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A line that stood out to me from the reading was " We accept and utilize the precolonial past as the history of the national territory, but not as our own past."

This passage stood out to me because it highlights how people in Mexico often separate themselves from their indigenous roots. The author is saying that even though Mesoamerican history happened in the same place. Many people don't see it as part of their own identity. I think this is important because it shows how history can be remembered in a disconnected way. Where people recognize it but don't feel personally connected to it. It made me think on how societes choose which parts of their past to embrace and which to distance themselves from.

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A line that stood out to me from the reading was " The tree of life knows that, whatever happens, the warm music spinning around it will never stop."

This was so fascinating to me because it gives a message about hope and resilience. Despite all the suffering, violence, and loss, life and hope continue to persist like the music that never ends. It reminds me that there is something beautiful that keeps us moving even in the darkest times.

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"The human murder by poverty in Latin America is secret; every year,

without making a sound, three Hiroshima bombs explode over communities

that have become accustomed to suffering with clenched teeth. This systematic

violence is not apparent but is real and constantly increasing: its holocausts are

not made known in the sensational press but in Food and Agricultural

Organization statistics."

In the passage I choose they are talking about how these communities in Latin America suffer greatly from a hunger crisis. I chose this section, because the way they word the situation seems very impactful and is like an eye opener for how well off many of us have it compared to others. We never know the situation other people in different countries are going through. Most of the time big news outlets take little to no notice because they don't think of it as such a big issue.

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I chose this image to show how colonizers essentially were able to manipulate and change groups of people into thinking differently or aligning with them even though colonizers have brought nothing but chaos and injustice to these people's lives. 

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“These problems carry us back to the colonial situation, to prohibited identities and proscribed languages, to the final accomplishment of colonization, when the colonized finally accepted internally the inferiority that the colonizers attributed to them, renounced their own identity, and assumed another and different one.”

I chose this quote because it shows what many civilizations went through during these times and how dangerous and damaging colonization was for these people. There are many examples of colonization in many parts and for many groups. This just highlights one of the few but catastrophic results of colonization where they are actively destroying the roots and history of these people and actively trying to erase the culture and identities that come from these people. I also wanted to highlight this quote because it shows the horrors and struggles, to the point where they had to accept these injustices and the colonizers were  trying to form them into something that they were not.

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"If you do not, or if you maliciously delay in so doing, I certify that with God’s

help I will advance powerfully against you and make war on you wherever

and however."

This quote stood out to me because I realized that a lot of people back in the day uses gods name for evil and they believed that their god gave them the choice to become cruel or to do evil.

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I chose this image because it captures colonialism and the start of communities falling victim in erasure. Showing the settlers enforcing inferiority upon the Indigenous people and forcing a label to identify them.

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"These problems carry us back to the colonial situation, to prohibited identities and proscribed languages, to the final accomplishment of colonization, when the colonized finally accepted internal inferiority, and assumed another and different one." (Mexico Profundo)

The quote stood out to me. It explains that colonialism did not end when countries gained independence, because its effects continue in people's minds and cultures. Colonized people were taught to reject their own identities and languages, and to see themselves as inferior. Now it is still significant because many societies still struggle with internalized feelings of inferiority and cultural erasure shaped by colonial power structures that continue to influence politics, language, and identity. In conclusion, the final accomplishment of colonization happens when this sense of inferiority is internalized, and the people begin to identify with the values of their colonizers instead of their own.

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I decided to go with a specific quote from the reading "Open Veins of Latin America" by Eduardo Galeano. It states, “Latin America is the region of open veins. Everything, from the discovery until our times, has always been transmuted into European—or later United States—capital.” This quote resonated with me because when examining the history of colonialism, especially in Latin America, exploitation for European and U.S. profit is a recurring theme. Many Latin American countries were used primarily for their resources, which often causes people to forget that these nations had rich histories and cultures long before they were colonized. The quote also highlights how the relationship between Latin American countries and European or U.S. powers was mainly centered on economic gain. While the United States and European nations benefited financially, Latin American countries were left facing long-term issues that resulted from colonialism and unequal treatment.

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I chose this image as we know that Mesoamerican architecture is one of the few ways we still are able to remember the true beauty of Mexico profundo.

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"My Emphasis is really on exposing the hidden face of the great mass of the population whose lives are organized around a Mesoamerican cultural matrix."

I chose this as I think it best explains what the author's intent is for this book, and that a cultural matrix is a great way to describe Imaginary Mexico.

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 I chose this image as it shows slaves in Latin America cutting their own resources and giving it to the colonizers by force and contributing to those outside countries capital. 

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The passage i chose that really sticks out to me is in "Open Veins of Latin America" by Eduardo Galeano is. "Latin America is the region of open veins. Everything, from the discovery until our times, has always been transmuted into European— or later United

States— capital". This quote stood out to me because really if you look at the history of colonialism especially in Latin American countries a lot of it involves being exploited for US and european capital to the point where sometimes people forget those countries have their own history before they got colonized. Also adds onto the fact that really the only relationship those countries had with the US and european countries was pruly capital based and for the US and european countries profit while those Latin American countries got the short end of the stick and were left with problems that stemmed from colonialism.

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"Latin America is the region of open veins. Everything, from the discovery

until our times, has always been transmuted into European— or later United

States— capital, and as such has accumulated in distant centers of power.

Everything: the soil, its fruits and its mineral-rich depths, the people and their

capacity to work and to consume, natural resources and human resources."

I picked this quote from "Open Veins of Latin America" because i think it best represents how when europeans and later the united states found out about the many rich resources latin Amercia had, a lot was taken away, not only by asking kindly but also from force. This best represents how many in Latin America are suffering even to this day with the less of resources they have now.

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I choose this picture because although they are producing resources they are not able to win their own victory. These sources are being taken away from them because of power and greed, they are taking away their wealth.

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” Our defeat was always implicit in the victory of others; our wealth has always generated our poverty by nourishing the prosperity of others— the empires and their native overseers”

I choose this quote from “Open Veins of Latin America” By Eduardo Galeano because it points out the victory of those who have power. While regions can generated their own wealth the greed from other leads them into poverty as they slowly start taking their wealth. It is not their victory that they are creating instead it’s the victory of others that they are creating.

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"Our part of the world, known today as Latin America, was

precocious: it has specialized in losing ever since those remote times when

Renaissance Europeans ventured across the ocean and buried their teeth in the

throats of the Indian civilizations. Centuries passed, and Latin America

perfected its role. We are no longer in the era of marvels when face surpassed

fable and imagination was shamed by the trophies of conquest— the lodes of

gold, the mountains of silver". Latin America has been losing its wealth and resources since Europeans arrived, and it is currently happening in the present day with Venezuela. Latin America has been shaped into a region that exists to take from not prosper. And it is important we talk about this present day, this isnt just history it is happening currently and we need to have the human agency to call it out.

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I have chosen this image because barrio workers tend to look like this, as they come from low-income neighborhoods but work without proper equipment.

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"The barrio, or the paraje in some regions, is another unit of organization that functions in some economic activities. The members of a barrio may have to meet their labor obligations for some public work."

I chose this quote from a reading because it explains something that some people might notice but not know about. It also gives any other ideas on where these people come from.

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I chose this image because it reflects the theme of Indigenous resilience and the struggle to maintain control over their land and culture.

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"This is not for you; God is keeping these riches for those who come from afar."

The Indians fled in terror and the Inca, before departing from the Cerro, changed its name. I chose this passage because it highlights the tension between Indigenous people and outsiders. It shows how Indigenous communities recognized the threat of foreign greed and how the Inca acted to protect their sacred places and resources.

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The image I have selected visually represents Galeano’s idea of Latin America’s “open veins,” where the land, resources, and people were taken by force, enriching outsiders while harming local communities.

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"The wealth of Latin American has always nourished other lands while its own people remain poor"

I selected this passage that stood out to me because it demonstrate the idea of Galeano's book, and how centuries of resource extraction have enriched foreign powers while keeping Latin Americans in poverty. A reminder of how unfair the systems are that shaped and created the region.

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I selected this image to show how Latin America's resources, including gold, oil, and money, were exploited.

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“The division of labor among nations is that some specialize in winning and others in losing.”

I selected this passage because it provides an easy summary of the reading's key theme. Galeano claims that because of how people are treated, some nations become wealthy while others remain poor. The loss of many of its resources to other nations has made life more difficult for the people of Latin America. I now have a better understanding of why inequality exists today thanks to this quote.

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I chose this image because it shows the forced and enslaved labor the indigenous people were facing during this time and why they felt like suicide was the right decision.

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"Many Natives of Haiti anticipated the fate imposed by their white oppressors: they killed their children and committed mass suicide. The mid-sixteenth-century historian Fernández de Oviedo interpreted the Antillean holocaust thus: Many of them, by way of diversion, took poison rather than work, and others hanged themselves with their own hands."

I chose this quote from Open Veins of Latin America because the feelings of the indigenous people were so strong that they felt like the best thing to do was to commit suicide. It was so bad that they even killed their children. I feel like this quote describes the situation that this community was in and how they were put in forced labor. They felt degraded, hopeless, and dehumanized which led them to believe that taking their life was their last desperate act of defiance. It was also their way of taking control of their life. In the end, this was a result of the extreme violence and human cost of colonial exploitation, where death was seen as a form of freedom.

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I chose this image because it shows Indigenous people actively living their culture today through clothing and traditions, even after colonization tried to erase or replace it.

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“We do not recognize a historical connection or a continuity with the past.”

I chose this quote because it explains how Indigenous history is often separated from the present. It made me realize that people act like they (Indigenous) only existed in the past instead of recognizing that they are still here today. This basically shows how Indigenous presence continues, even when society chooses to ignore it.

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"The gold and silver that the Incas took from the mines of Colque Porco and Andacaba did not leave the kingdom: they were not used commercially but for the adoration of the gods. Indian miners had hardly dug their flints into the beautiful Cerro's veins of silver when a deep, hollow voice struck them to the ground.
Emerging as loud as thunder from the depths of the wilderness, the voice said in Quechua: "This is not for you;
God is keeping these riches for those who come from afar." The Indians fled in terror and the Inca, before departing from the Cerro, changed its name. It became "Potojsi," which means to thunder, burst, explode."

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I chose this passage because it stood out to me how much ores there was and the famous

Quechua legend regarding the discovery of the silver-rich Cerro Rico de Potosí (Rich] Mountain) in present-day Bolivia. The indigenous would mine these ores for their temples and gods, Gold representing the sweat of the sun and silver “the tears of the moon”. It was unfortunate that because of what they’ve heard about the voice that these ores are for those who come afar and that it would so happen that the Spanish would colonize and take their resources, so much of it that the city would just be silver and Gold.

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I chose this image is shows how an indigenous elderly is teaching children traditional stories, crafts, or even rituals which represents the passing of culture heritage from one generation to the next.

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"Indian people, like all other at any time or place in history, have their own particular history. Throughout that often ancient history, each generation transmits a heritage--its culture--to the next."

This quote stood out to me because it reminds me that culture is alive and is constantly transmitted through traditions, language, behavior, and daily practices. It shows that indigenous people are keeping their history, identity, and heritage across generations alive. This reflects how important it is to recognize the living traditions that exist today, what we were taught, and practice them because that's what makes us who we are.

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I choose this image because this image visually embodies the meaning of Galeano’s quote by showing how one group’s prosperity is built directly on another group’s exploitation.

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"Our defeat was always implicit in the victory of others; our wealth has always generated our poverty by nourishing the prosperity of others".

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The passage that i chas for the text is "The 'Mexico Profundo' is formed by a great variety of ethnic groups and different cultures that find their origin in the Mesoamerican civilization. It is the living presence of that which has been denied by the 'Mexico Imaginario.'"

This passage stood out to me because it challenges the deficit perspective often applied to indigenous and migrant communities. In our study of structural assimilation, we often see how the "Mexico Imaginario"—the Westernized, "modern" vision of the nation—views the "Mexico Profundo" as a problem to be solved or a relic of the past.

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I chose this image because it represents foreigners (in this case, colonialists) getting richer off of Latin American resources and labor, all while sitting back and observing, never having to do any of the hard work themselves.  

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"Latin America is the region of open veins. Everything, from the discovery

until our times, has always been transmuted into European— or later United

States— capital, and as such has accumulated in distant centers of power... To each area has been assigned a function, always for the benefit of

the foreign metropolis of the moment, and the endless chain of dependency has

been endlessly extended."

This passage from Open Veins of Latin America stood out to me because it reminded me of the concept that the rich get richer while the poor keep on getting poorer, especially when you consider that the rich people rarely have to lift a finger, for they would rather have the people under them do all the hard or "dirty" work. In this context, the "rich" are the "foreign metropolis" and the "poor" is all of Latin America, which also dehumanizes LatAm, for it is only seen as a place with natural resources, but the people that gather and make these resources available are often forgotten or completely erased from the picture.

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I chose this image because the image shows a landscape that is stark, dry, and rugged. The vegetation is sparse, and the terrain looks difficult to cultivate. This visually confirms the idea that native peoples were left with the land that the "dominant civilization" deemed less valuable for large-scale development or comfortable living.

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A quote that i chose that i sound interesting was "Exiled in their own land, condemned to an eternal exodus, Latin America’s native peoples were pushed into the poorest areas—arid mountains, the middle of deserts—as the dominant civilization extended its frontiers" This quote spoke to me because The "dominant civilization" claimed the most valuable land such as fertile valleys for export crops like coffee and cacao leaving only the "arid mountains" and "middle of deserts" for the original inhabitants.

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The passage of my choosing from this weeks readings was , “Latin America is the region of open veins. Everything, from the discovery until our times, has always been transmuted into European—or later United States—capital.”

I chose this passage because it was able to capture Galeano's central argument that Latin America's poverty is not accidental or natural, but the direct result of centuries of exploitation. The used metaphor of "open veins" is powerful because it suggests something ongoing and violent resources, labor and wealth continuously drained to benefit other nations. These lines made me reflect on how historical colonialism still shapes modern global inequality and economic dependence.

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I chose this image because it demonstrates the history of Mexican culture and the indigenous people. This image is very powerful because it shows how the indigenous people of Mexico would dress, their weapons, and how close they were to each other. 

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"From this perspective we can better understand what it means to

belong to an ethnic group. We all necessarily belong to a defined society,

large or small, but one that always has boundaries, membership rules,

and a store of culture that is considered exclusive and its own. The Indian

does not define himself in terms of a series of external cultural traits—

dress, language, customs, and so on-that make him different in the eyes

of outsiders. " (mexico profund).

This quote caught my attention because it demonstrates how being from an ethnic group is like being from a society with boundaries and rules. They mention that they all belong to a socitey weather it's large or small. To add on, for indigenous people, they wouldn't define themselves of having cultural traits and rather have a deeper meaning to their community.

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I chose this image because it reflects the history of European colonialism while also showing how Indigenous people have been pressured to hide their identities, cultures, and traditions. The image represents the ways colonial powers attempted to reshape Indigenous communities by suppressing their heritage and encouraging assimilation.

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"De-Indianization has been achieved when the population stops considering itself Indian, even though the lifeway may continue much as before."

This quote explains that de-Indianization occurs when Indigenous people are forced to stop identifying as Indigenous, often through the suppression of their cultural beliefs, values, traditions, and identity. Batalla argues that Indigenous identity can be erased socially and politically, not because Indigenous culture disappears, but because people are taught to hide and deny who they are. In many cases, communities may continue to speak Indigenous languages, practice traditional customs, and preserve ancestral knowledge, yet choose not to identify as Indigenous due to discrimination, stigma, or pressure to assimilate into mainstream Mexican society.

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I chose this image because it conveys how, even though many people see Latin America as lesser than the United States, one only needs to remember the culture and history that places like Cuba truly possess.

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“Along the way, we have even lost the right to call ourselves Americans, although the Haitians and the Cubans appeared in history as new people a century before the Mayflower pilgrims settled on the Plymouth coast. For the work today, America is just the United States; the region we inhabit is a sub-America, a Second-class America of nebulous identity.”

This quote stood out to me because it shows how the history of a whole country was and still is warped, as many Latin American communities have existed long before the U.S. The term sub-America refers to how Latin America is perceived as less developed in comparison to the United States.

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I chose this image because it captures the main concept of how the exploitation of Latin America were used to satisfy the economic interests of many foreign powers and contributed to the development  of capitalism. 

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"We lost; others won. But the

winners happen to have won thanks to our losing: the history of Latin

America's underdevelopment is, as someone has said, an integral part of the

history of world capitalism's development."

This quote caught my attention because it emphasizes how the foreign powers have extracted the hardship and dedication built within Latin America. The amount of resources these "winners" exploited from Latin America fulfills their economic interest, which neglects Latin America's credit. Thus, Latin America's loss reflects the foundations that have contributed to the economic growth of foreign powers. Additionally, the exploitation of Latin America and its resources is the underlying framework that outlines the development of capitalism.

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I chose this image because it depicts vividly what was   described in the quote below. The way the spaniard holds the individual in the front of this image depicts the superiority felt by these invading groups. How the soldiers have the group of people in the back shows how little they cared to treat them. They treated them with cruelty as if they were animals.

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"A basic characteristic of every colonial society is that the invading group, with a different culture from the dominated, ideologically affirms its immanent superiority in all areas of life and denies and excludes the culture of those colonized. The decolonization of Mexico was incomplete. Independence from Spain was achieved, but the internal colonial structure was not eliminated." (Mexico Profundo)

This quote that I read stayed on my mind because it represented Guillermo Bonfil Batalla's idea on "Mexico Imaginario". It shows that those that invaded countries like Columbus or the Spanish, considered themselves superior to their counter parts. They believed they have the right to not just invade but to remove what was once rich history meant to last forever. And that's exactly what they did in Mexico. The quote says independence was gained but there are still signs of colonialism everywhere. Especially now knowing that indigenous groups are forgotten, the invaders efforts to place there own traits and characteristics still remain as an impact today.

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I chose this imagine because it demonstrates how the Indians were being held captive and the fear they had. 

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"Some theologians protested and the enslavement of

Indians was formally banned at the beginning of the sixteenth century.

Actually it was not banned but blessed: before each military action the captains

of the conquest were required to read to the Indians, without an interpreter but

before a notary public, a long and rhetorical Requerimiento exhorting them to

adopt the holy Catholic faith:

f you do not, or if you maliciously delay in so doing, I certify that with God’s

help I will advance powerfully against you and make war on you wherever

and however I am able, and will subject you to the yoke and obedience of the

Church and of their majesties and take your women and children to be slaves,

and as such I will sell and dispose of them as their majesties may order, and I

will take your possessions and do you all the harm and damage that I can."

This quote stood out to me because it mentions how Indians had no other choice but to agree with the terms. Today, before getting arrested or sentenced they read us our rights. However, back then for the Indians that were being ensalved, it was very different. Yes, they were read to but that still did not justify or give them the chance to freedom. They had no choice but to be enslaved and kept hostage.

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I choose this image because fruit is one of the most valued and exported goods from Latin America.

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“Our defeat was always implicit in the victory of others; our wealth has always generated our poverty by nourishing the prosperity of others—the empires and their native overseers. In the colonial and neocolonial alchemy, gold changes into scrap metal and food poison.”

This quote perfectly captures and describes the aftermath of the legacy of colonialism in Latin America and how exploitation successfully destabilized Latin American countries, which still affects their economic standing in contemporary society today. It stood out to me because I can understand the pain and grief conveyed in the quote above, and how Latin America’s natural resources are always extracted for the wealth of others. This quote powerfully highlights the greed and systematic exploitation from foreign powers.

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I chose this image because it shows when Columbus had met the native people of the land in Haiti which they were treated poorly as they were treated as slaves. 

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"Three years after the discovery Columbus personally directed the military

campaign against the natives of Haiti, which he called Española. A handful of cavalry, 200 foot soldiers, and a few specially trained dogs

decimated the Indians. More than 500, shipped to Spain, were sold as slaves in

Seville and died miserably."

I chose this passage from the book because in less than 3 years of Columbus discovery, he had shipped over 500 slaves and they were treated poorly. Reading this showed me how certain people can be selfish of one's land or natural resources and take advantage of it. During this time multiple people from the land discovered by Europeans were turned into slaves and stripped away from their culture. This made me feel horrible for those who were stripped from their land and people.

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I chose this image because it shows how Indians were being treated. There were laws that was supposed to be protecting indigenous people but in reality, those laws were just being ignored. Their labor was exploited and their suffering was blamed on them rather than the system. 

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"The Compilation of the Laws of the Indies abounds with decrees establishing the equal right of Indians and Spaniards to exploit the mines, and expressly forbidding any infringement of Indian rights. Thus formal history— the dead letter of today which perpetuates the dead letter of the past— has nothing to complain about, but while Indian labor legislation was debated in endless documents and Spanish jurists displayed their talents in an explosion of ink, in Latin America the law “was respected but not carried out.” In practice “the poor Indian is a coin with which one can get whatever one needs, as with gold and silver, and get it better,” as Luis Capoche put it."

This quote stood out to me because Indians were treated simply as commodities not as humans. Instead of taking countability the blame was shifted on the victims instead of the mining conditions.

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I chose this image because you can see these people working hard to extract the natural goods of Latin America, only for these goods to be sold to Europe or the U.S. in a way that profits only them. This results in the abuse of the people of Latin America and also the abuse of the natural resources of the land. 

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" Everything: the soil, its fruits and its mineral-rich depths, the people and their

capacity to work and to consume, natural resources, and human resources.

Production methods and class structure have been successively determined

from outside for each area by meshing it into the universal gearbox of

capitalism. "(quote from "Open Vein of Latin America" by Eduardo Galeano)

This quote stood out to me because I remembered learning about capitalism in my government class last year. I had not realized the extent that capitalism reached, now I see that it is behind everything everywhere. It is evident that capitalism was the motive that drove Europe and the U.S to own and earn as much as possible from Latin America's products. All the while, the people and countries in Latin America become more and more poor. This idea is striking to me because capitalism has caused irreversible damage and i'm not sure what needs to be done to stop/prevent this from continuing.