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In this unit I wanted to superficially explore the thinking of the philosopher Michel Foucault to understand why cities are built in a certain way.

First of all Foucault tells us how life is no longer studied only from a biological point of view (science) but is inserted in the politic sphere, coming to constitute what Foucault calls Biopolitics.
The biological study of the human being (such as the sphere of sexuality) is essential for politics. In this way, citizens' habits are put at the service of politics itself, which uses them in its favor to control and shape them.

Power = Influence = Control

The state enters our homes to know and with knowledge it manages to control us.
Population growth and economic development lead to a development of cities which involves a physical enlargement of the houses themselves.
In this way the cities are arranged in a certain way to be functional to the state and efficient for the economy.
It is therefore clear that to change things it is necessary to know the mechanisms of power.

Knowledge is power.

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Why interpersonal interactions and relationships are so important

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Why interpersonal interactions and relationships are so important

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Human interactions are the basis for change.
You cannot change the world alone, there is a need for creative communities, which arise precisely from interpersonal interactions.
It is only from here that people begin to create groups and to organize informal group activities such as workshops, food events, or demonstrations, and then create real communities and local organizations structured and organized in order to achieve representation by government and institutions.

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In "Making Things Happen: Social Innovation and Design" Ezio Manzini tells many stories of radical change on the local scale.
Groups of people who produce local urban food, hold events, educational workshops open to the public. People who "engender community and citizens's engagement all over the city".
He gives examples of collaborative services where elderly people organize themselves to exchange mutual help.
He explains how important is imagine, develop and manage something new, to shatter mainstream ideas about how to solve problems and to build new forms of social interchange and mutual help touching on every area of daily life. He refer to this groups as creative communities: people who cooperate in inventing, enhancing and managing viable solutions for new (and sustainable) ways of living.

Ezio Manzini believes that creative communities has to:
1 - rediscover the power of cooperation;
2 - recombine existing products, services, places, knowledge, skills and tradition in a new creative way;
3 - counting on their own resources, without expecting a general change in politics, economy or institutional system.

In this sense, social innovation is a constellation of design initiatives geared toward making social innovation more probable, effective, long-lasting, and apt to spread.

Creative communities face day-to-day but radical questions that the dominant production, despite of its overwhelming offer of products and services, is unable to answer.
Creative communities design with and for people.

In other words, “making things happen” seems to be the most concise way to express what could be the most effective and specific role for designers.

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Smart cities are a perfect example of over mass consumption that contributes to social and climate issues.
The whole society we live in is focused on one goal: make money. That's why we use all our resources (and even more) to devise increasingly advanced technologies that allow us to make the most of time.

Time is money

However, technological progress does not go hand in hand with anthropological progress, we always remain the same, we do not try to evolve through a critical spirit that makes us question our actions. This conviction of being able to change things, our life, ourselves, by buying, gives us this sense of anthropological progress which is only apparent.
We are constantly growing, we must stop.
Green growth is however a growth, but a purely economic growth for only 1% of the world population, while the remaining 99% of the population experiences a condition of more or less severe poverty and social injustices.

Kate Raworth proposes a new model of economy, a circular model that aims to face climate change.
However, Kate Raworth starts from the assumption that economy is aimed to meet the basic needs of the population, but is economy really trying to meed the basic needs of the population?
Too many resources are exploited because the ones we have are not enough to create a big enough gap between rich and poor, and not because we want to satisfy everyone's basic needs.
That's why I believe Kate's model is incorrect from the beginning.