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This process refers to the sound bridge created with the last sound of a word and the first sound of the next word.

Types of Linking

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This process occurs when a sound is removed from a word; such removal does not change the meaning of the word. Depending on the position of the omitted sound, the elision can be: Aphaeresis (at the beginning of the word), Syncope (middle), Apocope (end).

The next video (from 0:00 to 3:01) explains a bit more about elision.

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Pronunciation changes in English. Homographs and elision.

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The process of deleting one of two almost identical syllables within a word, as in ‘library’ > libry (pronounced ['laɪbri]).

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Haplology definition is - contraction of a word by omission of one or more similar sounds or syllables (as in mineralogy for hypothetical mineralology or \ˈprä-blē\ for probably). Did You Know?

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This process refers to the insertion of one or more sounds into a word.

For example: the word Athlete may be pronounced as Athalete

More information can be found in here

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This process happens when a sound takes features from another neighboring sound and changes into a new sound. The assimilation may progressive, regressive or coalescent.

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This process occurs because of the influence a sound has on another sound, making it voiced; it can happen to a sound at the beginning of a word, the middle or the end.

More information about this can be found in here

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zd/. In these cases the fact of the final consonant of a word being voiced or not determines the choice of whether the suffix will be voiced or voiceless. In the case of the suffixes for plural nouns, forthe third person singular in the present simple, for regular verbs in the past simple and for the genitive the application of this rule is predictable, with only a few exceptions (e.g.

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Some voiced sounds lose some or all of their vocal fold vibration in certain environments. For example: the /r/ in cream /kriːm/ and the /w/ in twin /twɪn/.

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In a comment on my post about Scilly place-names Glorios from South Korea asked some questions about English pronunciation. I promised to deal with them in another post. So here we go...

Glorios wrote:

my own finding is that for me when some voiced sounds come at the end of words or syllables, the sound of voiced sounds seem to get closer to the sound of its voiceless partners.

can you explain why and let me know the way to distinguish them.

Glorios is quite right, of course, but we can get a bit more specific than that. There is a process in English called devoicing. Some voiced sounds lose some or all of their vocal fold vibration in certain environments.

Question (1) Which sounds are affected? There are two different groups, which behave differently from one another. Group 1: Obstruent consonants /b d ɡ v ð z ʒ dʒ/ Group 2: approximant consonants /w r l j/.

Question (2) When do they lose their vocal fold vibration? For the Group 1 consonants to retain full voicing they must be surrounded by voiced sounds. If one of the Group 1 consonants is preceded by a voiceless sound or silence, or followed by a voiceless sound or silence, then some or all of its vocal fold vibration will be lost. Here are some examples of devoicing of Group 1 consonants with a phonemic and a phonetic transcription:

1. this boy /ðɪs bɔɪ/ [ð̥ɪs b̥ɔɪ]

2. my dog /maɪ dɒɡ/ [maɪ dɒɡ̊]

3. misbehave /mɪsbɪheɪv/ [mɪsb̥ɪheɪv̥]

4. She's so good /ʃiːz səʊ ɡʊd/ [ʃiːz̥ səʊ ɡʊd̥]

From the above we can learn a number of things:

Devoicing is indicated in a phonetic transcription by a small circle below the relevant symbol, or in the case of symbols with descenders, above it.

Devoicing can take place at the beginnings of words, at the ends of words, and in the middle of words.

Devoicing of Group 1 consonants is very frequent in English.

I'm going to leave the rest of the story for another day. Watch this space!

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In a comment on my post about Scilly place-names Glorios from South Korea asked some questions about English pronunciation. I promised to deal with them in another post. So here we go...

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It is, as a process or the result of a process, the effect that front vowels and the palatal approximant [j] frequently have on consonants.

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Palatalization generally refers to two phenomena:

1- As a process or the result of a process, the effect that front vowels and the palatal approximant /j/ frequently have on consonants;

2- As a phonetic description, the secondary articulation of consonants by which the body of the tongue is raised toward the hard palate during the articulation of the consonant. Such consonants are phonetically palatalized, and in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) they are indicated by a superscript /j/, as /tʲ/ or /tʃ/ for a palatalized /t/.

The second may be the result of the first, but they often differ. A vowel may "palatalize" a consonant (sense 1), but the result might not be a palatalized consonant in the phonetic sense (sense 2), or the phonetically palatalized (sense 2) consonant may occur irrespective of front vowels.

The term 'palatalization' denotes a phonological process by which consonants acquire secondary palatal articulation or shift their primary place towards or close to the palatal region. Palatalization is a type of consonant-vowel interactions.

English, in fact, has at least three kinds of alternations that fall under the general definition of palatalization processes.

The first process - called coronal palatalization involves an alternation between alveolars /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/ and palato-alveolars /tʃ/, /ʤ/, /ʃ/, and /ʒ/ as shown is (1).

The second process - called velar softening is exhibited by alternations between velar stops /k/ and /g/ and coronal fricatives or affricates /s/ and /ʤ/ respectively as shown in (2)

The third process - called spirantization exhibits alternations between the alveolar stop /t/ and the alveolar fricative /s/ (or /ʃ/ in conjunction with coronal palatalization). The latter segment occurs before suffixes with an unsyllabified /i/ as shown in (3).

Palatalization with /u:/ sound

In some words the palatal sound /j/ precedes the sound /u:/ for the combined pronunciation of /ju:/.

This happens when the vowel "u" is:

1- Word initial
2- Syllable initial after alveolar consonant "l", "n", "t", "d". The combination with "t" is /tʃ/, and with /d/ is /ʤ/.
3- After velar consonants "c" (when "c" has the /k/ sound) and "g", and labio-dental consonants "f" and "v".
4- After "h" and labial consonants "m". "p". and "b"

When "ue" or "ew" follow the digraphs "ch" and "cl" are pronounced /u:/.
Group 1: ue cl ue
Group 2: ew ch ew

The "ue" spelling is usually silent when it occurs at the end of a word and follows the letters "g", "ng", or "q" (examples include the words fatigue, tongue, and unique). An exception is the word argue, which ends in a long u sound.
Group 1: ue fatig ue, tong ue, uniq ue
Exception: arg ue

Palatalization with /ɚ/ sound

In some words the palatal sound /j/ or /w/ precedes the sound /ɚ/ for the combined pronunciations of:

This happens with vowels when:

1- A word is spelled with "oir" is pronounced /wɑɚ/, the "o" is /w/ and the "ir" is /ɑɚ/

2- A word is spelled with "ure" are preceded by /j/ sound for the combined pronunciation of /jɚ/)

3- A word spelled with "ur" are preceded by /j/ for the combined pronunciation of /juɚ/)

This happens with diphthongs when:

1- The diphthong sound changes to /aj/. In this group the palatal sound /aj/ precedes the sound /ɚ/ for the combined pronunciation of /ajɚ/.

2- The diphthong sound /aʊ/ changes to /aw/. In this group the sound /aw/ precedes the sound /ɚ/ for the combined pronunciation of /awɚ/

3- The diphthong sound changes to /oj/. + /ɚ/. In this group the sound /oj/ precedes the sound /ɚ/ for the combined pronunciation of /ojɚ/.

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Palatalization generally refers to two phenomena: 1- As a process or the result of a process, the effect that front vowels and the palatal approximant /j/ frequently have on consonants; 2- As a phonetic description, the secondary articulation of consonants by which the body of the tongue is raised toward the hard palate during the articulation of the consonant.

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This process happens when a sound is before or after a nasal sound, the sound acquires nasal characteristics.

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The nasal feature is removed from a sound, leaving a voiced stop at the same place of articulation.

For example:
"bood" (moon)
"dice" (nice)
"ban" (man)

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This process is the elimination of certain distinctive features of phonemes in certain environments

Here is more information about this.

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One consonant becomes more like another; it happens because there's certain harmony between the sound.

This process happens a lot when a child is learning how to speak. For example: the child may mistakenly say gog instead of dog

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This process happens when we change the order of sounds in a word.

For example:

asterisk > asterix /ˈæstərɪks/

cavalry > calvary /ˈkælvəri/

relevant > revelant /ˈrɛvələnt/

prescription > perscription /pərˈskrɪpʃən/

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This process happens when a sound, vowel or consonant, becomes longer.

For example, in consonants, it occurs when the last consonant in a given word and the first consonant in the following word are the same fricative, nasal, or plosive.

calm man [kɑːmˈːæn]

this saddle [ðɪsˈːædəl]

black coat [blækˈːoʊt]

back kick [ˈbækːɪk]

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The inverse process of gemination, when a spoken long consonant is pronounced for an audibly shorter period of time.

For example:

Really

Comma

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Spirantization as a term simply describes the change of a stop or affricate into a fricative.

For example: when the -(t/s)ion to words are added to words, like:

Reac[t] ('react')
Reac[ʃ]on ('reaction')

Or

Implo[d] ('implode')
Implo[ʃ]on ('implosion')

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This process refers to the change in vowel quality, the tongue place and height shift towards mid-central area.