likely many strategies working together will be needed. Generally speaking, here are some examples of mitigation strategies we can use to slow or stop the human-caused global warming ( learn more):

Where possible, we can switch to renewable sources of energy (such as solar and wind energy) to power our homes and buildings, thus emitting far less heat-trapping gases into the atmosphere.

Where feasible, we can drive electric vehicles instead of those that burn fossil fuels; or we can use mass transit instead of driving our own cars.

Where affordable, we can conserve energy by better insulating our homes and buildings, and by replacing old, failing appliances with more energy-efficient models.

Where practicable, we can counterbalance our annual carbon dioxide emissions by investing in commercial services that draw down an equal amount of carbon out of the atmosphere, such as through planting trees or carbon capture and storage techniques.

Where practical, we can support more local businesses that use and promote sustainable, climate-smart practices such as those listed above.

We can consider placing an upper limit on the amount of carbon dioxide we will allow ourselves to emit into the atmosphere within a given timeframe.

Note that NOAA doesn't advocate for or against particular climate policies. Instead, NOAA's role is to provide data and scientific information about climate, including how it has changed and is likely to change in the future depending on different climate policies or actions society may or may not take. More guidance on courses of action can be found in the National Academy of Sciences' 2010 report, titled Informing an Effective Response to Climate Change. Also learn more here, here, and here.

Stabilizing global temperature near its current level requires eliminating all emissions of heat-trapping gases or, equivalently, achieving a carbon-neutral society in which people remove as much carbon from the atmosphere as they emit. Achieving this goal will require substantial societal changes in energy technologies and infrastructure that go beyond the collective actions of individuals and households to reduce emissions.

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What can we do to slow or stop global warming?

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There is no one-size-fits-all approach to stopping or slowing global warming, and each individual, business, municipal, state, tribal, and federal entity must weigh their options in light of their own unique set of circumstances. Experts say it is likely many strategies working together will be needed.

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ثالثًا: أتبادلُ أنا 

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ثالثًا: أتبادلُ أنا وزميلي، أوْ أحدُ أفرادِ أسرتي قراءةَ المقالةِ قراءةً جهريةً صحيحةً، معَ مراعاةِ التنغيمِ الصوتيِّ، وتوظيفِ لغةِ الجسدِ.

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رابعًا: أتقمصُ شخصية

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رابعًا: أتقمصُ شخصيةَ عالِمٍ في وكالةِ ناسا شاركَ في مهمةِ إطلاقِ مسبارِ باركرَ، وأتحدثُ أمامَ زملائي، أوْ أفرادِ أسرتي عنْ هذهِ المهمةِ في حدودِ ( 3‒ 4) دقائق  مراعيًا معاييرَ التحدثِ الآتيةَ التي سأُقوِّمُ بناءً عليْها: وضوحَ الصوتِ، وسلامةَ اللغةِ، والتنغيمَ الصوتيَّ، والطلاقةَ،
والجرأةَ، وتوظيفَ لغةِ الجسدِ، والتواصلَ البصريَّ معَ الحضورِ، وصحةَ الأفكارِ والمعلوماتِ، وتوظيفَ المفرداتِ
والمصطلحاتِ العلميةِ ذاتِ العلاقةِ، وتسلسلَ الأفكارِ، والتزامَ الزمنِ المحددِ.

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نماذج للمجموعة الشمس

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نماذج للمجموعة الشمسية من صنع الطلبة

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Aljazeera Media Library مكتبة الجزيرة المرئية

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مسبار "باركر" يكشف أسرارا جديدة حول الشمس

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المجموعة الشمسية ودر

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المجموعة الشمسية ودرب التبانة

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تمثيل المجموعة الشمس

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تمثيل المجموعة الشمسية وأبعاد الكواكب عن الشمس