# data[].attributes.body
Muslims dominated West Asia for a long time. Islam as a religion and as an empire influenced the people, institutions, culture, and economy of the region. Islam was and is the instrument of unification of civilizations of most of West Asia. However, the invasion of the Europeans and Americans of West Asia changed the way things were done in the region. The Europeans controlled its trade networks, competed for the ownership of lands with rich oil mines, brought industrialization, and introduced liberal parties that went against the strict practices of Islam. Just like in South Asia, the people of West Asia also fought the "westerners" to regain their independence.

# data[].attributes.body
Genocide

Oil/Petroleum

Balfour Declaration

Weapons of Mass Destruction

Arab

Pan-Arabism

Gulf War

# data[].attributes.body
Emperor Suleiman

Abbas the Great

Ataturk

OPEC

Saddam Hussein

# data[].attributes.body
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a permanent, intergovernmental Organization, created at the Baghdad Conference on September 10–14, 1960, by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. The five Founding Members were later joined by nine other Members: Qatar (1961); Indonesia (1962) – suspended its membership in January 2009, reactivated it in January 2016, but decided to suspend it again in November 2016; Libya (1962); United Arab Emirates (1967); Algeria (1969); Nigeria (1971); Ecuador (1973) – suspended its membership in December 1992, but reactivated it in October 2007; Angola (2007); and Gabon (1975) - terminated its membership in January 1995 but rejoined in July 2016. OPEC had its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, in the first five years of its existence. This was moved to Vienna, Austria, on September 1, 1965.

OPEC's objective is to co-ordinate and unify petroleum policies among Member Countries, in order to secure fair and stable prices for petroleum producers; an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consuming nations; and a fair return on capital to those investing in the industry.

http://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/24.htm

# data[].attributes.body
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was a Turkish army officer, revolutionary, and founder of the Republic of Turkey, serving as its first President from 1923 until his death in 1938

# data[].attributes.body
Ottoman Empire

Safavid Empire

West Asia: Competition of Europe

Europeans Invaded West Asia

West Asia in the First World War

West Asia After the First World War

West Asia in the Second World War

West Asia After ht Second World War

West Asia in the Present Day

# data[].attributes.body
Explain the role of nationalism to the aquisition of freefom of nationa in West Asia from their European invaders.

Describe how the nations of West Asia are performing as independent nations in the present age.

# data[].attributes.body
The loss by the Ottoman Empire of its last Arab provinces during the First World War, and the dissolution soon thereafter of the Ottoman state itself, opened up the possibilities of radical political change in the region. The awarding of the mandates for Syria to France and for Mesopotamia and Palestine to Great Britain by the League of Nations in April 1920 sanctioned the occupation of these territories and opened the way for their political reorganisation. Some of those who participated in the war of 1948 were volunteers from the Muslim Brotherhood in Transjordan. The young army officers, state servants and urbanised peasantry who played an increasingly prominent part in the politics of the region were driven by the visions of Arab nationalism, of state socialism and of Marxism. In 1985 Hizbullah outlined its main goals: the expulsion of Israeli forces from Lebanon and the eventual establishment of an Islamic state in Lebanon.
https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/the-new-cambridge-history-of-islam/west-asia-from-the-first-world-war/9CDD642C5CA2AFD90CE9A86AF339EFEE

# data[].attributes.body
The Balfour Declaration was a letter dated 2 November 1917 from the United Kingdom's Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour to Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, a leader of the British Jewish community, for transmission to the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland. It read:

His Majesty's government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.

The text of the letter was published in the press one week later, on 9 November 1917. The "Balfour Declaration" was later incorporated into both the Sèvres peace treaty with the Ottoman Empire, and the Mandate for Palestine. The original document is kept at the British Library.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_Declaration
by Johann Siegfried R. Cumagun

# data[].attributes.body
Abbas the great founded the Safavid Empire in 1588 and ruled it until 1629. His biggest accomplishment was being able to protect the Safavid Empire from the two Islamic empires, the Ottoman empire in the West and the Moghul Empire in the East. Abbas decreased the taxes paid by farmers so that they can put up a business. Abbas also ordered the building of communities for foreign visitors. And Abbas acknowledged the significant contributions from Armenia to the thriving trade in the empire.

By Princess Abegail M. Maranan

# data[].attributes.body
Petroleum (from Greek: petra: "rock" + oleum: "oil".) is a naturally occurring, yellow-to-black liquid found in geological formations beneath the Earth's surface, which is commonly refined into various types of fuels. Components of petroleum are separated using a technique called fractional distillation.

It consists of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other organic compounds. The name petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil and petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil. A fossil fuel, petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms, usually zooplankton and algae, are buried underneath sedimentary rock and subjected to both intense heat and pressure.

Petroleum has mostly been recovered by oil drilling (natural petroleum springs are rare). Drilling is carried out after studies of structural geology (at the reservoir scale), sedimentary basin analysis, and reservoir characterization (mainly in terms of the porosity and permeability of geologic reservoir structures) have been completed.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum
by Johann Siegfried R. Cumagun

# data[].attributes.body
Genocide is intentional action to destroy a people (usually defined as an ethnic, national, racial, or religious group) in whole or in part. The hybrid word "genocide" is a combination of the Greek word génos ("race, people") and the Latin suffix -cide ("act of killing"). The United Nations Genocide Convention, which was established in 1948, defines genocide as "acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group".

The term genocide was coined in 1943 in response to mass murder of populations in the 20th century, these included the killing of Armenians beginning in 1915 and to the mass murders in Nazi controlled Europe. It has been applied to the Holocaust and many other mass killings. Other well-known examples including the Greek genocide, the Assyrian genocide, the Serbian genocide, the Holodomor, the 1971 Bangladesh genocide, the Cambodian genocide, the Guatemalan genocide, and, more recently, the Bosnian Genocide, the Kurdish genocide, and the Rwandan genocide.[a]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide
by Johann Siegfried R. Cumagun

# data[].attributes.body
Suleiman known as “the Magnificent” in the West and “Kanuni” (the Lawgiver) in the East, (6 November 1494 – 7 September 1566) was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1520 to his death in 1566.

Suleiman became a prominent monarch of 16th-century Europe, presiding over the apex of the Ottoman Empire's military, political and economic power. Suleiman personally led Ottoman armies in conquering the Christian strongholds of Belgrade, Rhodes, as well as most of Hungary before his conquests were checked at the Siege of Vienna in 1529. He annexed much of the Middle East in his conflict with the Safavids and large areas of North Africa as far west as Algeria. Under his rule, the Ottoman fleet dominated the seas from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea and through the Persian Gulf.

At the helm of an expanding empire, Suleiman personally instituted major legislative changes relating to society, education, taxation, and criminal law. His canonical law (or the Kanuns) fixed the form of the empire for centuries after his death. Not only was Suleiman a distinguished poet and goldsmith; he also became a great patron of culture, overseeing the "Golden" age of the Ottoman Empire in its artistic, literary and architectural development.

Breaking with Ottoman tradition, Suleiman married Roxelana, a former Christian girl converted to Islam from his harem, who became subsequently known and influential as Hürrem Sultan. Their son, Selim II, succeeded Suleiman following his death in 1566 after 46 years of rule. Suleiman's previous heir apparent, Mustafa, had been strangled to death 13 years prior at the sultan's order. His other son Bayezid, had been killed by his support and Selim's order in 1561 with four of his sons.

Reference: https://www.geni.com/people/Suleiman-the-Magnificent/6000000007976831309
By Princess Abegail M. Maranan

# data[].attributes.body
Saddam Hussein was the leader of Iraq who tried to invade the piece of land in the middle of Iraq and Iran. A war started. Sadly the war ended with no winner and no friendship among those countries who fought with the war. The War cause many Distructions like destroyed oil mines. Another war happened when Iraq tried to conquer Kuwait which has lots of big oil mines, and it is located in the Persian gulf. The Second war happend on August 1990. Another war happend between the US and Iraq. The US won against Iraq and US changed Iraq's Islamic government with a democratic government. The leaders were elected by the people. United States accused Iran next.
by Johann Siegfried R. Cumagun

# data[].attributes.body
For most of the 1990s and the early 2000s, the international community was concerned about finding and destroying Iraq's weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Following the toppling of Saddam Hussein's regime in 2003 the focus has shifted to neighboring Iran. This paper examines the motives of Iran and Iraq for seeking such capabilities regarding the acquisition of chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons and the missiles that deliver them in both countries. Finally, it analyzes American efforts to prevent, or at least slow, the proliferation of WMD in Iran in the aftermath of the 2003 war.The 2003 war opened a new chapter in Iraq's domestic and foreign policies. The question of WMD in post-Saddam Iraq will take some time to be fully addressed. The issue and future of Iraq's non-conventional capabilities should be viewed in the context of a broader regional security system.The nature of the political regime in Tehran is not the main reason for any Iranian efforts to acquire WMD. Instead, it is the perception of threats from regional powers (Iraq, Pakistan, and Israel) as well as a global power—the United States. There is no consensus on how to prevent Iran from developing nuclear capability. The Iranians categorically deny any interest in nuclear weapons. Also, it is not clear whether a nuclear Iran will behave in any way different from a non-nuclear Iran.In the long run, there is no substitute for addressing the underlying reasons for conflict in West Asia, particularly in the Persian Gulf and the Arab-Israeli conflict.

Source: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233158489_Weapons_of_Mass_Destruction_in_West_Asia

By: Raiu Solomon

# data[].attributes.body
an ethnic group inhabiting the Arab world. They primarily live in the Arab states in Western Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and western Indian Ocean islands.[28]

The Arabs are first mentioned in the mid-ninth century BCE as a tribal people dwelling in the central Arabian Peninsula.[29] The Arabs appear to have been under the vassalage of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–612 BC), and the succeeding Neo-Babylonian (626–539 BC), Achaemenid (539–332 BC), Seleucid and Parthian empires.[30][31][32] Arab tribes, most notably the Ghassanids and Lakhmids, begin to appear in the southern Syrian Desert from the mid 3rd century CE onward, during the mid to later stages of the Roman and Sasanian empires.[33][34][35] Tradition holds that Arabs descend from Ishmael, the son of Abraham.[36][37][38] The Arabian Desert is the birthplace of “Arab”.[39] There are other Arab groups as well that spread in the land and existed for millennia.[40][41]

Before the expansion of the Caliphate, "Arab" referred to any of the largely nomadic Semitic people from the northern to the central Arabian Peninsula and Syrian Desert.[42][43][44] Presently, "Arab" refers to a large number of people whose native regions form the Arab world due to spread of Arabs throughout the region during the early Arab conquests of the 7th and 8th centuries.[45][46][47][48] The Arabs forged the Rashidun (632–661), Umayyad (661-750) and the Abbasid (750-1258) caliphates, whose borders reached southern France in the west, China in the east, Anatolia in the north, and the Sudan in the south. This was one of the largest land empires in history.[49][50][51][52][53] The Arab League endorsed the principle of an Arab homeland whilst respecting the individual sovereignty of its member states.[54][55]

Today, Arabs primarily inhabit the 22 Arab states within the Arab League: Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. The Arab world stretches around 13 million km², from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Arabian Sea in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the Horn of Africa and the Indian Ocean in the southeast. Beyond the boundaries of the League of Arab States, Arabs can also be found in the global diaspora.[28] The ties that bind Arabs are ethnic, linguistic, cultural, historical, identical, nationalist, geographical and political.[56][57][58] The Arabs have their own customs, language, architecture, art, literature, music, dance, media, cuisine, dress, society, sports and mythology.[59][60][61] The total number of Arabs are an estimated 450 million.[1] This makes them the world's second largest ethnic group after the Han Chinese.

Arabs are a diverse group in terms of religious affiliations and practices. In the pre-Islamic era, most Arabs followed polytheistic religions. Some tribes had adopted Christianity or Judaism, and a few individuals, the hanifs, apparently observed monotheism.[62][63] Today, Arabs are mainly adherents of Islam, with sizable Christian minorities.[64] Arab Muslims primarily belong to the Sunni, Shiite, Ibadi, Alawite, Druze and Ismaili denominations. Arab Christians generally follow one of the Eastern Christian Churches, such as the Maronite, Coptic Orthodox, Greek Orthodox, Greek Catholic, or Chaldean churches.[65][66]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs

# data[].attributes.body
Pan-Arabism or Arabism is an ideology espousing the unification of the countries of North Africa and West Asia from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arabian Sea, referred to as the Arab world. It is closely connected to Arab nationalism, which asserts that the Arabs constitute a single nation. Its popularity was at its height during the 1950s and 1960s. Advocates of pan-Arabism have often espoused socialist principles and strongly opposed Western political involvement in the Arab world. It also sought to empower Arab states from outside forces by forming alliances and – to a lesser extent – economic co-operation.[1]

Ref: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Arabism
-Raiu A. Solomon

# data[].attributes.body
The Gulf War (2 August 1990 – 28 February 1991), codenamed Operation Desert Shield (2 August 1990 – 17 January 1991) for operations leading to the buildup of troops and defense of Saudi Arabia and Operation Desert Storm (17 January 1991 – 28 February 1991) in its combat phase, was a war waged by coalition forces from 35 nations led by the United States against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait.

The war is also known under other names, such as the Persian Gulf War, First Gulf War,Gulf War I, Kuwait War, First Iraq War, or Iraq War[25][26][27][a] before the term "Iraq War" became identified instead with the 2003 Iraq War (also referred to in the US as "Operation Iraqi Freedom").[28] The Iraqi Army's occupation of Kuwait that began 2 August 1990 was met with international condemnation, and brought immediateeconomic sanctions against Iraq by members of the UN Security Council. US PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush deployed US forces intoSaudi Arabia, and urged other countries to send their own forces to the scene. An array of nations joined the coalition, the largest military alliance since World War II. The great majority of the coalition's military forces were from the US, with Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, and Egypt as leading contributors, in that order. Kuwait and Saudi Arabia paid around US$32 billion of the US$60 billion cost.[29]

The war was marked by the introduction of live news broadcasts from the front lines of the battle, principally by the US networkCNN.[30][31][32] The war has also earned the nickname Video Game War after the daily broadcast of images from cameras on board US bombers during Operation Desert Storm.[33][34]

The initial conflict to expel Iraqi troops from Kuwait began with an aerial and naval bombardment on 17 January 1991, continuing for five weeks. This was followed by a ground assault on 24 February. This was a decisive victory for the coalition forces, who liberated Kuwait and advanced into Iraqi territory. The coalition ceased its advance, and declared a ceasefire 100 hours after the ground campaign started. Aerial and ground combat was confined to Iraq, Kuwait, and areas on Saudi Arabia's border. Iraq launched Scudmissiles against coalition military targets in Saudi Arabia and against Israel.

REF: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War

- Raiu A. Solomon

# data[].attributes.body
World War 1 erupted  when West Asia was in chaos because of the collapsing Ottoman Empire and the invasion by Europeans. Germany and Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia and it was aided by Russia. Ottoman Empire joined the world war in favor of Germany and Austria-Hungary who formed the Central Powers. On the other hand, France, Britain, and US joined in favor of Russia in an alliance called alliance called the Allied Powers. The three countries were the ones who invaded the Ottoman colonies. Central Powers were defeated in the war. As a punishment of the Ottoman, Britain aided Saudi Arabia in conquering other Ottoman lands.

# data[].attributes.body
دودمان صفوی‎‎ Safavid Empire was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran, often  considered the beginning of modern Iranian history.[20] The Safavid shahs ruled over one of the so-called gunpowder empires.[21] They ruled one of the greatest Iranian empires after the 7th-century Muslim conquest of Iran,[22][23][24][25] and established the Twelver school of Shia Islam as the official religion of the empire,[26] marking one of the most important turning points inMuslim history.

The Safavid dynasty had its origin in theSafaviyya Sufi order, which was established in the city of Ardabil in the Azerbaijan region. It was of mixed ancestry (Kurdish[27] andAzerbaijani,[28] which included intermarriages with Georgian,[29] Circassian,[30][31] and Pontic Greek[32] dignitaries). From their base in Ardabil, the Safavids established control over parts of Greater Iran and reasserted theIranian identity of the region,[33] thus becoming the first native dynasty since theSasanian Empire to establish a unified Iranian state.[34]

The Safavids ruled from 1501 to 1722 (experiencing a brief restoration from 1729 to 1736) and, at their height, they controlled all of modern Iran, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Armenia, most of Georgia, the North Caucasus, Iraq,Kuwait, and Afghanistan, as well as parts ofTurkey, Syria, Pakistan, Turkmenistan andUzbekistan.

Despite their demise in 1736, the legacy that they left behind was the revival of Persia as an economic stronghold between East andWest, the establishment of an efficient state and bureaucracy based upon "checks and balances", their architectural innovations and their patronage for fine arts. The Safavids have also left their mark down to the present era by spreading Shi'a Islam in Iran, as well as major parts of the Caucasus, Anatolia, andMesopotamia

Reference:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_dy
nasty

by Raiu Solomon

# data[].attributes.body
During the first World War, West Asia  did not play a big role in the Second World War. The Europeans also lost the trust of the West Asians. A mandate of Palestine was given by Britain to the United Nations. And the United Nations gave it to the Jews. Palestinians or Zionists are inhabitants who lived in Palestine ever since the time of the Diaspora. The Zionists did not like the arrival of the Jews. The Arab nations sided with the Zionists. The  Second World war started when the United Nations gave the Palestinian land to the Jews. Until now their are still wars between the two parties.  The Palestinians were forced to leave their places and live with the Arabs. Israel where some of the Jews lived became stronger with the aid of the United States by letting the Jews borrow a certain amount of money so the Jews can do work. The US also established companies, factories and armed them with weapons to protect them from invaders. Israel became productive fast . The people paid high taxes, Agriculture prospered. They learned how to farm, they expanded their territory because they got it from the Palestinians. The Arab nations also challenged the Jews for a war which started the Arab-Israeli conflict. The conflict became worse with the participation of the US. Israel won the war. The Arab nations were angry at the Jews despite their win. Both the Arabs and the Jews still watch their every next move.
by Johann Siegfried R. Cumagun

# data[].attributes.body
It almost the end of the 19th century. As time flies by, the Ottoman Empire starts to decline. It is because of the problems like dis-unification of different groups of people. Also the rebellions disrupted some parts of the empire also the activities of the empire were disrupted. The scholars on the other hand, destroyed the Safavid Empire. The Ottoman and the Safavid were doing their best to protect their empire from the destruction of the scholars. Changes were made like incorporation of industrialization in many sectors, they built railroads to connect its provinces, to send scholars to study in different places. The Europeans entered into different treaties like:
1. Sykes-Picot Agreement- It appointed France to oversee Syria and the province of Mosul while Britain oversees Baghdad and Basra.
2. Treaty of Bosporus- signed by Britain and Ottoman Empire. Also this treaty made Russia give up on its claims on the Bosporus Straight.
by Johann Siegfried R. Cumagun

# data[].attributes.body
Ottoman Turks is a turkish group from Asia Minor who was growing powerful. They defeated the Abbasids and Seljuk Turks to take over the leadership of West Asia. Emperor Suleiman ruled the Ottoman Turks. The Ottoman Turks became powerful because of the efficient system of recruiting members of the government and military. It is said that each Christian Family should surrender a son to the government. The janissaries are the elite military force. The empire's main activity was trade. The Ottoman Empire  aquired funds to build infrastructures like buildings with gardens, open universities that served as centers of educaton, Roman Works, arts,and music. Islamic cities like Baghdad, Damascus, Delhi were interconnected by the Ottoman Empire.
By Johann Siegfried R. Cumagun