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I think it is depends on what kind of the students is, If the students are little bit sensitive, then we should not corrected the error frequently because it will make the student feel demotivated and will give up on learning the language but if the students is a passionate students. He or she doesn't even care if the teacher corrected their speaking over and over again. So i think this kind of student it is okay for the teacher to corrected over errors more frequently.

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Recasting is a technique to teach language by correcting what the students' speak in an interesting or suitable way. While modelling is a technique when the teacher become the model to the students in teaching the language.

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Reflection
The teacher will ask about what they have learn and they need to reflect either they can understand what they have learn and they need to answer it while standing either in front of their class or at their places.

Q&A session
The teacher will be ask the question about the topic that they have learn to the students and they must answer by doing some elaboration and not just give the points.

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Accuracy mean the students be able to speak accurately or perfectly. There is not grammatical error while the students speak.

Fluency mean the students be able to speak the language smoothly and calmly even there is grammatical error while they speak.

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#7. I think the meaning of it is the teacher need to arrange the question according to what the students listening first. For example, if the students listen about the how to cut the chicken first, so the question need to ask about how to cut the chicken first.

#8. I think what is it mean by space out the question is the teacher need to give time to the students to listen and answer the question. Not like they need to answer about the question again and again at the same time.

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A planned monologue will have the same idea and this will make the other students have to understand the information because they need to listen to the monologue a few times before they can understand about the information and that is why planned monologue is hard to understand. For the unplanned monologue, there is creativity in it because the speaker usually will improvise the information naturally and that make there is no repetition of idea and that is why unplanned is easily to understand.

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Ainnur Balqis Binti Ahmad Tajuddin (139630)

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Ainnur Balqis Binti Ahmad Tajuddin (139630)

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Reflection:
Teachers asks student to share their thoughts on what they have learned or share the difficulties that they have faced.

Feed backs:
Teacher will give feedback on the students performances through out the lesson. Perhaps highlight the areas that they should improve on in the future.

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Ainnur Balqis Binti Ahmad Tajuddin (139630)

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Ainnur Balqis Binti Ahmad Tajuddin (139630)

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#7 The set of questions should be sync with the audio. So it will be easier for students to catch on.

#8 Perhaps teachers should provide a space in the questions so that the students will be able to write points or extra notes on it.

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Ainnur Balqis Binti Ahmad Tajuddin (139630)

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Ainnur Balqis Binti Ahmad Tajuddin (139630)

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Accuracy: Being able to construct or produce English (spoken/written)  with the correct grammar and lexical forms.

Fluency: The ability to communicate confidently and smoothly without minding the grammatical mistakes that occurred.

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Ainnur Balqis Binti Ahmad Tajuddin (139630)

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Ainnur Balqis Binti Ahmad Tajuddin (139630)

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A planned monologue requires audience to listen attentively. Learners have to really understand the information that is conveyed. They might have to repeat it several of times so that they could reach an understanding.

An unplanned monologue is rather easier as it is an impromptu speech and can be improvised. It could encourage learners
to be more creative.

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Reflection
Teachers ask students to do self-reflection based on their performance.
Feedback
Teachers provide feedback and positive reinforcements to the students.

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Ainnur Balqis Binti Ahmad Tajuddin (139630)

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Ainnur Balqis Binti Ahmad Tajuddin (139630)

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Recasting is a type of modelling whereby teacher will repeat their students sentence thus showing them the correct way saying in a proper way without demotivating them.

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Ainnur Balqis Binti Ahmad Tajuddin (139630)

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Ainnur Balqis Binti Ahmad Tajuddin (139630)

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In my opinion these type of students should be corrected less frequently.  They could easily be demotivated if they are often being corrected. Instead, teacher should pay more attention to them by giving them encouragement and praises to help boost their self confidence.

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Modelling means teachers give an example of speaking and students learn by listening.
Recasting means when students make a mistake in speaking, teachers repeat what student said correctly without interrupting the conversation.

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A student with low self-confidence should be corrected over errors less frequently. It will destroy their confident and afraid to make mistake if teachers correct students' errors more frequently.

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Accuracy refers to the correct form of the language used by the speaker.
Fluency means the ability to communicate without too much pauses and hesitation.

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#7 The question should be arranged in order according to the audio recording.
#8 It means the space provided between the questions so that students will not miss out any question.

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A planned monologue considered "relatively difficult to understand" because it is well prepared. Since it is little redundancy, the speaker will use some specific terms that make the audience difficult to understand. An unplanned monologue considered "relatively easy to understand" because it is more improvisational in nature. Since it is more redundancy, the speaker will use simple words and vocabulary.

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Students with low self-confidence should not be corrected more but instead should be encouraged and supported so that they know that it is okay to make mistakes. This is because low self-confidence students tend to feel discouraged when they make any mistake.

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From what i understand, modeling/recasting is when the teacher corrects the mistake made by the student by repeating the word or sentence back to the student without interrupting the flow.

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1. Feedback
Teacher ask students to give feedback to their friend.

2. Storytelling.
Teacher ask students to work in pairs and later present what they had learn in class in a storytelling manner in front of the class.

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Accuracy - Accuracy refers to how correct learners' use of grammar, pronunciation and vocabulary.

Fluency - Fluency refers to how fast and easy someone speak and write.

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7. If a teacher wanted to do a listening task which students were asked to answer question based on an audio, then the questions' sequence should align with the audio.

8. Questions should not be asked one after another. There should be a space between the questions so that students will have time to answer.

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Planned monologue is considered 'relatively difficult to understand' because of the formality it posses. Planned monologue use more advance vocabulary and there's little to no redundancy which makes it harder for audience to understand it the first time. Unplanned monologue on the other hand is considered 'relatively easy to understand' due to the repetition of information or words and also the simple vocabulary use.

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Less frequently, so that the student will not be demotivated and able to try engaging with other more actively.

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Modelling/recasting means the correcting the mistake made by the student by comparing the wrong sentence with the correct one.
E.g. He is eat. (wrong)
He is eating. (correct)

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1. Discussion
The teacher ask the student to give comment on what they have learnt.
2. Reinforcement
The teacher give motivation to the students about their involvement during the activities.

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Accuracy: Correct usage on sentence structure and grammar.
Fluency: Ability to write and speak the language with correct pronunciation and spelling.

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7. Arrange questions are based on the actual script that the speaker use for the speaking test. Only small spaces for the answer are provided.
8. The question is more like a subjective question with more spaces provided but length of the answers are limited.

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Planned monologue is considered "relatively difficult to understand" because it tend to have a lot of unfamiliar words for certain people as the speech were scripted. Meanwhile,  unplanned monologue is considered "relatively easy to understand" because the speaker use simpler word for the speech.

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Less is better. Instead of correcting mistakes while they are speaking/answering the question, teacher could help by giving tips after they have finished answering. This is because the 'interruption' will lead them to feel inferior of other classmates. The corrected form by the teachers should be given a neutral/ encouraging tone and not angry or worse mocking tones.

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Modelling means that the teacher give an example of the correct way of speaking for them to listen. Recasting means that the teacher correct the mistakes student do by repeating what they said but in a corrected form

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1. Debate: Create groups and assign each group or pair a side of an argument. Use pair work time to allow students to develop their argument and conclude with a class-wide debate.

2. Teach a class: Assign each pair a grammar, vocab or culture point that they’ll have to teach to the class. The pair works together to prepare lesson plan and activities and teaches the point to the class.

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Accuracy:  To be able to accurately  produce grammatically and lexically accurate sentences. How the language system is used correctly
Fluency: The ability to produce language in a coherent, effortless way. Being able to use the speak/ write easily and quickly

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#7 Arrange questions in order of input means that the questions must be sorted accordingly so that the students will not be quite confused and could comprehend it

#8 Space out the questions means that the room for the answer is provided enough for the students to answer it. It could also means that the questions itself should not be too direct in asking any questions, in which the answer is too consecutive/ the pattern could be recongnizable

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In my opinion, a planned monologue is relatively harder to understand because usually there is already a well prepared script, in which the word used are 'bombastic' and not really used in daily life. However, the prepared note/ script is sorted accordingly- the beginning/ intro, the content and explanation, and the conclusion which make the issues explained to be much more clearer. Whereas, unplanned monologue is relatively easier to understand because the choice of word used are usually easier to understand and used in daily life. This usage of 'easy' word will make issues in hand that need to be explained to be much easier to understand to the general public. Even so, the content that will be explained will be quite scattered as only a quick and general outlines will be used, if the presentator remember it and not paralyzed with panic.

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#7 The questions should be arranged in a way that it follows the flow of the input so that the students won't be confused when answering the questions.

#8 The space between the questions should be wide enough so that the students can write the answers properly. Even of the answer is long, the space should be enough for them to write the answers clearly.

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In my opinion, student with low self-confidence should be corrected less frequently as it will decrease their motivation because the student will feel shy. Instead the teacher should correct the student's mistake and give exercises to help the student overcome it.

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Modelling/recasting means the correction made by the teacher where the teacher repeats back the mistake made by the students but using a correct sentence.
Example: student: I has 3 cats
teacher: oh, you HAVE 3 cats?

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story-telling: teacher can ask students to draw theme that related to the topic they just learnt and the then tell a short and spontaneous story based on the theme that they pick.
Guessing game: the students are divided into few groups and the teacher will play songs related to their lesson and ask the students to guess some of the missing lyrics.

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Accuracy: ability to use the correct forms that did not contain any mistakes .
Fluency: ability to communicate smoothly without any hesitation or interruptions.

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#7 I think what it means by arrange questions in order of input is that the questions given should be arrange properly according to its sequence to avoid confusion to the students.

#8 For space out the questions, I think it's referring to the blank spaces left for answers section. The questions should not be close to each other as it is going to be difficult for the students to write down their answers due to the limited space provided.

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In my opinion, a planned monologue is considered relatively difficult to understand because of the usage of complex sentences and words in it where these elements are already scripted from the beginning which it conveys the image of ''formality''' thus the choices of words or vocabularies used in the sentences can be quite incomprehensible. Meanwhile, an unplanned monologue considered relatively easy to understand because of the choices of words comes natural. it didn't have the formal standard that need to be followed thus makes it easier to understand.

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Nur Atikah binti Mohd Sharohhuddin (139659)

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Nur Atikah binti Mohd Sharohhuddin (139659)

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A student with low confidence level should be corrected with less error because it will make them demotivated and lose interest to learn since they know they will end up making mistakes over and over again.

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Nur Atikah binti Mohd Sharohhuddin (139659)

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Nur Atikah binti Mohd Sharohhuddin (139659)

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It means that when a student makes a mistake, the teacher will repeat what the student has said by correcting them without interrupting the flow of the conversation

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Nur Atikah binti Mohd Sharohhuddin (139659)

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Nur Atikah binti Mohd Sharohhuddin (139659)

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Reflection - the students will have to give improptu speech of their reflections for the day’s lesson
Peer/teacher feedback - feedback should be given orally by the teacher and written by their peers

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Nur Atikah binti Mohd Sharohhuddin (139659)

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Nur Atikah binti Mohd Sharohhuddin (139659)

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Accuracy means to speak with zero grammatical and sentence structure mistakes while fluency means the speaker has no interruption when speaking

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Nur Atikah binti Mohd Sharohhuddin (139659)

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Nur Atikah binti Mohd Sharohhuddin (139659)

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#7 means that the questions must sync with the content from the audio so the students will know the answer immediately if the questions are arranged accordingly.
#8 means there must be some space between questions so students will not get confused

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Nur Atikah binti Mohd Sharohhuddin (139659)

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Nur Atikah binti Mohd Sharohhuddin (139659)

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A planned monologue is considered “relatively difficult to understand” because the speaker will have the script prepared beforehand. The script contains difficult vocabulary and complex sentences. However, unplanned monologue considered “relatively easy to understand” because the speaker usually use simple structure sentence and simple vocabulary.

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Less frequently because if it is done frequently, it will just demotivate the learners and most likely cause them to not taking part in the lessons anymore.

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Modelling/recasting is a way to correct with encouragements without the teacher demotivating the learners.

Example:

A : The sky blue.

B : The sky IS blue.

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Provide feedbacks to the students. Teacher gives positive reinforcements to the students and reflect on their tasks.

Discussion among the students. The students will be able to apply their critical thinking in this activity by analyzing the content and expressing their thoughts.

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Accuracy: able to produce accurate usage of grammar in sentences.

Fluency: learners are able to apply the ideas smoothly.

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#7 Arrange questions in order of input. It means the questions should not be placed randomly and this will allow better comprehension.

#8 Space out the questions means give some space between the questions.

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A planned monologue is considered “relatively difficult to understand” because it may has many jargons and difficult contexts presented by the speaker. A planned monologue often rehearsed beforehand and it won’t be a natural presentation. This monologue also often causes troubles as the speaker will be struggling to memorize the content, while an unplanned monologue considered “relatively easy to understand” because it sounds natural, can be presented and used very current information such as something that just happened and bring it into the monologue. This monologue allows the audience to comprehend the contents better and appreciate the sincerity and honesty the speaker brings to the table.

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Less frequently because student who have a low self-confidence will easily get insecure. The frequent we correcting them the less motivated they will be because they will tend to think they will not know how to learn because they always did not get everything right.

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modelling/recasting it is simply mean to repeat and reconstruct the first idea into a better/correct one.

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1) Reflection - student can talk in front of the class and share their output from the learning session

2) Peer feedback - student can be divided into groups and asked their group mates in which area should be improved on.

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accuracy - the precise of using the correct lexical and grammar

Fluency - the eloquence of using a English language with minimal error

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#7 what I can relate regarding to it is that during a listening task, the task that should be assigned need to arranged in order to get the input

#8 I think it is much more to the space given a particular space to help the listener understand the input.

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In my opinion, planned monologue is quite difficult to understand compared to the unplanned monologue is because it is literally need a proper structure and using a formal types of words. Instead the unplanned monologue is just more casual and did not need a high level of vocab used or types of formality include.

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I think student with low-self confidence should not be corrected more frequently because they will feel demotivated and not enthusiastic to learn. If the teacher wants to correct the student errors, they can do it personally by praising them first on their effort. Then, the teacher can pin point and help out to correct the mistakes they did without doing it publicly as it can embarrassed the student if its a larger scale of students.

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modelling/recasting means the method that is used to correct the students mistakes when uttering something without interrupting the flow by repeating back the utterance in a correct form.

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1.  Presentation - teacher can give out few topics or questions to student and present in a group or individual

2. Reflection - students are asked about their self-reflection on what they have learned or gained throughout the whole lesson.

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I think the teacher should praise the students who with low self-confidence for their good work, then correct their errors and encourage them to do better next time. Teachers should also properly choose the necessary errors to correct, because to much correct will make the students lose confidence in themselves.

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Accuracy - it means the ability to use the language with correct lexical and grammar.

Fluency - the ability to speak the language smoothly and effortlessly without major errors

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Modeling/Recasting means that the teacher does not deliberately point out the students’ mistakes, but corrects them by repeating their  sentence correctly as they continue the conversation.
E.g. Student: He have a stomachache.
Teacher: oh, John has a stomachache?

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Students with low self-confidence should be less corrected. Over-correcting their mistakes will demotivating them and they refuse to speak during speaking practice. I truly believe that there might be another alternative to help the student to improve their speaking.

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#7 The questions given should be arranged according to the lesson in the audio.

#8 I am not really sure but i think the teacher should provide some space or gap for the questions so that the student can organize their answers while listening to the audio without having confusion with another question

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1. Teacher can ask students to do a self-reflection. Let students reflect on their own shortcomings and what mistakes did they make.

2. Divide the student into groups (maybe 4 to 5 members in a group) and ask the group discuss the suggestion for improvement.

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Modelling/Recasting is a method used by teacher to correct student's utterances without interrupting the conversation flow.
For example:
Student A: He like to read newspaper.
Teacher: Oh really? He likes to read newspaper?

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A student with low self confidence should be less corrected. When the teacher always correcting the student, he/ she might feel discourage to speak, thus this will reduce the chance for the student to improve in speaking.

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Recasting is a type of modelling. Recasting is when a student make a mistake in speaking a sentence, the teacher will repeat the sentence correctly without interrupting the flow of the conversation.
Example,
Student : Ali eating
Teacher : Ali is eating. He is eating at the canteen.

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1. Peer feedback
Form a pair. Students are asked to give feedback about his/her friend performance just now.

2. Reflection
Students are asked to reflect upon their performance just now. Share it with the person next to him/her on what can be improved in the future.

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Accuracy is the ability to use the necessary vocabulary, grammar and punctuation correctly.
Fluency is when a speaker can express his/her ideas efficiently.

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Planned monologue is difficult to understand because it might include higher level vocabularies and it could not be understood by some learners. They also might take some time to comprehend the context where they have to focus and listen carefully of what is being delivered. On the other hand, unplanned monologue is considered easy to understand because it is delivered in an impromptu way and the high amount of redundancy also makes it easy for the learners to notice and pin point the exact information.

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For #7, it means the questions should be arrange in order based on the audio listened by the students.
For #8, I guess it might mean to provide some space for students to fill in the blanks.

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1. Giving Feedback
Teacher can give feedback to the student or student can acquire the feedback from friends

2. Reflection
Student may need to reflect his/her performance in speaking

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Accuracy is that the speaker can speak with correct pronunciation and grammar
Fluency is when speaker can speak without using filler words

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Number 7 means that the questions given to the students must correspond to the audio
Number 8, maybe, fill in the blank questions

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Planned monologue is difficult to understand as it contains difficult vocabulary. The listener might not be able to understand the message(s) been delivered by the speaker. On the other hand, unplanned monologue is easy to understand as words used by the speaker are relatively easier to be understood by the listenr

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Planned monologue is difficult to understand becuase the usage of the words are not repeated. The speaker would use different words, or higher vobulary which can cause confusion. Unplanned monologue can be spontaneous, therefore the speaker may repeat the same word in the speech.

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Arrange questions in order of input means that the order of the questions should based on the audio, which is easier for students to answer the questions and they will not be confused too.

I think space out the questions means that there should be enough space between questions, which is easier for students to view the questions while listening.

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The planned monologue includes more academic information and knowledge, the sentence structures and using vocabulary are more hard to understand. However, the unplanned monologue is created based on what we already know, and the sentence structure is also simpler.

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From my understanding, for #7, it is important to arrange teaching materials in order of the audio played so that students will not having difficulties in comprehending the task given.

For #8, teachers should left some space on teaching materials so that students can write the points that they have listened.

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Planned monologue is difficult to understand because when we prepared the monologue, we tend to use words that hard to understand and we memorize the monologue instead of understanding it. Thus, when we deliver the planned speech, the audience will face difficulties to comprehend it.

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1. Accuracy
People speak the language correctly without making any mistakes or with few mistakes.

2. Fluency
People speak the language easily and confidently without stuttering.

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1. Storytelling
Students create a short story that related with the topic and share it with the whole class.

2. Feedback
Students give feedbacks to the lesson.

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Modelling is where student learn speaking through listening and recasting is a type of modelling where teacher corrected students mistake by repeating what students said in correct form.

For example,
Student: Sarah have book.
Teacher: Sarah has book and she loves to read.

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From my point of view, it should be less frequently. Because, it could help to motivate the student to keep on speaking with other people. Teachers may corrected the mistakes made by student but it must be corrected with good and gentle attitude to avoid student from low self-confidence and self-esteem.

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From my opinion, student with low self confidence level should be corrected less frequently to avoid the student feeling demotivated and intimidated to speak. If teacher intends to correct, teacher may correct the student personally and not in front of his/her friends. Plus, good choice of words should be used. Maybe teacher can start by praising student's effort to speak then proceed to correct the student.

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Modelling is a way of showing example to help a child making utterance by listening.

Recasting is a type of modelling when the child makes mistakes in their utterance then you repeat their utterance correctly without interrupting the flow of conversation.

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Elis Zulaikha Binti Badrul Hisham 139639

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Elis Zulaikha Binti Badrul Hisham 139639

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Reflection

Teacher can ask students to write a reflection about what have they learned in the while speaking activity, their performance and ways to improve the activity.

Role play

Students get in group to act out a situation that is related to the topic that is taught.

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A planned monologue is considered relatively difficult to understand because it might contain words that the audience cannot understand which can affect the audience's understanding.
An unplanned monologue is considered relatively easy to understand because it is spontaneous and the words spoken by the speaker can be words that the audience will be familiar with.

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1. Reflection
Students are asked to sit in pairs and discuss with their partner on their classmates' performance. They can also discuss on what can be improved and what they have learned from their classmates' performance.
2. Feedback
The teacher can give feedback on the students' performance and highlight what they have acquired from the lesson and the areas that they can improve on.

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Accuracy is the ability to speak with very few grammatical and lexical mistakes.
Fluency is the ability to speak easily and reasonably quick without having to stop or pause a lot.

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Modelling is to demonstrate or show a correct behaviour so that another person can imitate or reproduce the behaviour.
Recasting is another form modelling. Recasting occurs when the teacher modifies a learner's utterance by adding new or different grammar (syntactic) or word (semantic).

Example:
Student: I want read.
Teacher: What do you want to read?

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I believe students with low self esteem should be corrected less frequently in order to avoid them losing their confidence. They might feel demotivated if corrected frequently and this could affect their motivation in learning English.

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1. Summary
Teacher can ask learners to sit in pairs and summarize what they have learned to their friends.

2. Asking questions
Teacher can ask questions regarding today's lesson to check their understanding and correct them if necessary.

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Low confidence students should not be corrected frequently. This is because it will demotivate them to speak out. Instead of pointing out their mistake publicly, it will be better if the teacher talks to her personally or write it down on paperwork. Thus this will help her or him to improve without hurting their pride.