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Kumaradivelu (1999) outlines three classroom discourse perspectives as presented in the powerpoint notes.

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Theoretical Perspectives on classroom discourse

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Theoretical Perspectives on classroom discourse

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Additional reference for you to read.

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Task on Classroom Discourse Perspectives

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Task on Classroom Discourse Perspectives

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Based on what Miss Kayla has presented, which classroom discourse perspective is suitable for her to shape the discourses between her and her learners in the classroom? Explain.
Contribute your opinions according to your groups.
Deadline: 27 March 2020

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Reimagining Classrooms: Teachers as Learners and Students as Leaders | Kayla Delzer | TEDxFargo

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Miss Kayla's speech regarding her classroom discourse is an example of the Critical Classroom Discourse Perspective. This is illustrated in Kayla's speech in which schools need to prepare students with the necessary skills that they require to function in an increasingly advancing digital age in which she discusses that 93% of employers nowadays will hire people over on social media, leaving students with a neutral or negative online output in the dust. This is in line with the fact that this school of thought believes that academic institutions are not simply instructional.

This school of thought also believes that the classroom is a microcosm of broader social order in which political discourses that occurs outside of the classroom are produced inside. This is further illustrated with an anecdote that Miss Kayla shared in which a principal who bans the use of technology will instill a similar sentiment of either indifference or fear of technology in the classroom when, in reality, they are missing out on a very sought after skill.

It also shows elements of post-structuralism, in which students do not have to wait for the teacher to give instructions as exemplified by a student of Miss Kayla's where she scanned a QR code to get supplementary texts to further develop their reading skills.

There is also, however, an element of Classroom Discourse Analysis, especially in its use of the Zone of Proximal Development. Miss Kayla confided that by the end of the day, she is the one who garners knowledge because the students taught her humility, patience and having both a sense of humour and self-awareness (interpersonal skills, essentially), whereas the students will get to practice and further hone their skills as they develop together.

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Classroom Discourse Analysis Perspectives 

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Classroom Discourse Analysis Perspectives 

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Classroom Discourse Analysis Perspectives

The keywords of the analysis are social interactional and social cultural views. From the video, teacher-centered classroom is being enhanced to students centered classroom. The teacher mentioned about the students-teaching-students method used in the classroom. Social interactionally, after the student learned how to use an app and they will interact between students to teach and also the teacher. Contrast with the traditional classroom whereby teacher master everything for the students, the teacher chose a more flexible description which is let her students explore what they intend to learn in the application named “Genius Hour”. The students are given chances to explore their knowledge and gain ownership on it.

The students nowadays are 21-st century, native technology user. This is the social cultural norm in the modern classroom. The teacher makes good use by embrace purposeful technology. She used technology for a purpose especially using an app for her students to record audio of her storybook and for the other student to scan and listen. The purpose of reading achieved exponentially because it had instilled interest and a sense of pride.

Ethnographic study is to understand the classroom aims and events (Van Lier 1998). The teacher mentioned technology is the language of her students speak and as an educator we should be the champion of digital citizenship. The classroom aims to let the students to be able to connect globally by using technology. The events are by using visual, take the students to explore Sistine Chapel in a virtual field trip. Instill real life speaking and listening skills as the aim and the event is setting up a classroom twitter account enable the students to tweet with experts.

CDA puts emphasis on the language and social context where teaching and learning occur. The teacher wants to emphasis on the language and social context by access her students by creativity, collaboration, communication skills and critical thinking skills. Teaching and learning include digital skill so that they would able to adapt the society well with the skills equipped.

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Classroom Discourse Analysis Perspective 

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Classroom Discourse Analysis Perspective 

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According to the speech delivered by Miss Kayla, I strongly feel that the most efficient practice that keeps her bond with her learners strong is the way she wonders how to embrace the purpose of technology. In the face of modernity as well as the 21st century learning, education system is merely changing and becoming increasingly complex as the ﬂow of information increases and becomes more accessible day by day. Growing up with this level of technology means growing up with a completely unprecedented amount of information at one’s fingertips. Therefore, in order to educate learners of this 21st century, teachers need to cultivate and maintain the student's interest in the material by showing how this knowledge applies in the real world. Further clarification was given by Miss Kayla in order to support this statement, where she mentioned that, ‘If something is boring on paper, its still going to be boring on an iPad.’ Teachers could not grab the attention of learners just by accessing the same kind of work that can be completed with papers and pencils by using technologies, but thinking out of the box is key. A teacher should understand that students of this era expects a different level of technology based learning rather than how it works back then. Hence, it is crucial for a teacher to make sure that he or she does not use technology just for the sake of using it despite to use it for creating difference in teaching and learning processes. Also, Miss Kayla emphasized that technology is not at the point of instruction if it is not accessible for a person from where they are. Therefore, teachers should always be aware of when they need and where they need to use technology. Determining learners interest and understanding that technology is the language that students nowadays speak, enables one to be an effective teacher.

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Based on what Miss Kayla has presented in her talk, there are two classroom discourse perspectives that are suitable for her to shape the discourses between her and her learners in the classroom.

A perspective that Miss Kayla can use to shape the discourses with her and her learners is the classroom discourse perspective as it emphasizes the importance of social interaction in the teaching and learning process. Referring to her teaching methods in the video, there are many ways this can be done such as via the zone of proximal development (ZPD) which is the range of abilities that an individual can perform with assistance but cannot yet perform independently. In her class, Miss Kayla uses the students teaching students model whereby she does not believe that the teacher should solely hold all the power of teaching in their hands. Instead, she presents this opportunity to her students by giving them an app or a tool to figure out how to use then teach their fellow classmates on it as well. Thus, the ZPD concept comes into play here as the student or the peer acts as the more knowledgeable other that guides their fellow classmates on the use of the app who may only possess a limited knowledge of it. This technique will also help students to not only reinforce what has been learnt but also gives them a sense of responsibility in their learning when they participate actively in its process.

Besides that, the classroom discourse perspective is also suitable for Miss Kayla because she uses project-based activities in her classroom such as Genius Hour by Google which to an extent helps students build on previously acquired knowledge. In this activity, students are given an hour to learn about a topic that they are passionate about instead of being told what they should be reading on. As a result, of her not spoon feeding them , students will feel more in control of the learning process and embrace it which will ultimately motivate them to work harder.   They will begin to see learning not as a bore but a means to develop their interest.

However, I believe that she can also use the teacher-student mode of interaction by discussing interesting topics or even asking the students to present what they have learnt during the Genius Hour session. She can then use this opportunity to elicit feedback and questions from the other students which will in turn help shape their understanding better and initiate collaborative learning among them

Additionally, the critical classroom discourse perspective is also suitable to be used by Miss Kayla to shape the discourses between her and her learners in the classroom. This perspective sees the classroom as a microcosm of the broader social order in which political relations in the world outside the classroom are produced inside the classroom. In this, Miss Kayla mentioned during her speech that teachers should prepare their students for the future outside the classroom and that students should be given the tools that will them help develop the skills needed to succeed in the real world. She definitely shares the view that classrooms are more than instructional sites and realizes that any sort of classroom interaction does have real world implications. Hence why she argues that by keeping technology away from students we are actually hurting them not protecting as we think we are as it actually forms a sense of fear and indifference towards the use of technology and places students at a disadvantage. In order to overcome this, she uses technology purposefully to breathe life into her lessons and help students look at things differently such as during the reading class where students will read along to an audio recording of a given story that can be accessed via a QR code taped behind the book. As she puts it, this helps instil a sense of pride among her students, fosters a sense of creativity and instils a love for reading in them. In fact, she mentions this method has very much increased their reading fluency scores of her students for the use of the audio has made them approach something perhaps previously difficult with more imagination and creativity, among the key skills needed in the 21st century,

Also, this perspective is suitable for Miss Kayla as she always exposes her students to different cultures, learning experiences and the listening and speaking skills needed to succeed in the 21st century. It also opens them up to new ideas and ultimately helps build good citizens. Miss Kayla does this by giving her students the opportunity to go beyond the classroom by taking them on virtual fieldtrips to the Smithsonian Institute and by helping them connect with other students from around the world such as those in Hong Kong via Google Hangouts.  She serves as the bridge between her students and the real world as a good educator should. No wonder Christian loved her class so much I would have cried too!

In short, a successful learning process occurs in a non- teacher dominated environment that encourages students to explore beyond the four walls of their classroom and can be further enhanced by the use of technology in a purposeful way the way Miss Kayla has done in her constructivist based classroom.

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Classroom Discourse Analysis Perspective :)

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Classroom Discourse Analysis Perspective :)

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Based on what Miss Kayla has presented, the first classroom discourse perspective that is suitable for her to shape the discourses in the classroom is Release the Power which power here means the ability to teach or deliver knowledge. She mentioned that teachers should make the classroom less teachers centered but more student centered. Student learning is influenced by their ability to negotiate meaning and work together in completing the given tasks. The successful negotiation of meaning suggests that learning has taken place. Therefore, she suggested ‘Students-teaching-students model’. It allow students to step out of their comfort zone to improve both their academic skills, and their oral presentation skills.
The other suitable classroom discourse perspective is Embrace Purposeful Technology. Miss Kayla said that in order to use technology in classroom, the technology must be able to transform the classroom, teaching or learning. As educators, we must have a justification and a plan for what role we want the technology to play, and then design the student experiences accordingly. This approach to technology aligns with what is often called “purposeful learning.” Purposeful learning embraces the idea that students should be at the center of the educational experience.

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Assalamu’alaikum and greetings Classroom Discourse Group C, first of all allow me to start my school of thoughts with a friendly reminder for all of us to stay safe anywhere we are. Health is god’s greatest gift so let us not waste it by being unreasonably stubborn or selfish. As presented by Miss Kayla, the main idea that she was trying to propose is how she actually bonded with her students, aligned with the effects of technology on education these days. Quoting my fellow group mate, Thivashini, “...education system is merely changing and becoming increasingly complex as the ﬂow of information increases and becomes more accessible day by day.” I choose to believe that nearly everyone would agree with the context of this issue,  where one way or another, these students will have to associate with electronic gadgets, whether we agree with it or not. Miss Kayla chose to agree with the idea of associating the students with technology at their young age as she believes this method is actually “helping them, not hurting them”. This clearly showed that the most suitable classroom discourse perspective for her is Classroom Interactions. Basically Classroom Interaction is a tool that offers two different parties to participate in the class. She successfully made her students interact effectively with her and even among themselves, by projecting the idea of sharing a device or an app, with an order to master them, and then to teach the same thing to their friends, or even to herself. As stated in A Theoretical Review of Classroom Discourse, “Interactions awaken students’ instinct to respond and participate in interactions “(Daniels, 2001), we can absolutely agree that interactions is very important in a classroom, no matter between students, or with teacher as well. Therefore once again I chose to believe with my stand, that the most suitable perspective based on Miss Kayla’s presentation, is the ‘Classroom Interaction’. We should never barricade the students’ abilities in learning, as their willing in studies is enough to show how bright they could shine one day.

“Embrace their knowledge, and they’ll embrace their learning” –Miss Kayla, 2016.

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Discourse Perspectives from Miss Kayla’s speech: An analysis

1.       Don’t misuse the power – less teacher centered and more student centered

2.       Make the students learn first, and make them teacher other students and herself too

3.       Genius Hour – Students will get an hour a week thing what they are passionate about instead of telling them what they have to learn. (constructivism)

4.       Embrace purposeful technology- if any projects can be done through paper, there is no need to use tech. if something is boring on paper, it is going to still be boring on apps.

5.       Different app with different purposes (skill-based and project based)

6.       Get technology at time, when they needed and wherever they need them.

7.       Don’t feed the fears (e.g.: banning of telephones in school)

8.       Enabling real world authentic learning environment to protect them in the future.

9.       Social media: 93 percent of employers for recruitment.

10.   Don't be the four walls that hold your kids back or limit their learning. Break down those walls and go global.

1.       CLASSROOM DISCOURSE ANALYSIS PERSPECTIVE

KEYWORDS:

•          Related to ZPD in seeing discourses as means to encourage learners to use language based on the knowledge that they have and move to the next level

The concept, zone of proximal development was developed by Soviet psychologist and social constructivist Lev Vygotsky (1896 – 1934). The zone of proximal development (ZPD) has been defined as: "the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem-solving under adult guidance, or in collaboration with more capable peers" (Vygotsky, 1978, p. 86).

•          Teaching is viewed as assisting performance (Anton, 1999) – (SCAFFOLDING)

•          Scaffolding consists of the activities provided by the educator, or more competent peer, to support the student as he or she is led through the zone of proximal development (Wood, Bruner and Ross (1976).

Based on the video, presented by Miss Kayla I had a debatable notion on deciding the most appropriate perspectives seeing that she had rather a mixed stance of teaching and presenting her daily classroom activities, projects and two ways learning outline. Hence, my first opinion across would be the Classroom Discourse Analysis Perspective.

Miss Kayla, in my humble opinion is an exceptional constructivist teacher. This is because, as an educator, her focus lies in helping students to construct knowledge rather than to reproduce a series of facts. She provides tools such as problem-solving and inquiry-based learning activities with which her students formulate and test their ideas, draw conclusions and inferences, and pool and convey their knowledge in a collaborative learning environment. This can be seen through her, giving an app or any tool for the matter to the students to let them figure out how it works, then to teach their fellow classmate on it too, which is conceptually known as scaffolding and ZPD (defined above) Furthermore, the constructivist framework is also further strengthened by her project and skilled based activities in her classes, such as the Genius Hour application that she mentioned in the video.  I personally found this app absolutely interesting. In this activity, students will be given an hour to learn about anything they are especially passionate about instead of telling them what they should read on. When I was a student back then, I didn’t get the opportunity to go about the day reading something I loved, but I was given textually almost everything, which of course I deemed it as a burden. This will put the students as the primer controller in their learning bubble hence will make the to participate and work harder.  Constructivism transforms the student from a passive recipient of information to an active participant in the learning process. Always guided by the teacher, students construct their knowledge actively rather than just mechanically ingesting knowledge from the teacher or the textbook.

2.       CRITICAL CLASSROOM DISCOURSE ANALYSIS PERSPECTIVE

KEYWORDS:

•          Development in post structuralism, Foucault’s sociological theorist and Freire’s educational philosophy – academic institutions are not simply instructional sites

•          Seek to give critical interpretation of classroom occurrences and events to wider political and social historical aspects

•          Classroom as a microcosm of the broader social order in which political relations in the world outside the classroom are produced inside the classroom.

In addition, the Critical Classroom Discourse Perspective can also be implemented by Miss Kayla in her daily discourses with her students. As mentioned above, this perspective focuses on critical interpretation of classroom occasions to more extensive political and social authentic angles in which learning is not and should not be limited into the four walls of text book based learning, but should be beyond that. Miss Kayla claimed during her speech that educators hold the role in preparing the students to face the future, and real-life circumstances, which can be fulfilled by providing tools that would aid them in discovering and connecting globally. This is why she emphasized on the importance of digital literary skills. She predicted situations in 15 years ahead, aligning with the 21st century learning system, yet here we are now, already in the stint of 21st century learning, prohibiting the excellence of digital capabilities in teaching and learning.

Moreover, I find it quite crucial to mention the efforts of Miss Kayla in introducing world-wide cultures to the students through her teaching. Honestly, I feel that, more teachers and future teachers should try to actualize this in their classes because its essential for the future generations to procure adequate comprehension in this because, this will help them in the outlook to cope with their selective and collective social identities.  Miss Kayla has given a lot of inputs in terms of connecting globally with experts and virtual based authentic learning platforms in her speech that I will list down below.

1)      Virtual field trip to the Smithsonian Institute or to the Sistine Chapel

2)      Google hangout to expose the kids to new and different cultures.

3)      Classroom twitter account to make the kids tweet with experts from the world like Braid Waid and Jen Jones.

4)      Have the kids tweet with other classes around the world to share and compare their learning.

5)      Assess the students on their creativity, collaboration, critical thinking, communication skills, their grit, their digital literary skills and other skills they will need when they graduate.

6)      Assess the teachers on how will they prepare their kids for the future when they leave the class

All in all, it moved me seeing how she has made her classroom friendly and a two way learning seeing how her students have taught her too in terms of being real, and to have a sense of humour and so many more things that she never knew she needed in the first place. Just as she said, among all these efforts and expedient, the one thing that shall remain constant through time will be the relationships between the students and passionate teachers, that will always be the foundation of successful classrooms.
: Don't be the four walls that hold your kids back or limit their learning.
(Miss Kayla)

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In my opinion, there are two classroom discourse perspectives namely Classroom Discourse Analysis Perspective and Critical Classroom Discourse Perspective which are suitable for Miss Kayla to shape the discourses between her and her learners in the classroom based on what she has presented.

Classroom Discourse Analysis Perspective

This classroom discourse perspective highlights the social interactional and the social culture view of classroom discourse. When Miss Kayla said that educators are to release their power by making classes more student-centred compared to teacher-centred, it relates to this classroom discourse as this perspective states that teaching is viewed as assisting performance (Anton, 1999). Teachers do not necessarily need to spoon-feed students with information but instead play a role as a facilitator and guide students while they learn and teach each other. Miss Kayla did say that she uses the student teaching student model in her classroom where she gets the students to learn an app and teach their classmates how to use the app while she as a teacher who has not fully mastered the app also learns from her students.  Here, we can see how the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) which is the range of abilities that an individual can perform with assistance but cannot yet perform independently is applied as the students learn in collaboration with more capable peers. Miss Kayla gets students to embrace their learning by getting them to involve in projects like the Genius Hour. Genius Hour is where kids get an hour a week to study what they are passionate about and according to her it somehow gives them ownership in their learning and makes it relevant to them. This definitely encourages students to learn as they get to use their prior knowledge and increase their understanding on something that they love. When I was in school, I was not given this opportunity to discover things that I love as schools had their syllabus assigned and we were fed with what was laid out for us which made me hate the idea of going to school to learn something that I did not relate to.

Critical Classroom Discourse Perspective
Foucault’s sociological theorist and Freire’s educational philosophy states that academic institutions are not simply instructional sites. Miss Kayla mentioned that we are to put kids in real world learning authentic environment during the school days and give them the tools that they need to be successful. Here, it is clearly seen how she sees academic not just based on syllabuss but the social norm. In the 21st century technology is the main language among humans. Hence Miss Kayla emphasised that instead of blocking students from technology, educators are to be a digital citizenship. Do not fear technology instead use it to improve teaching and learning environment. Educators are to embrace purposeful technology. Be wise enough not to transform everything to technology instead use a variety of methods to capture students attention. As Miss Kayla mentioned that "if something can be done using paper and pen is boring, it will still be boring on an iPad" so it ain't really transforming education. Educators should strive to transform their teaching methods according to the era. There are different purposes of apps where some are skill-based and repetitive, and some are project-based. Miss Kayla highlighted how she lets her kids create something instead of just playing games where she used audio books created by her students in her class which instilled the love of reading among her students. She also mentioned that educators are to be aware of the technology availability like when and where they need it. According to the classroom discourse perspective, classroom is perceived as socially constructed, politically and historically determined. Miss Kayla has talked about how it is important for educators to connect students globally. As she mentioned that learning is no longer limited to just the classroom, school, state or planet so teachers should put in the effort to help students make global connections. Teachers could have virtual field trips to any part of the world including out of the planet such as the stratosphere. She mentioned how she used Google Hangout to expose her kids to the new and different cultures around the world as this helps them practice real live speaking and listening skills. She also mentioned having a classroom Twitter account where students are able to tweet with experts and other classes around the world. Why limit their learning, when everything is easier with technology now? Everything is made possible with technology at our fingertips. Just a click and we are connected globally. Everything that takes place in the classroom, from how we teach and how we assess students, needs to be seen as political, social and cultural practices that have broader implications than just pieces of classroom interaction (Pennycook, 2001). This is portrayed by Miss Kayla when she mentioned that standardised test maybe a valid place in schools but skills are to be reinvented by assessing teachers and students in different methods. Assessing students based on their creativity, collaboration, critical thinking, communication skills, their grit, how they are to find success through failure and many other skills that students need when they graduate while teachers can be assessed on how well they prepare their kids for their future when they leave the classroom. She also emphasised that schools and classrooms are to be made engaging, responsive and dynamic as the world around us.

Hence, I believe that Classroom Discourse Analysis Perspective and Critical Classroom Discourse Perspective are suitable for Miss Kayla to shape the discourses between her and her learners in the classroom based on what she has presented.

“If it’s right for kids, it’s right”

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Based on Miss kayla speech that was presented on the ted talk about her classroom, the most suitable classroom discourse perspective would be the "Classroom Discourse Analysis Perspective". In this classroom discourse, Miss Kayla acts as a guide for her student and even let her student to even teach her about something new. In this supportive and positive interaction, the student would be able to go beyond what other students can do. In her presentation, she even said that, she let her student to teach the other and assist them. She said that, the technology we have right now are the new language that the students speak. It should not be the limiting factor and we need to embrace the it and use it to our advantage. She even acknowledge that, we as a teacher, we do not have to master everything. When we have the student to teach us (teachers), they will feel the motivation and drive to do it, thus much more enjoyable for them to learn something new. The whole classroom including the teacher, are assisting each other.

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In my opinion based on Miss Kayla’s speech, her classroom can be viewed from the Critical Classroom Discourse Perspective as she emphasizes the importance of engaging the students with the real world as what she said; “Make sure our school and our classroom are as engaging, responsive and dynamic as the world around us”. Critical Classroom Discourse Perspective talks about classroom being the place where social order in which political relations in the world outside the classroom are produced in the classroom.

Miss Kayla said about how her classroom being less teacher centered and more students centered which is she let her students google what they are passionate and talk to the class or her students learned about an application and teach the whole classroom and she herself rather than the teacher force the students to learn about certain things.

She also said in her speech that educators and teachers shouldn’t be afraid and expose the students to the real world by using Twitter as classroom activities and let them use YouTube to widen their knowledge as 93% employers use social media to hire and recruit employees.

Miss Kayla’s ways of teaching can be compare to Pennycook, 2001 where he said everything that happen in classroom should have broader implications than just pieces of classroom interaction. This shows that Miss Kayla wants her students to be prepared to face the real world in her classroom by exposing them through various applications and methods of learning rather than just the traditional ways of teaching and learning activities in the classroom.

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Classroom Discourse Analysis Perspectives 

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Classroom Discourse Analysis Perspectives 

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Things that are mentioned in Miss Kayla’s talk are like the environment of classroom that have not change since the last 70 years. The same process happening again and again, the process of grading students based on their level of iq (intelligence quotient). This whole process have been killing the creativity, individuality and intellectuality who have the potential to grow. The speaker stressed that her goal is to revitalize learning and the classroom. She said as teachers and educators we must embrace the students of today to reimagine tomorrow. The technique she use to change the students environment and perspective toward todays learning not just help students’ growth but also boost their interest. Over a centuries, the process of classroom stay the same that is we put students in straight roles nice and neat tell them sit still, raise your hand if you want to speak and give them directions for 8 hours a day and make them compete to get an [A]. A letter that determines product quality. Teachers are the main source of knowledge of the classroom, the guidance for the students to ask and to follow. Nowadays technologies are widespread like a virus. It is available everywhere you go. So why don’t we implied these technologies into our learning process. First, it able to enhance the teaching technique to be much more effective and today’s generation are very fond into these technologies better than the folks. There are plenty views from different perspective about the pros and cons of the implementation of these technologies but those things are problems that can be solve. Albert Einstein once said, “ everybody’s a genius, but if you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree, it will live it’s whole life believing that it is stupid “.

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Based on the speech by Miss Kayla, I think that the suitable classroom discourse perspective for her and her learners would be Classroom Discourse analysis. Classroom Discourse Analysis emphasises the social interactional and the social cultural view. In this video, Miss Kayla wants the classroom to be more student-centered and not teacher-centered. In her class, students need to see themselves as active participants in learning, who have power over both the language and the discursive practices of the classroom. Miss Kayla believes that her role is primarily that of observer, recorder, instigator of activities, occasional prompter and resource for students to access. Most importantly, she provides the stimulus for learning what students need, while most of the direct teaching is done by the students themselves. For instance here she asked her students to download and explore an app on their own and later teach their friends on how to use it knowing that students are more likely to have their thinking changed by their peers than by their teacher. She also mentioned about ‘Genius Hour’ where the students are given the opportunity to learn about things they are passionate about. By doing this, students have the opportunities to learn all that they need to achieve required outcomes and it allows students to see the knowledge they discovered as both personal and social, rather than something impersonal waiting to be uncovered. Another discourse that suits her teaching is Critical Classroom Discourse Analysis. Foucault’s sociological theorist and Freire’s educational philosophy agreed that academic institutions are not simply instructional sites. Everything that takes place in the classroom, from how teachers teach and how teachers access students, needs to be seen as political, social and cultural practices that have broader implications than just pieces of classroom interaction. Miss Kayla mentioned in her talk that teachers need to prepare their students for the future and for that students should be given the tools that will assist them in developing the skills needed to excel in the outside world. She believed that technology is one of the tools. That is why she stresses about the importance of utilising technology in transforming and improving teaching method. She mentioned about using Twitter as classroom activities and letting the students to use Youtube. She also said that learning is no longer limited to just the classroom, school, state or planet so teachers need to help students in developing global connections. Therefore, teachers can have virtual field trips to any part of the world and used Google Hangout to expose students to the numerous cultures around the world as this would help them in practicing real live speaking and listening skills. Most amazingly, these all can be done in just a click.

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Based on the speech delivered by Miss Kayla, I think the most suitable classroom discourse perspective can be used to shape the discourse between her and her learners in the classroom is classroom discourse analysis perspective. This perspective emphasizes on the social interactional and the social cultural view. It also suggests that teaching is viewed as an assisting performance. In the speech given by Miss Kayla, she mentioned about the importance of having student-centered classroom which she practices student teaching student model in her classroom. She let her students explore new apps by themselves and let them teach their fellow friends while she observes and assist them on something they do not understand. Most of the direct learning are done by the students themselves. Student interactions will improve the development of classroom inclusiveness, thus reducing the isolation in the classroom. She encourages her students to correct themselves and exchange their ideas with each other . Apart from that, she also mentioned ‘Genius Hour’ where students get to learn things that they passionate about. By doing this, students get to explore things they do not get to learn in the classroom. This will help them gained extra knowledge and developed skills that is necessary for their survival in the future.

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Based on what Miss Kayla has presented, I think Classroom Discourse Analysis Perspective is the most suitable for her to shape the discourses between her and her learners in the classroom. This perspective emphasises the social interactional and the social-cultural view of classroom discourse. From the video, Miss Kayla mentioned that she wants the class to be less teacher-centred and more student-centred. For instance, the students will need to learn how to use an app or a tool first before they go and teach their friends and also the teacher after they understand. I think this is a good idea because it will improve the retention of knowledge. After all, the app or tool will have certain elements, which will make them use the knowledge they may have previously acquired to solve problems or find answers. Moreover, Miss Kayla also mentioned about ‘Genius Hour’ which is a movement that allows students to choose what they want to learn based on their passions and encourages creativity in the classroom. As a result, this movement helps students to design meaningful and authentic work because the ideas and creations came from their creativity and not by the teacher. Students will also felt a sense of community and a spike in self-esteem while sharing their creations with the class, the school, or even larger audiences.

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In my opinion, the suitable classroom discourse perspective for Miss Kayla to shape the discourses between her and her learners is Classroom Discourse Analysis Perspectives.

This perspective emphasizes the social interaction and also the social cultural. In Miss Kayla speech, she mentioned about putting learners in a real world learning authentic environment. One of the examples of real world learning mentioned in the video is connecting students globally through medium such as Google hangout and classroom Twitter account. By doing so, teachers/ educators are actually embracing the social interaction among his/her students with the world and at the same time, exposing new and different culture to the learners.

Another important keyword in this perspective is, the ZPD concept or zone of proximal development in seeing discourses as means to encourage learners to use language based on the knowledge that they have and move to the next level. In the Zone of proximal development, the learner is in the process of developing new skills or knowledge, but they need assistance. One of the teaching methods that Miss Kayla uses as a teacher is the students teaching students method/ model. Here, she let her students to teach their friends and herself on how to use an app and by doing so; the student is actually developing a skill or knowledge but at the same time, still assisted by teachers while doing so.

Based on the speech too, Miss Kayla mentioned that teacher should give students the chance to learn things that they are passionate about instead of keep on telling them of what to learn. In this perspective, teaching is viewed as assisting performance where teacher make the classroom less teacher-centered and more students-centered. During this period of learning, where students are exploring the things that they are passionate about, teacher should acts as a facilitator, guiding and giving consolidation to students on what they are learning.

With everything said in this video, I can conclude that this perspective is the suitable classroom discourse perspective for Miss Kayla to use in her classroom.  However, let’s not forget that “relationship between students and passionate teachers will always be the foundation of successful classroom”.

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After watching the video, we think that Miss Kayla uses the classroom discourse analysis perspective in managing her class. She manages her class by doing ethnographic studies. This means that she prioritizes on effective learning rather than following the normal syllabus made by the school. By doing so, the feedback from her students were very positive and had changed the students’ perspective on the importance of learning and how entertaining learning can be. She also empathizes greatly on her relationship between herself and her students. As a result, many students had improve their learning behaviours. One good example of this is the student that refused to learn became someone who cried due to the fact he had to leave his beloved teacher. Here we can see the massive effect she had made to the students by building a foundation that comforts her students and made connections with them to acquire a good relationship with all of them.

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In my opinion, the most suitable classroom discourse perspective to shape between Miss Kayla’s and her learners are teacher-student(s) and students-students. This is because in teacher-students method, the teacher plays an important role to initiate and interact with the class. They will be the stimulator, to stimulate and engaged with the students. By this it will create questions among students.

After that, by using the students-students method, it help the learner to negotiate on meaning. This is because, they are more active and comfortable with their peers. Some students maybe shy and quite with their teacher, but when they are with their friends, they will be more opened up and more comfortable to ask their friends. By having questions, the more active learner will ask the teacher for confirmation. Thus, the teacher will share the answer to the whole class and the learning process will be effective. In my opinion, the students-students method will helps to create a more active and interactive class by having discussion and negotiating on meaning.

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Based on Miss Kayla’s speech, I think the most suitable classroom discourse perspective is Classroom Discourse Analysis Perspective. From her talks, I could conclude that she was focusing on the interaction between the students and her. In Classroom Discourse Analysis Perspective, classroom learning can best be seen as interaction between a teacher’s meaning and those of his or her learners. Miss Kayla followed her purpose and she handled her students with her own way to get the student’s understanding. I think this is a good idea as you can use whatever methods especially using technologies applications that you want to wider your student’s knowledge. The students will love it. She was very concerned about the interaction between teacher-students interaction and students-students interaction in the classroom. According to Walsh (2006b) interactions are “context shaped and context renewing” (p.50).  In other words, participants in interaction depend on context and remodeling of context for invoking their identities and actions. This may be the reason why she assessed her students with creativity, collaboration, critical thinking and communication skill. Based on this perspective, rules and norms of L2 classroom interactional patterns  are dependant on teacher’s pedagogic orientations and practical management of turn allocation and learner’s disposition  and motivation to  participate in class.

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In my opinion based on Miss Kayla’s speech, as a teacher we have to make students love school and study. In the past, traditional teaching methods were like teacher-centered classrooms. They could not let students enjoy school life and learning process. So Miss Kayla  proposed a teaching method of Teachers as Learners and Students as Leaders. As a student, you can also teach other classmates and even teachers. This will make students feel that learning is useful. By teaching others, he will have a sense of accomplishment. A sense of achievement will bring him happiness, and people will always pursue things that make them happy, so students will be motivated to learn more new knowledge. In this way, the teacher is not only imparting knowledge, but also leading. It was mentioned in the lecture that the student was given one hour( Genius hours) every day. During this hour, the student can learn any knowledge he is interested in. This will give students the opportunity to recognize their interests and strengths, and they can dig out more creativity and inspiration. . This hour is a completely relaxing time for students without any specified goals. In this relaxed state, students can learn more new knowledge and the memory at this time is the best.
There is another point that emphasizes social interaction and social culture. In the face of students in the current era of information technology development, it is necessary to properly guide students to use technology rather than stop them blindly, nor to transfer the knowledge in books to tablets. It is necessary for students to learn what they have learned and how to learn to connect with life outside the classroom. We cannot live without technology in our lives. Why do we require students to stay away from technology? Conversely, we can also use technology to make students learn more effectively and have access to the culture and knowledge of different countries. Let students use this knowledge in their lives.

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Based on what Miss Kayla has presented, I figure out two possible classroom discourses perspective that is suitable for her to shape the discourses between her and her learners in the classroom. the first one is classroom discourse analysis and the second one is the uses of technology. Miss Kayla did mention about her student named Christian who hates school and teacher on the first day of coming to school. This is related to classroom discourse analysis as it emphasises the social interactional and the social-cultural view. Remembering what Dr Maiza had said in her lecture previously that to tackle a student, a teacher must first know and understand the student and their social background to choose what method to be applied in the teaching and learning session. This is also proven that when Miss Kayla knows the right way to conduct her lesson, on the last day of school Christian was crying out of control and refusing to leave her classroom.

She also mentioned about the uses and how she implemented technologies in her class which make her lesson much more interesting, suitable for her student and can grab their attention. Well, school is the institution with rules which student is not allowed to use smartphone around the school area but we can not be the one who stops them to develop all the apps and google up thing that can be beneficial to them. One point that I would like to highlight here is she said that a boring task on paper will be boring too even you put in on an iPad. This statement brings back a memory of the presentation that I had conducted regarding the assignment that needs us to involve technology in our teaching. Basically, we just put some preposition question online as a drilling practice to enhance the student understanding about the uses of the preposition but the feedback that we received from the lecturer was, "just making some pen and paper exercises online to make it look fancy would not leave any good impact to the learning process and increase the student knowledge". Besides, it should help them to gain new input and can encourage their participant even outside the teaching and learning session and leave a great impact for both the teacher and the student. As what being told by Miss Kayla, she actually let her student discover the apps by themselves so that they can learn better without the teacher telling them what do and what not and of course under her supervision. This is also a good alternative way to conduct a lesson since the student is going through everything online or need the presence of technology such as attending a job interview in the future. 70 years of the same teaching method and technique might be bored for the kids nowadays and we can not compare as what education in our time and their. It is a huge age gap of a generation and we should focus more on what can be done to improve our learning session to be as conducive as it should be based on the 21th-century style of learning.

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NURUL IZYAN BINTI MOHD ZAINUDDIN

Based on what Miss Kayla has presented, I think Classroom Discourse Analysis Perspective is the most suitable for her to shape the discourses between her and her learners in the classroom. The Classroom Discourse Analysis Perspective emphasises the social interactional and the social-cultural view. In the video, Miss Kayla did mention about a student who hates coming to school on the first day. So, what Miss Kayla should do is obtained a way to attract the student for coming to school. In order to grab the student attention, she must know the student’s background knowledge and interest. The student might get bored and dislikes the classroom environment mainly because the learning topic is not enticing. Miss Kayla should make efforts in knowing her students’ sociolinguistic background so that the teaching progress will run smoothly.

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Based on what Miss Kayla has presented, I think the most suitable classroom discourse perspective would be the Classroom Discourse Analysis Perspective which emphasizes the social interaction and the social cultural view. According to the video, Miss Kayla mentioned that she wants the classroom to be more student-centered instead of teacher-centered. In her classroom, she uses a student teaching student model where she gives an app or tools to a student and let them learn how to use it. Once they have figured out how to use the apps or tools, they need to teach the others and teacher on how to use it. Indirectly, it could help them to enhance their curiosity in learning something new and not fully depending on their teacher.

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Based on Miss Kayla's presentation, the Classroom Discourse Interaction Analysis Perspective would be the most suitable for her to shape discourse between her and her learners. Like most of my groupmates stated, for this discourse, there's going to be a lot of interaction/conversation/ideas exchange happen between Miss Kayla and her learners. The IRF (Initiate,  Response, Feedback) will allow Miss Kayla to shape the discourse she wanted in her classroom where she act as the conversation starter, then her learners will give response and their feedback. With this, Miss Kayla won't be the only one superior in the discourse. Besides, Miss Kayla did mention that whenever her students can't understand her, she uses students - students model because she believes they may understand better with their peers.  With this discourse, Miss Kayla anf her learners interaction won't be the one to one interaction but more to a sociological ecology where everyone participates.

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Classroom Discourse Perspective According to Miss  Kayla, She use two types of classroom interaction which is Teacher to students interaction and students to students interaction. Teacher to students interaction is practice when she interact with her students differently according to their behavior and interest. It is a really good way of teaching and attract their interest in learning. It is shown when she talk about the boy (Kristen) which is at first hate the school and the teacher but, end up being the one who doesn’t want his teacher to leave the school. It shows that teacher to students interaction is very important applied in classroom.

Miss Kayla see the classroom, students and the way they learn differently. She mention about 21th century and using technology as our main usage in learning repetitively in the video shows that technology is really important for us nowadays especially for students. Miss Kayla practicing “Less teaching center and more students master”. she believes that there’s no need for a teacher to master everything in order to help their students. Instead of just giving, it is better for the students to find and discover by their own with the help of their teacher. In advance, the students itself might be the one who teach something new to the teacher.

She’s also practicing, “students teaching students model” in order for the students to communicate more and create bonds between them. This is the interaction between students to students. Students who are more capable in some topics can teach and guide the other students who need help. Moreover, students to students interaction help those who are shy and struggling to voice out their though. According to Miss Kayla, she give an app and a tool to the students and let them learn how to use it then teach it to the others including herself on how to use it. This is one of the example that she give for students to students interaction.

The most interesting part is the teacher let their students to discover and encourage their interest and passion in “Genius Hour” using Google. She provide one hour for “Genius Hour” a week to study what they are passionate about instead of telling them what they should do in class.
“Embrace their knowledge then they will embrace their learning”-Miss Kayla.

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Based on Miss Kayla speech that was presented. Classroom Discourse Analysis Perspective can be use. Miss Kayla will be as the person who will guide the students.  She mention earlier in the video that teacher should not make the classroom more to teacher centered. it will be great to make the classroom more students centered which students can learn whatever topic they want. it still produce a good result although it is only an hour a week. Teacher also can get to know more their students by being involve in the lesson.

we need to use all the technology that we can get or provide. I agreed with Miss Kayla when she said that its still boring for the student to do the task based on the paper that only were transformed into digital. By using technology correctly, teachers will enhance student knowledge more than usual because students like it. the are very passionate when their teacher is trying a new method on delivering the knowledge. at the end, we still to check if we accomplish the objective which delivering the knowledge to the students. Thank You

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Personally, I think the classroom discourse perspective that is suitable for Miss Kayla to shape the discourses between her and her learners in the classroom is The Classroom Discourse Analysis Perspective.

The important thing in classroom discourse analysis perspective is when a teacher sets up the learning in such a way that students communicate and or having dialogue with each other and possibly with the teacher about their content. Dialogue allows students to process their thinking with each other, to exchange and build on one another’s ideas, and to grapple with content. The example of learning that involves dialogue being mentioned in the video is the classroom Twitter account. It can be a highly engaging way to learn if the teacher knows the content, the students, and the pedagogy well enough to pull it off. By using this type of learning, the teachers are engaging the social interaction among the students with the world. During interaction teachers have the scope to identify the talent, intelligence and excellence of the students.

Besides, the classroom discourse analysis perspective also involve the zone of proximal development learning. In this learning, the learner can master the learning by their own, but they need the guidance and encouragement by their teacher. Miss Kayla let her students teaching their friends as well as herself on how to use an app. The students are actually master the skills and knowledge but still being assisted by the teacher.

To set up the discourse begins with the content. Teachers need to identify what in the content is worth talking about. To have a discussion where you just list off facts or read aloud from a text is boring. Honestly, discourse is best when there are multiple answers, an opportunity for opinion and imagination. Also, a teacher must decide what type of topic suitable with the students’ age and knowledge. The younger students need more supports and topics where they have enough background to participate successfully while the older students need more topics that they can have the opportunity for opinion and imagination to exchange ideas and challenge each other. Finally, the teacher must select a topic that moves the student content knowledge forward. Good quality content and excellent teacher prompting makes good quality discourse.

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I believed that the classroom discourse analysis plays a major part from the TedTalk speech by Miss Kayla Delzer. Classroom discourse analysis is a study on how a language-in-use is affected by the context or meaning that it carries within. In Miss Kayla’s speech, she give emphasis to social interaction. For instance, she told the audience to embrace purposeful technology. In this modernization era, educators need to make full of use of the current technology. I confidently agree that the pupils nowadays are exposed to mobile phones and advanced gadgets. In the Malaysian context, Miss Kayla’s point of embracing purposeful technology can be parallel with our 21st Century Learning (PAK-21).

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Based on Miss Kayla’s speech on how she handles her students, I think that Classroom Discourse Analysis Perspectives is the most suitable way for her to shape the discourses between her and her learners in the classroom. This perspective emphasizes the social interaction and social cultural view. In Miss Kayla’s speech, she showed the audience what her classroom looks like and she also emphasizes that she sees her students differently. This shows that she actually tries to get to know her student’s way of learning before teaching them and use the right approach to teach them instead of using only the traditional way of teaching. This is a good way for her to know her students well and attract them to engage in the classroom by using suitable approaches.

Next, Miss Kayla emphasizes the use of technology in the classroom. The use of technology is important nowadays since we are living in an era where everything can be done by using mobile devices and any other technologies. Miss Kayla uses technology in her classroom to fit with the social culture where people nowadays use technology widely in their daily life. However, she mentioned in her speech that we need to know how to embrace purposeful technology. The use of technology should be able to transform the way of teaching and learning. If the use of technology still gives the boring vibe to the students, it is wasteful. For example, if the task that uses technology can also be done by using pencils and papers, it is not transforming the classroom. In order to attract the students by using this technology, teachers should be able to make things interesting like how one of her students read a book while listening to the audio version of the book she is reading.

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Based on Miss Kayla’s speech, the best way to be used in her classroom is Classroom Discourse Analysis Perspectives. This is because a classroom could be the most interaction and the changing ideas between students that could guide them on learning something. We are advised to shape the classroom to be more student centred as it will be a big impact on their learning process. There are studies shown that identifying an IRF (Initiate, Response, Feedback) that teacher need to act as a conversation starter so students would be more encourage to participate in the classroom and this is a lot easier to extend the topics. By using this perspective, Miss Kayla won’t be the one who dominate the class as the students are giving their feedback. Miss Kayla also mentioned if her students are facing a problem on comprehend the lessons, she will use students-students model because students may understand better with their peers and I strongly believe this is true. It could be they are in the same level proficiency and teachers could identify each students their level to let the teachers become more flexible in teaching.

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In light of what Miss Kayla has introduced, the first classroom discourse perspective that is appropriate for her is to shape the discourse in the homeroom is to release some of the power. Power here means the capacity to educate or convey information. She mentioned that educators should make the study hall less instructors focused yet more to understudy focused. Understudy learning is impacted by their capacity to arrange significance and work together in finishing the given assignments. The effective arrangement of significance recommends that learning has occurred. Subsequently, she proposed 'Students-teaching-students model'. It permit understudies to step out of their usual range of familiarity to improve both their scholastic abilities, and their oral introduction aptitudes.
The other appropriate classroom discourse point of view is Grasp the knowledge of using technology. Miss Kayla said that so as to utilize technology in homeroom, the technology must have the option to change the study hall, educating or learning. As teachers, we should have a justification and an arrangement for what role we need the technology to play, and afterward plan the understudy encounters in like manner. This approach to technology lines up with what is regularly called "purposeful learning." Purposeful learning grasps that understudies ought to be at the focal point of the instructive experience.

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According to Miss Kayla's speech, in my opinion, classroom discourse analysis is the most suitable classroom discourse perspective for her classroom. Classroom Discourse Analysis focus more on the social interaction and the social cultural view. From the video, Miss Kayla wants the classroom to be more student-centered and not teacher-centered. In her class, students need to see themselves as active participants in learning, who have power over both the language and the discursive practices of the classroom. Miss Kayla believes that her role is primarily that of observer, recorder, instigator of activities, occasional prompter and resource for students to access. Most importantly, she provides the stimulus for learning what students need, while most of the direct teaching is done by the students themselves.