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Scaling up local foods to become more global or national is a concept to more people are becoming more fond of because everything is connected. Some people believe that food should stay local and stay the way it has been for many years and stay true to that "local farm" branding.

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Pros
-More people have access to food from different farms
-More government inspection so food could potentially be safer
-Farmers could get their name out to bigger corporations
-People who are "less elite" could get better food at cheaper prices
Cons
-Could loose legitimacy if it is actually local
-Farmers or stores could loose some customers
-More costly to get products to more people
-Looses the "local farm" branding on the product
-Food could be less fresh by the time it reaches its final destination

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Nost, E. (2014). Scaling-up local foods: Commodity practice in community supported agriculture (CSA). Journal of Rural Studies, 34, 152–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2014.01.001

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Individual consumers to government agencies rally around the idea that knowing who grew their food and how can be means for acing on social change and improving the environment.There's a program called "Know your farm, know your farmer", that is helping people know who the farmer that grows their food is and which farm their food comes from.

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Scaling up local food may be good for some farmers, but for others they may loose that small town, small and local farm label. While farmers markets and CSA may get the word out to some people, it doesn't get it out to everyone and some companies want products to travel further to them. Scaling up beyond local markets would increase access to food for a less elite and more diverse set of customers. Some argue that scaling up local food runs the risk of perceptions of the legitimacy of a local food, but it could also be better managed by government food systems.

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Toler, S., Briggeman, B., Lusk, J., & Adams, D. (2009). Fairness, Farmers Markets, and Local Production. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 91(5), 1272-1278.

Konefal, J., Hatanaka, M., & Hinrichs, C. (2019) Twenty Lessons in the Sociology of Food and Agriculture, 295-312.

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Farmers Markets and Sociological Concepts:

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Farmers Markets and Sociological Concepts:

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For this section of the Chapter I think that Food Identity is the best fitted Sociological Concept. There are many people that purchasing locally is not only the best option but it is part of who they are. Supporting local farmers, eating healthy and fresh produce and being apart of the community that comes from being at the Farmer's Market every week.

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Globalization is the concept that everything is interconnected. Though there are areas where the world is tied together with long ropes across the world, others are tied much closer.

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Paul, M. (2018). Community‐supported agriculture in the United States: Social, ecological, and economic benefits to farming. Journal of Agrarian Change, 19(1), 162–180. https://doi-org.dist.lib.usu.edu/10.1111/joac.12280

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The CSA model has shown to be effective in countries across the world, but in the United States it still hasn't fully formed into a strong economic market. The farmers that join in CSA have a higher net income than those not in one. Although there are other non financial perks to being a farmer, the money isn't always phenomenal. One study showed the lows and highs of an area of farmers in Massachusetts,  with the low income being $4,740 and the high being $64,000. With a mean of $24,500 (Paul, 2018)

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Pros
- Fresh product directly to you in season
- Locally grown = low travel time
- Support Community Economic growth
- Regional produce options
- Potentially cost efficient
- Close "hands on" care of product
Cons
- Crop dependent on many factors for success
- Inconsistent finances
- Less regulation
- Location dependent
- Competitive market if farms want to grow
- Low in number
- Not financially beneficial for farmers unless people are willing to pay more

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The CSA model is that by paying money into a farm or collection of farms before the growing season you will receive an share of the produce. By joining into a CSA you are given the rewards, but also must understand the risks of local farming. The idea of CSAs came to the US in the 1980's after drawing inspiration from the Japanese farming model of teikei, which means "food with a farmers face on it" (Shnell 2013). It's difficult to know the numbers of how many CSAs are across the country because some may only operate for a few years. (pg. 302)

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Based on face to face interviews and other sources of research, consumers who choose to purchase at Farmer's Markets no only are interested in a healthier, local grown product, but  care about the the fact that you are able to purchase Fair-Trade, non-GMO and sustainable produce, while also contributing directly back into their local economy. (Toler, S., Briggeman, B., Lusk, J., & Adams, D., 2009).

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Pros:
-Vine Ripened
-Fresh
-Healthier Options
-Cuts Out Middle Man
-Provides a Sense of Community
-Unique Produce Not Always Found in Stores

Cons:
-More Expensive
-Only in Season Produce
-May Only Be Open or Available on Certain Days with Shorter Hours than a Conventional Store
-Not Always Open Year Round
-First Come First Serve Basis
-Produce is Not Always Consistent in Color, Shape or Size

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Farmers Markets are a place for local producers to bring their product and sell it directly to the consumer. Much like the old markets, this new model cuts out the middle man. Though Farmer's Markets tend to attract more of the modern foodie, or a higher class clientele, some Farmer's Markets now accept food stamps, coupons, other government supported program currency and credit cards, allowing lower-class consumers the option to participate in the community Farmer's Markets provide, as well as the opportunity to purchase healthy locally grown produce. Konefal states, "While none of these interventions completely solves the challenge of increasing access to local food, which depends foremost on locating viable farmers markets in communities with need, such efforts still work to make high-quality locally produced food more available and accessible to populations who have long been underserved and overlooked. Finally, many farmers markets now strive to balance the commercial space of local food sales with community health programming, including nutrition and food systems education (Pg. 301)." Many Farmer's Markets are now also offering recipes at their booths and cooking demonstrations to help their clients know what they can make with the produce they are purchasing. By cutting out the middle man, consumers are able to have a direct connection to the farmer and see the people behind the food they are buying.

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Food and Localism