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Signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on May 20, 1862, the Homestead Act encouraged Western migration by providing settlers 160 acres of public land. In exchange, homesteaders paid a small filing fee and were required to complete five years of continuous residence before receiving ownership of the land.

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most of the land given from the Morrill Act became these types of school, usually state universities

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attempt to "americanize" the Indians, giving each tribe 160 acres of land and after 25 years this property became theirs and they would become an American citizen

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These include the Blackfoot, Arapaho, Assiniboine, Cheyenne, Comanche, Crow, Gros Ventre, Kiowa, Lakota, Lipan, Plains Apache (or Kiowa Apache), Plains Cree, Plains Ojibwe, Sarsi, Nakoda (Stoney), and Tonkawa.

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Religious movement by Native Americans, hoped to see the return of buffalo and elimination of whites

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The Sioux Tribe kill Custer and his men in the 7th Cavalry

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1890; was where the last Ghost Dance Cult was stamped out in the Dakota Sioux, 200 indians, and 29 soldiers were killed

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A boomtown is a community that undergoes sudden and rapid population and economic growth, or that is started from scratch

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(in Spanish-speaking parts of the US) a cowboy; a cattle driver.

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At the close of the Civil War, large herds of longhorn cattle roamed freely throughout Texas. By 1890, long drives to reach railroad stations had become unnecessary, and professional ranchers had replaced the early entrepreneurs in supplying urban America with beef cattle

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The Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862 were a series of acts of Congress that promoted the construction of a "transcontinental railroad" in the United States through authorizing the issuance of government bonds and the grants of land to railroad companies

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complete in 1869 at Promontory, Utah; It linked the Easter RR system with California's RR system which revolutionized transportation in the West

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(Union) Congress commissioned this railroad to push westward from Omaha, Nebraska to California
(Central) started in California, and pushed eastward; eventually connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, Utah

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large farms that came to dominate agricultural life in much of the West in the late 1800s; instead of plots farmed by yeoman farmers, large amounts of machinery were used, and workers were hired laborers, often performing only specific tasks(similar to work in a factory).

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over harvesting of trees for lumber + firewood in the West led to this

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1892: he founded the Sierra Club which worked to preserve natural areas from human interference

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The 1890 census announced that the frontier region of the United States no longer existed and that the Census Bureau would no longer track the westward migration of the U.S. population. Up to and including the 1880 census, the country had a frontier of settlement

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Frederick Jackson Turner and "The Significance of the Frontier in American History"

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Frederick Jackson Turner and "The Significance of the Frontier in American History"

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humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into, The Frontier represented "Americanization"

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An economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately owned and operated for profit with minimal or no government interference

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is a social theory that implies only the most competent individuals will survive and flourish with their companies in the market place, and the less fit will be consumed. Monopolies will buy out weaker companies as the market place becomes more cut throat. Carnegie and Rockefeller were prime examples

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Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.

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A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

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This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

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A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.

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Creator of the Standard Oil Company who made a fortune on it and joined with competing companies in trust agreements that in other words made an amazing monopoly.

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Rockefeller's company; various companies that he had acquired, all managed by a board of trustees that Rockefeller and the company controlled

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An influential banker and businessman who bought and reorganized companies. His US Steel company would buy Carnegie steel and become the largest business in the world in 1901

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A railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical., made millions from steamboat business, and used the money to merge local railroads to the New York Central Railroad.

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Company took over all different businesses on which it relied for its primary function (Carnegie Steel came to control not only steel mills but mines, railroads, etc)

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A form of monopoly that occurs when one person or company gains control of one aspect of an entire industry or manufacturing process, such as a monopoly on auto assembly lines or on coal mining, for example.

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A group of corporations run by a single board of directors

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First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

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NYC, March 25, 1911; industrial disaster in the history of the city of New York, causing the death of 146 garment workers who either died from the fire or jumped to their deaths. It was the worst workplace disaster in New York City until September 11, 2001. The fire led to legislation requiring improved factory safety standards and helped spur the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, which fought for safer and better working conditions for sweatshop workers in that industry; located in the Asch Building

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1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed

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On May 4, 1886, a demonstration in Chicago's Haymarket Square to protest the slayings of two workers during a strike turned into a violent riot after a bomb explosion killed seven policemen. Although the bomb thrower was never found, the incident was blamed on labor "radicalism" and resulted in public condemnation to the demise of the Knights of Labor

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A group of railroad workers on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad rose up and began to strike due to wage cuts. This spread up and down the railroad line across the nation. Railroad roadhouse were torched. President Rutherford B. Hayes sent in troops to stop the strike. 100 people died in the strike

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A 1894 strike by railroad workers upset by drastic wage cuts. The strike was led by socialist Eugene Debs but not supported by the American Federation of Labor. Eventually President Grover Cleveland intervened and federal troops forced an end to the strike. The strike highlighted both divisions within labor and the government's new willingness to use armed force to combat work stoppages

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Immigration station for European immigrants located in the New York Harbor 1892-1954, Many European immigrants passed through Ellis Island, while many Asian immigrants passed through Angel Island., Opened in 1892 as a immigration center. New arrivals had to pass rigorous medical and document examinations and pay entry before being allowed into the U.S.

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The immigration station on the west coast where Asian immigrants, mostly Chinese gained admission to the U.S. at San Francisco Bay. Between 1910 and 1940 50k Chinese immigrants entered through Angel Island. Questioning and conditions at Angel Island were much harsher than Ellis Island in New York.

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Term given to the overcrowded housing for workers and the poor, referred to as "slum dwellings."

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A movement designed to assimilate people of wide ranging cultures into the dominate culture. This social movement was sponsored by the government and concerned citizens. Schools and voluntary associations taught immigrants skills need for citizenship, such as English literacy and American history and government. Courses were also taught in cooking and social etiquette to help learn the ways or native born Americans. Despite these efforts, many immigrants did not wish to abandon their traditions.

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This term applies to newspaper reporters and other writers who pointed out the social problems of the era of big business. The term was first given to them by Theodore Roosevelt (1906).

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A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890

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famous photographer during the progressive area. He is the most well known for his haunting photographs of young workers in city slums during that time.

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the idea that churches should address social issues, predicting that socialism would be the logical outcome of Christianity

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Mostly run by middle-class native-born women, settlement houses in immigrant neighborhoods provided housing, food, education, child care, cultural activities, and social connections for new arrivals to the United States. Many women, both native-born and immigrant, developed life-long passions for social activism in the settlement houses. Jane Addams's Hull House in Chicago and Lillian Wald's Henry Street Settlement in New York City were two of the most prominent.

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In the late 19th century, people began to break ties with their old culture, and conform to the new American lifestyle. Examples- teaching english to immigrant workers and adapting to American fashion and dining.

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Passed in 1882; banned Chinese immigration in US -- except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials -- because the United States thought of them as a threat. Caused Chinese population in America to decrease

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A successful show that popularized Wild West shows, it consisted of a former Pony Express rider and Indian fighter, and the hero of popular dime novels for children. This show romanticized the West and the life of the cowboy.

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developed from many sources, including the concert saloon, minstrelsy, freak shows, dime museums, and literary burlesque. Called "the heart of American show business," vaudeville was one of the most popular types of entertainment in North America for several decades

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Chicago World Fair (Columbian Exposition)

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Chicago World Fair (Columbian Exposition)

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Event held in Chicago to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Columbus' arrival in the "New World"

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Chicago architect; contributed to development of skyscrapers; "form follows function"; helped make sky scrapers popular

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He used yellow journalism in competition with Hearst to sell more newspapers. He also achieved the goal of becoming a leading national figure of the Democratic Party.

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The corrupt acquisition of funds, through outright theft or embezzling or through questionably legal methods like kickback or insider trading

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United States landscape architect primarily responsible for the design of Central Park in New York City

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United States newspaper publisher whose introduction of large headlines and sensational reporting changed American journalism.

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political entities controlled by a boss that wielded enormous influence over the government of urban cities.
§ Very corrupt, controlled tax rates, gave tax breaks to their allies and controlled prices and business, etc.
§ Stole millions from taxpayers using fraud and overinflation
§ Did minor philanthropy to boost their public image
§ Gave money to support businesses, immigrants, and the poor in return for their votes.

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boss of the tammany hall political machine

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a system in which benefits, including jobs, money, or protection are granted in exchange for political support

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set up commission to prepare competitive examinations and establish standards of merit for variety of federal jobs; made it illegal to fire or demote government employees for political reasons; opened up new positions for women, who now held nearly 1/3 of the jobs as federal clerks in govt. agencies

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1867 - Nation Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry. A group of agrarian organizations that worked to increase the political and economic power of farmers. They opposed corrupt business practices and monopolies, and supported relief for debtors. Although technically not a political party, local granges led to the creation of a number of political parties, which eventually joined with the growing labor movement to form the Progressive Party.

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The Granger laws were a series of laws passed in western states of the United States after the American Civil War to regulate grain elevator and railroad freight rates and rebates and to address long- and short-haul discrimination and other railroad abuses against farmers.

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1876; The Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws. The Munn case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation

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A Supreme Court decision that prohibited states from regulating the railroads because the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce. As a result, reformers turned their attention to the federal government, which now held sole power to regulate the railroad industry

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passed because of rising public concern with the growing power and wealth of corporations, particularly railroads; required railroad rates to be "reasonable and just"; set up Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)- had power to investigate and prosecute pools, rebates, and other discriminatory practices

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large farms that came to dominate agricultural life in much of the West in the late 1800s; instead of plots farmed by yeoman farmers, large amounts of machinery were used, and workers were hired laborers, often performing only specific tasks(similar to work in a factory).

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U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies

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William Jennings Bryan and his "Cross of Gold" Speech

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William Jennings Bryan and his "Cross of Gold" Speech

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A speech delivered by William Jennings Bryan at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago that occurred in 1896. Bryan supported bimetallism, or free silver, which he believed would bring the nation prosperity. He vehemently opposed the gold standard, and famously said, "you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold". The speech helped put him on as the Democratic presidential nomination. The nation since 1873 was bitterly divided on the monetary standard.

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a monetary standard under which the basic unit of currency is defined by stated amounts of two metals (usually gold and silver) with values set at a predetermined ratio