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In a program of token reinforcement, immediately after performing a targeted behavior the learner receives a temporary reinforcer, which is called a token. The learner accumulates several tokens and then at a convenient time exchanges them for a back-up reinforcer. The tokens have no value in themselves, but the back-up reinforcer is something that the learner wants to obtain. Some game-based learning systems are based on this idea.

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Why Game-Based Learning Engages Students

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Game-based learning has the ability to engage and teach students through visual, sensory and interactive scaffolds that build deeper meaning, long-term retention, and enables students to learn at their own pace. Games also provide a perfect vehicle for learning and assessment.

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Reprimands
Time-out (exclusion)
Response cost (remove the reinforcers, such as with tokens)
Negative practice (doing the activity until it is no longer pleasant)
Overcorrection (correcting a behavior to overcompensate for undesirable results)
Covert behavior control (mindful internalized talk)
Corporal punishment (you generally should avoid this!)

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Systematic desensitization
Stimulus change (when the stimulus changes, we want to elicit the same behavior)
Satiation (behavior stops being useful to the learner so they stop)

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A promptis an added form of assistance that makes it more likely that the learner will perform a particular behavior.
During a successful shaping program, prompts are faded. Fadingrefers to the gradual withdrawal of prompts that have artificially supported a behavior.
Chainingrefers to the strategy of teaching component skills separately and then putting them together (in a chain of behaviors).

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Shaping refers to the reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior; that is, we reinforce the learner for steps in the right direction, and require the learner to make continually closer approximations in order to receive reinforcement.

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Operant conditioning: Shaping | Behavior | MCAT | Khan Academy

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Can be a reinforcer when the learner is receptive and linked to their accomplishments. It can be a punishment when it singles someone out.

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What kinds of artificial reinforcement do you use (we all use some, such as grades)?

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What kinds of artificial reinforcement do you use (we all use some, such as grades)?

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And why? What purpose does it serve?

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Artificial and Natural Reinforcement or Punishment

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Artificial and Natural Reinforcement or Punishment

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The more contrived, the less effective the reinforcement (positive or negative). The manner in which reinforcement or punishment is introduced can influence the degree to which it is natural or artificial. For example, giving a child a dollar for getting an A on a spelling test sounds highly artificial. On the other hand, spending the dollar to celebrate a significant achievement sounds much less artificial. But, artificial reinforcers are necessary when the natural reinforcer is initially not perceived as a pleasant set of circumstances available to the learner.

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This chapter helps you put all those ideas from Chapter 10 into practice!