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Parents can access their local sure start centres for support and advice. They can engage in relevant classes and find enjoyment in various social activities. This could be good for baby as he/she can socialize with other children and be stimulated in playing. This would help with the child’s physical development and his/hers communication and language. Parents could also benefit from socializing with people in similar situations. This could help with feelings of loneliness or low self esteem.

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Midwives are key during the antenatal period. They can help mum to stay healthy during pregnancy with regards to diet, smoking and drug and alcohol abuse. They can offer support and help mum understand the upcoming changes when the baby is born. They will develop early intervention plans alongside the health visitor to ensure everybody is healthy and prepared for baby to arrive. They can also help mum and dad with relevant parenting classes to ensure the parents and baby are fully supported.

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Health visitors normally visit around ten days after the baby is born. This does not have to be at home, if the parents are uncomfortable with this the visit can be at the GP surgery or local health centre. They can help the parents with any worries they may have about their baby’s health. They can also share information about any relevant services the parents can get access to. Mum and dad may seek extra support from their health visitor in regards to depression or any anxiety they may be feeling. The health visitor can also help mum find local groups so she can meet other mums in her local area. This could encourage mum to socialize and be able to relate to people around her without fearing judgement from society. This early intervention and advice could help parents and better their knowledge so their baby has the best possible start in life. They should also encourage expectant mothers to book in early with their Midwives.

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The NSPCC suggest that problems such as mental health in parents can cause them to have difficulty understanding their child’s needs. Parents could struggle to determine routines such as meal times, bed time and taking children to school. This is detrimental to a child’s health as a healthy balanced diet is important to achieve healthy development. Being tired could damage a child’s concentration which could then hinder the child’s education. Therefore there could be substantial learning delays. Employment later in life could be difficult for the child as they may struggle with exams and not get positive qualifications because absence led them to underachieve.

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According to Freud’s personality theory (1923) our brains are made up of the ID, Ego and Super-ego. An adolescent brain would act on the ID which is the constant need to for fill basic urges, needs and desires instantly. Babies also act on the ID which could be damaging as mum would feel the urge to satisfy her needs first. This could be a cause for concern for practitioners as mum may be selfish and put herself before the baby which could then be neglectful.

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This is a charity that offers employment and training to young parents that are willing to visit secondary schools to share their stories and to help prevent teenage pregnancy. This could be valuable to parents as it could boost self esteem and confidence. It could help them to gain knowledge about employment and build a good work ethic leading to better opportunities in the future.

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Healthy start offers vouchers for frozen or fresh fruit and vegetables. They can also be used to purchase milk and formula. You can also get free vitamins. This would be beneficial to mum and baby, as it encourages a healthy diet plan and helps with any financial difficulties parents may be facing.

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This organisation is to help young mums and dads throughout the pregnancy to offer support where needed. They will visit families regularly up until the baby is 2 years of age. The FNP will enable young families and help to make suitable and positive life changes to have the best possible life for their new baby and to understand babies needs. They will also help mum and dad to maintain positive relationships with the people surrounding them. Depending on mums Micro system she may not have these strong relationships in place due to leaving school or losing family members due to her pregnancy, this could be damaging to baby as later in life the child may struggle to form bonds also. This is important for the child’s Socio-emotional development. Bronfenbrenner (1979) suggests that our micro system, things such as school and friends have impacts on how we see the world.

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Although the age requirements to claim universal credit is 18 years, in the circumstance of having a dependant a teen parent would be eligible to claim benefits at the age of 16. This allows the adolescent to be in control of their own finances and reduces the risk of financial abuse from parents/caregivers or a partner. Money could be sparse and without any budgeting knowledge mum may struggle to make ends meet. It is believed by Maslow (1942) that if basic needs such as food, water and shelter are not met baby will never reach the self actualization level. According to the Child Action Poverty Group (2019), research suggests that 47% of children in lone parent families are living in poverty, depending on mum or dads relationship status this could be detrimental to the baby’s wellbeing. Mum may not have the funds to get the child to school or to provide healthy nutritional meals or even supply warmth in the home. If parents are worried about any issues there is a chance that energy may be felt by the child leaving them feeling insecure.

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According to the Family Nurse Partnership trials (2016), 46% of the teenage parent participants had been suspended, expelled or excluded from school and 48% were not in education, training or employment. This could have detrimental effects on a young person as they are then not socializing with peers and could be isolated which could damage their mental health. This could then affect the child’s development later in life due to the cycle of deprivation. Research would suggest that because parents are not in employment there is greater risk that the child will not seek further education or employment. Being seperated from peers could also cause loneliness, low self esteem and in some cases depression as they get older. If mum then detaches herself emotionally from the child there is a chance the baby could have bad attachment which could then cause issues later in life with the child’s adult relationships. Research also suggests that children with bad attachment are more prone to taking risks as adults which could result in the child also being a teen mother/father or taking part in criminal activity amongst peers.

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It may be tricky for a teenager to meet criteria to move into their own home. Being pregnant or having a dependant could heighten chances but there would also be a chance of being moved into a mother and baby unit temporarily. This way the teen could learn basic living aspects such as cooking, washing, support with bills and other financial aspects such as rent, council tax, water rates, gas and electricity. This could help them better their independence so when they eventually move into their own home they would feel stable and possibly cope better using the knowledge they have gained along the way. This could help mum build structure which would then help baby to feel safe and stable in their environment. Maslow’s heirarchy Of needs (1954) suggests that without safety needs being met the individual could not attend the next level of the pyramid. Baby feeling safe from harm and protected would mean that level is achieved. Poor housing can have negative effects on a child’s development as research shows children that grow up in poor housing have a higher risk of illness and poor health.

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This mind map aims to show the outcomes of teenage pregnancy, the effects on health and wellbeing of parents and children and the various services provided to help with care. According to Public Health England (2019) statistics show that over 20,300 births a year are to mothers under 20 years of age. Although some cope very well, a significant amount of them struggle. Their Education, Health and economic outcomes are below average and very poor. We will be discussing the services provided and offered to young parents to help them achieve the best possible outcome for the future.