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Cleveland Beginnings events are in this color

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Cleveland Beginnings events are in this color

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Add Cycle of Poverty events in this color

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Add Cycle of Poverty events in this color

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Moses Cleaveland surveyed land and decided it was the ideal location for Connecticut Western Reserve; city named after him, but he never returned.

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Cleveland grew - fueled by immigrants looking for work - major industrial center - close to transportation routes, deposits of coal and iron ore

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Constitutional Convention--Slavery excluded from (by a single vote!), but blacks were denied suffrage and the right to give testimony in court against white persons, and they were declared ineligible to hold public office or serve in the state militia. Additional "Black Laws" prevented people of color from settling in the state without filing a $500 bond and were required to submit their certificate of freedom before obtaining employment.

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First black resident in Cleveland

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Cleaveland incorporated.

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Two men convicted by Cleveland jury on charge of kidnaping when they attempted to return two fugitive slaves who had settled in the city (abolitionist stirrings). Cleveland Register protested the inclusion of slavery in the State Constitution stating that the "practice of trafficking in the human species is too contemptible an occupation for a citizen of Ohio."

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White opinion in Cleveland was to avoid sectional conflict: 1826 the Cuyahoga County Colonization Society was formed and proposed that the solution to the race question was "gradual abolition and the colonization of blacks in Africa or South America;" the Herald advocated this position as well.

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Name changed to Cleveland.

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Cuyahoga County Anti-Slavery Society pressured local politicians to take a stand against Black Laws.

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Cleveland Herald came out in support of repealing Black Laws stating that in the future such laws would "be cited as evidence of the barbarous character of the state of Ohio in the early part of the 19th century.”

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Abolitionist, Joshua Giddings, led a mass defection to the Free Soil Party, which ultimately led to the repeal of most of the state's notorious Black Laws.

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Ohio legislature passed laws pertaining to the public education of black youths, allowing for separate, segregated schools.

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Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was virtually ignored, and local abolitionists made it very difficult for southern slaveholders to capture runaway slaves once they reached NEO.

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Constitutional Convention--Cuyahoga County voted unanimously against anti-black provisions. A white Cleveland delegate advocated for black suffrage stating, "the truth is, if we apply to them the same measure of qualification that we do to the whites, they are as well qualified to exercise the right of suffrage as thousands of white voters in this or any other state."

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Frederick Douglass visited the city, staying in an integrated hotel; however, he was not allowed to dine with white guests. (Examples of segregation existed; however, they were often the exception not the norm.)

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The Plain Dealer (Democratic competitor to the Herald and the Leader) supported the extension of slavery into NEO and backed the Fugitive Slave Act stating, "The right to reclaim fugitives from labor is in the Constitution." Additionally, they supported the voluntary colonization of blacks to Africa .

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John Brown executed, and the city generally united:

•Shops shut down.

•Banner raised across Superior Avenue, "I do not think I can better honor the cause I love than to die for it." (John Brown)

•Flags flown at half staff.

•1400 individuals attended town hall meeting, including many individuals of wealth and standing (judges, ministers, local politicians).

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Acquittal of people who assisted in the freeing of a slave who had run away and was captured; marks resistance to national fugitive slave legislation

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A group of whites from the sixth ward offered to pay for a separate school for black youth; however, the city Board of Education firmly rejected this offer. Board member, William Fogg stated, "There are 16 colored children scattered in five different rooms. I am opposed to any action like seating three or four in rooms by themselves, thereby creating distinction and degrading these unfortunate children in their schoolmates' eyes...I don't think my child is disgraced or contaminated by sitting next to these colored children...Rather than consent to what I consider an act of injustice and oppression to any class or race of children, I would resign my seat as a member of the board."

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Abolitionist, James Freeman Clarke, stated "The feeling towards them in Cleveland and throughout the Western Reserve is very kind, and there they do better than in most places. There you find them master carpenters, master painters, shopkeepers and growing rich every year." This statement doesn't represent the dominant narrative of black economic status of Cleveland Residents, but there were notable economic successes in the black community.

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Civil War:

•Cleveland Democrats and Republicans united to form Union party to support Lincoln and his war efforts.

•Economic boom--tobacco, wool, and US Naval crafts (to avoid supporting Southern industries

•Newspapers disputed over Emancipation Proclamation (Herald and Leader--support; Plain Dealer--opposed)

Plain Dealer argued against emancipation claiming that making "citizens of the entire black population" would tarnish the white race.

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Black soldiers permitted to fight in the Civil War.

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Courts mandated that integration be mandatory.

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Mt. Zion Congregation (first middle class black church) was founded.

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Constitutional Convention--Cuyahoga County voted in favor of granting suffrage to Ohio's black population; however, the state rejected the proposal.

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62% of all employed black women in Cleveland worked as personal or domestic servants, which did not differ drastically from the entire female labor force; 65.7% of all employed women worked in this field.

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After the Civil War, all resistance to integrated education faded away. The Leader stated that there is "no sound or reasonable objection" to integration of schools, and that the "opposition to it springs wholly from that small and narrow prejudice which is no longer tolerable in this country."

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The Great Black Migration:
The city's black population reached 72,000 at the beginning of the great depression, which led to increased competition for jobs and the creation of institutional racism, discriminating against blacks.

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Busing is used as a tool to bring segregation to an end.

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On April 6th, 1964, around 50 UFM protestors arrived at the construction site for the new Stephen E. Howe Elementary school, set to be built in a predominantly black area of the east side’s Glenville neighborhood. On the following day, 27-year old Reverend Bruce Klunder - a founding member of the Cleveland CORE, father of two, and white - laid down behind a bulldozer as four protestors laid in front to prevent the construction from taking place. The operator, in his attempt to avoid the protestors in front, backed up the bulldozer without seeing Klunder, instantly crushing the reverend to death.

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On April 20, 1964, an estimated 60,000 black children stayed away from district schools in a boycott organized by a group of ministers and civil rights activists known as the United Freedom Movement. That represented about 85 percent of black students in a district that then had more than 150,000 students overall.

Between 35,000 and 45,000 boycotting students -- roughly the size of the entire district today -- attended special schools set up by the UFM that day in churches, homes and community centers.

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Hough Riots
African Americans were displaced for urban renewal to Hough and Glenville neighborhoods beforehand. Cleveland's police department reinforced discriminatory policies and practiced that promoted social inequality including excessive force. For four nights beginning June 23rd 1996, riots broke out in the neighborhood. Rocks were thrown. Rocks, bottles, and fire bombs were being thrown. The riots were a response to "racial inequality and the economic disparities endemic in segregated neighborhoods". July 5th, the mayor initiated a peace program.

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Mayor Ralph S. Locher released a 8-point plan to "alleviate racial tensions" in Cleveland. This was in response the the Hough Riots; however, the efforts proved ineffective and did not stop the riots.

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An all-white Cuyahoga Grand Jury, comprised of 15 non-Hough residents determined that the uprising was "instigated by a small, organized group of extremist agitators with communist leanings," and exonerated the police force of "all wrong-doing and abuses" and stricter sentences for crimes committed during the violence were recommended.

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Carl Stokes was elected as the first Black mayor of Cleveland (and of any major American city)

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"Glenville Shootout"
Police officers and a number of African-American men confronted each other in Cleveland's Glenville neighborhood. The incident continued for 1 hour which resulted in 4 African American lives taken and 3 police officers. This incited 48 hours of looting, arson, and violence.

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Haggins new office in Cleveland Heights in 1968 became the first black-owned realty office in any Cleveland suburb. Sold homes in the Cleveland area to both African Americans and whites at a time when Realtors refused to do so. Haggins office in Cleveland Heights was bombed as an act of racial violence.

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Cuyahoga River caught on fire

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On the morning of April 6, 1970, 350 to 400 whites, mostly students, gathered outside of Collinwood High School and began throwing rocks at the school, breaking 56 windows. Teachers told the 200 black students who attended school that day to go to the third-floor cafeteria for their protection. At 10:30 a.m., the white mob entered the school and went to the second floor. They damaged furniture, broke windows, and threw clubs at the school’s music director. Afraid, the black students began breaking off the legs of chairs to arm themselves and blocking the stairs leading to the third floor with tables and chairs. Luckily, the white students left the school and the black students were escorted to buses to take them home.

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City of Cleveland on the brink of bankruptcy

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Desegregation of Cleveland Schools takes effect

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A Federal judge lifted part of a desegregation order today, ending nearly two decades of court-ordered busing in Cleveland's school system.

The judge, Robert B. Krupansky of Federal Circuit Court, found that Ohio's biggest school district had followed a plan that was supposed to achieve racial balance, largely through cross-town busing.

The district's compliance, Judge Krupansky wrote, "stands as an unequivocal manifestation of their good-faith efforts to desegregate the Cleveland school district."

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Roof collapsed at East High School in Cleveland; school infrastructure at an all-time low

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"We have to get around this myth that all kids have an equal shot, because these 54 percent of kids who are growing up in poverty [in Cleveland] frankly have a much higher mountain to climb," Garner says. (Children in poverty have more health issues and deal with more stress)

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Cuyahoga County lost 22 bank branches as lenders have increasingly shifted their business online. But in the City of Cleveland, less than 40 percent of households have internet access in most majority-minority neighborhoods. The people without internet access cannot apply for a home loan.

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2017
2017
Cuyahoga County lost 22 bank branches as lenders have increasingly shif

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Say Yes Cleveland chapter founded

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Inequality still exists through payroll gaps based off of race and sex.