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Behaviorism "examines how students behave while learning. [...] Uses both positive and negative reinforcement to help individuals learn new behaviors" (Picciano, 2017).

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Direct Instruction
Teacher is present and gives students whole-group lessons. The teacher is available for questions and may redirect attention.

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Class Dojo
Kahoot!

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PROS: Students do well when they work alongside a teacher who is attentive and present in a lesson. They need their questions answered and can be redirected using reinforcements.
CONS: Students need to be present for synchronous instruction and the lesson is not self-paced, so some teachers may instruct too quickly.

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Cognitivism states that, "Motivation and imagination are critical elements of learning that bridge environmental stimulus and student response" (Picciano, 2017). It now focuses on "adaptive and personalized learning applications" and "multiple steps in the learning process" (Picciano, 2017).

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Gagne's Nine Events of Instruction
-Gain attention
-Describe the goal
-Stimulate prior knowledge
-Present the material to be learned
-Provide guidance
-Elicit performance
-Provide feedback
-Assess performance
-Enhance retention and transfer
(Picciano, 2017)

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iReady
Lexia

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PROS: Students can learn from whole-group lessons and teacher can gain immediate feedback in terms of who is struggling and who is advanced.
CONS: Students may not be able to focus when learning synchronously and they may do better working on their own. Students may struggle working with partners or groups in Breakout Rooms.

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Both Synchronous and Asynchronous Learning

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Both Synchronous and Asynchronous Learning

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Social constructivism includes the teacher "providing a social environment where learning is a series of practice experiences in which learners learn by doing, collaborating and reflecting with others" (Picciano, 2017).

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Active Learning Model
"Learners construct or build their own understanding". They are not simply recalling and retelling information; they are using prior knowledge to actively think and work through new problems (Cambridge International Education Teaching and Learning Team, n.d.).

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Google Docs
Digital Breakout Boxes

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PROS: When utilizing both synchronous and asynchronous lessons, teachers can teach whole-group and then allow students to go on their own and try independently. Also, they can encourage students to work on projects with other peers.
CONS: Having students go back and forth from synchronous to asynchronous may be tedious. They may forget when to log back onto meetings or what their task is once they log off.

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Connectivism is a theory "driven by the dynamic of information flow" where students need to be provided with "experiences in navigating and recognizing oceans of constantly shifting and evolving information" (Picciano, 2017).

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Flipped Classroom Model
Students can view videos posted on an LMS (such as Google Classroom) meaning they are gaining information from a device and completing an assignment alongside this resource. With the flipped classroom model, students are independent and responsible for their learning.

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Google Classroom
YouTube

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PROS: Students can watch videos posted asynchronously at their own pace and they can complete assignments when they want. Students are in charge of their activities and can create their own schedules.
CONS: Students need to be very driven and motivated to stay on-task and ensure everything is completed. If a student needs help, a teacher is not available making this environment a difficult one.

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Both Synchronous and Asynchronous Learning 

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Both Synchronous and Asynchronous Learning 

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Online Collaborative Learning, "focuses on the facilities of the Internet to provide learning environments that foster collaboration and knowledge building" (Picciano, 2017).

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Active Learning Model
"Discussions need to be well-organized by instructors and they need to provide the necessary support, which allows students to achieve the advancement of ideas and construction of new knowledge" (Roe, J. E. A. M., n.d.)

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Zoom
Google Meets

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PROS: Students should be exposed to both types of environments. They need the core skills and foundation provided by a teacher during live sessions, yet also should know how to work on their own and be successful when doing so.
CONS: Students learning under both asynchronous and synchronous instruction may not get the sufficient help necessary when they meet with their teacher. Because of this, they may struggle when needing to complete work independently.