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Group2 Tutorial 10 : Amin, Syafiq, Nabilah, Wilson, Vin

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Group2 Tutorial 10 : Amin, Syafiq, Nabilah, Wilson, Vin

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Group2 Tutorial 9 : Amin, Syafiq, Nabilah, Wilson, Vin

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Group2 Tutorial 9 : Amin, Syafiq, Nabilah, Wilson, Vin

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Group 1 (Ady, Umar, Esther & Farah) Session 9 (29/6)

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Group 1 (Ady, Umar, Esther & Farah) Session 9 (29/6)

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1. Departure process:
- Weighing and tagging baggage at check-in counters
- Transferring baggage to make-up area for loading and to aircraft

Arrival Process:
- Unloading baggage
- Transfer to trolleys, dollies and trailers
- Tow to baggage area and offload to baggage claim belt

Transfer Process:
- Offloading from the arrival aircraft
- Transfer to baggage area for re-scanning and sorting
- Loading to onward connecting flight

2. IATA's recommendation is based on unloading time for arrival aircraft, delivery time, unloading and loading time.

3.
A: Skyloader
B: JCPL

4.
4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of hold baggage screening system installed in the baggage handling system?

The advantages of hold baggage screening system installed in the baggage handling system:

• Current check-in procedures not affected
• only checked baggage is screened
• No effect on non-travelling public
• Can be used for screening of transfer bags
• Space not required at the check in area for screening machine

The disadvantages are:

• Passengers are not aware of the screening process
• May require extensions and modification to baggage sorting areas/systems
• Difficulties reuniting passengers and their bags, if required

5. An organization of airline managers which meets at least once a month to identify, analyze and solve local interline transfer baggage handling problems. Their major task is the setting and review of interline baggage delivery time to ensure that it meets the established MCT at the airport.

6. 1st position : determine the types of baggage

2nd to 4th: the 3-digit airline code number that is assigned to the carrier

5th to 10th: the 6-digit number specific to the baggage

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Group 4 (Kwee Sin, Ravin & Zuhairi) 8/6/2022

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Group 4 (Kwee Sin, Ravin & Zuhairi) 8/6/2022

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1. Explain the fundamental aspects of passenger service

- to be responsible for the needs of pax and to make an easy access for pax as well.

2. What are the service quality standards relevant to passenger service?

Fast and efficient services. Providing services between landside and airside.

3. Explain 4 different concept of check-in available to passengers

CUSS, common check-in, kerbside, internet ckin.

4.  Describe the arrival passenger flow.

Arrival Gate, Transit, Immigration, baggage claim, customs check and arrival kerbside.

5. What are the basic expectations of transfer passengers?

to provide signage and info, bge to be checked thru to final dest, short processing

6. List the different functions and activities of transfer passenger handling.

- Good signage
-Ready to assist pms

7.  How transfer passengers should be handled to ensure timely transfer to their connecting aircraft?

to be given priority handling (incase of short conx flt), bge to be checked thru, given the correct info and direction on conx flt, ensure MCT is within the time limit and priority check in @ trf ctr (if needed)

8. What are the basic considerations in bussing operations?

-Able to accomodate arriving pax at the remote bay
-The vehicle should be clean

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1. Explain the fundamental aspects of passenger service

- to be responsible for the needs of pax and to make an easy access for pax as well.

2. What are the service quality standards relevant to passenger service?

fast efficient services, providing services  btwn landside & airside.

3. Explain 4 different concept of check-in available to passengers

CUSS, common ckin, kerbside, internet ckin.

4.  Describe the arrival passenger flow.

- arr gate, trt, immigration, bge claim, custom check, arr curbside

5. What are the basic expectations of transfer passengers?

to provide signage and info, bge to be checked thru to final dest, short processing time, short walking dist.

6. List the different functions and activities of transfer passenger handling

- good signage and ready to assist special handling.

7.  How transfer passengers should be handled to ensure timely transfer to their connecting aircraft?

to be given priority handling (incase of shrt conx flt), bge to be checked thru, given the correct info and direction on conx flt, ensure MCT is within the time limit and priority check in @ trf ctr (if needed)

8. What are the basic considerations in bussing operations?

- able to accommodate arr pax at remote bay, vehicle should be clean and spacious to allow all pax in.

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GROUP 3 Tutorial 8 Fahmi, Amelia, Natasha, Haziq , Diyana

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GROUP 3 Tutorial 8 Fahmi, Amelia, Natasha, Haziq , Diyana

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2. What are the service quality standards relevant to passenger service?

- composed of various interactions between passengers & airlines with employees, seeking to exceed customer’s expectations and influencing their perception of the image of the carriers.

4. Describe the arrival passenger flow.

1.    Disembarkation

2.    Immigration

3.    Baggage Claims

4.    Customs

6. List the different functions and activities of transfer passenger handling

FUNCTIONS & ACTIVITIES:
- Segregation of passengers travelling to other airlines.
- Change of aircraft and airline
- Documentation checks at the transfer desk.
- Checking in transfer pax
- Ensuring MCT is met

8. What are the basic considerations in bussing operations?

- Providing efficient recovery services for pax (eg. delayed flights, cancelled flights)
- Ensuring contingency plannings are planned beforehand.

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group 1 (farah,ady,umar & esther) session 7

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group 1 (farah,ady,umar & esther) session 7

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1. its a categorized list of instruments and equipment on an aircraft that must be operative before a/c can legally fly, to ensure safety & reliability of it.
purpose - to assist minimising delays by identifying inoperative equipment.
CAT A - specified in MEL
CAT B - 3 days
CAT C - 10 days
CAT D - 120 days

2. - fuel and oil carried must be sufficient for intended flt & must include safe margin for contingencies.
- in need to add for addtl fuel if there is suspected delays due to traffic or ATC problems.
Final fuel reserve - an amt of fuel remaining for an a/c when approaching for landing & should be started without delays.

3. it covers the external deficiencies of an a/c that affects airplane performance. CDL can be found in Airplane Flight Manual, it specify the guidelines on wgt reductions and fuel penalties.

4. ETOPS - when ICAO allows to twin engine commercial to fly on routes that is further than 60mins of ft from emergency apt with one inoperative engine. Process approval - must satisfy basic ETOPS requirement & satisfy its own country aviation regulators.

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group 1 (ady, umar, esther & farah) SESSION 6

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group 1 (ady, umar, esther & farah) SESSION 6

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Activity 2

1) for safety and efficiency of the aircraft. improper loading will affect speed, rate of climb & maneuverability.

2) by loadsheets (weight & trim sheet). max zero fuel, max take off and max landing weights.

3) to locate CG for safety flying and it needs to lie in between two limits to balance.

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Group 1 ADY , FARAH , ESTHER, UMAR (Session 12)

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Group 1 ADY , FARAH , ESTHER, UMAR (Session 12)

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1.    What is the industry norm for punctuality targets? What is the rationale for this industry practice? Do you think it is an appropriate practice? Why?
Answer : The industry norm for punctuality is 15mins.

2. What is the cost implication for airlines with regards to punctuality? Explain the Two major punctuality trade-offs that airline must take a stance.
Answer: Cost implication - Rebooking, Passenger care, bound aircraft capacity, flight crew, in-flight acceleration, station cost, process implication.
The two Major trade-offs are, Revenue and Equipment Utilization

3. Explain how airlines can improve punctuality through schedule planning and control.
Answer: To improve on Operational procedures and control on the actual flight operations e.g. Check-in, gate boarding and apron should have centralized integrated system.

4. Besides schedule planning and aircraft availability, what else can airlines do to push for punctuality?
Answer: Ground Operations and Departure Process.

5. What impact does fleet planning and fleet structure have on punctuality? How does the airline engineering and maintenance support punctuality?
Answer: To ensure technical problems can be corrected as soon as they arise.

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Group2 Tutorial 6 : Amin, Syafiq, Nabilah, Wilson, Vin

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Group2 Tutorial 6 : Amin, Syafiq, Nabilah, Wilson, Vin

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GROUP 3 TUTORIAL 6: ( Fahmi, amelia, natasha, haziq,diyana

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GROUP 3 TUTORIAL 6: ( Fahmi, amelia, natasha, haziq,diyana

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1.   Why is there a need to have proper weight control in aircraft loading? How will improper loading affect flight operations?

Proper distribution of weight plays a large and important role in an aircraft’s overall performance. Loading your airplane improperly, and it will affect its fuel consumption, speed, rate of climb, controllability, ceiling, and even structural integrity

2.  Explain how manual aircraft loading is being processed. What are the 3 aircraft weight limits used in airworthiness?

Aircraft loading are processed manually using loadsheets and by highly sophisticated software like Sable and Lido. Weight limits: Max zero fuel, Max take off weight, Max landing weight

3.  Explain the concept of Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC).

Mean Aerodynamic Chord is the chord of an imaginary rectangular wing that has the same aerodynamic characteristics as the actual wing. Mac is calculated to locate the CG limits for safe flying. Aircraft CG has to lie between the 2 likits to be balanced.

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Group 4 Tutorial 6 (Amely, Ravin, Keng Liang, Raudhah & Zuhairi) 25/5/22

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Group 4 Tutorial 6 (Amely, Ravin, Keng Liang, Raudhah & Zuhairi) 25/5/22

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Why is there a need of proper weight control in aircraft loading? How will improper loading affect flight operations?

Poor performance will take place during takeoff. Plus overloading will cause above normal stresses to the structure of the aircraft. It will affect aircraft speed, rate of climb, range and maneuverability.

2. Explain how manual aircraft loading is being processed. What are the 3 aircraft weight limits used in airworthiness?

Using of loadsheets (weightsheet & trimsheet) and by highly sophiscated software (Sable & Lido).

3.  Explain the concept of Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC).

It is the chord of imaginary rectangular wing that has the same aerodynamic characteristics as the usual wing.

It is calculated to locate the CG limits for safe flying.

Aircraft CG has to lie between the two limits to be balanced.

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Group2 Tutorial 5 : Amin, Syafiq, Nabilah, Wilson, Vin

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Group2 Tutorial 5 : Amin, Syafiq, Nabilah, Wilson, Vin

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group 4 tutorial 5 zuhairi ravin khengliang raudhah syahirah amely kweesin

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group 4 tutorial 5 zuhairi ravin khengliang raudhah syahirah amely kweesin

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Tutorial 5 - Airline Flight Operations (Part 3 Crew Scheduling)

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GROUP 1 (ady, Esther, Umar, farah) session 5. 

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GROUP 1 (ady, Esther, Umar, farah) session 5. 

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1. Can affect the large cost savings.

2. To find a set of pairing to cover flights & min. the total crew cost.

3. Crew pairing & rostering.

4. Nope, cockpit crew members requires licenses/type ratings to fly a specific a/c while cabin crew assign to multiple fleet types.

Activity 2.

sin fra, fra sin.

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GROUP 3 TUTORIAL 4 : Fahmi, amelia, natasha, diyana, haziq

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GROUP 3 TUTORIAL 4 : Fahmi, amelia, natasha, diyana, haziq

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1. What criteria would you consider in planning for the primary, second and third alternates for a flight?

◦.   familiar with the available flight info that is appropriate to the intended flight.

- ensure the flight facilities are available and directly required for such flight and for the safe ops of the aircraft are adequate, including coms facilities and navigation aids.

- review of available current weather reports and forecast to plan out alternative course to provide incase flight cannot be completed as planned due to weather conditions

2. Why are Aircraft Weight and Balance critical for Flight Planning and Operations?

◦ The load will need to be evenly distributed using the current weight and report. This is to ensure the Center of Gravity, to remain within the given limitations throughout the flight journey. It will also be monitored throughout.

3. What criteria must the aircraft and landing weights conform to with regard to the take-off, en-route and landing airports used?

- Aircraft take off and landing weight must not exceed that which would preclude the aircraft meeting performance requirements for take off, en route and landing at any airport used.

4. As the Pilot-in-charge (PIC) what is your responsibility with regard to items carried that are not included in the equipment list?

The pilot need to take note of the weight of the pilots and crew, freight/cargo and the fuel.

Pilots and crew : male – 83kg

Female – 61kg

Freight/cargo – determined through use of scaled

Fuel -  jet A1- 84kg per litre

Jet b-  80kg per litre

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Group 4, tutorial 4 zuhairi, ravin handsome, kengliang, raudhah, amely, syahirah, kwee sin

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Group 4, tutorial 4 zuhairi, ravin handsome, kengliang, raudhah, amely, syahirah, kwee sin

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Tutorial 4- Airline Flight Operations (Part 2 - Flight Preparation)

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Group2 Tutorial 4 : Amin, Syafiq, Nabilah, Wilson, Vin

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Group2 Tutorial 4 : Amin, Syafiq, Nabilah, Wilson, Vin

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Group2 Tutorial 3 : Amin, Syafiq, Nabilah, Wilson, Vin

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Group2 Tutorial 3 : Amin, Syafiq, Nabilah, Wilson, Vin

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1. Describe the four major departments in Flight Operations

Flight dispatcher, crew dispatcher, flight ops and ground ops.

2.  What is the primary function of the FCC?

Represents the coordination hub where airline operations various functional area control merge together. The OCC includes Equipment Control, Flight Control, Maintenance Control, Meteorology, Radio, Security Command Centre, and System Reroute.

3. Describe the role of flight dispatcher

Co-ordinate all activities on the ground at an airport to ensure the safe, quick and efficient turnaround of aircraft from when they land to the time they depart. They are also known as turn around co-ordinators (TCOs) or load controllers.

4. Under what circumstances will a flight be rescheduled, rerouted and diverted?

*Due to bad weather.
*Medical emergency
*Natural disaster

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Group 1 Session 3- (Farah, Esther, Ady, Umar)

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Group 1 Session 3- (Farah, Esther, Ady, Umar)

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2.1 Describe the four major departments in Flight Operations.

1. Air Traffic and Safety Department

- Develop and promote a safe, cost-effective, and efficient air traffic flow from departure to arrival.

- Develop safe aircraft operations, navigation aids, and ground communications programs.

- Keep track of airports and airways that could have an impact on operating policies and procedures.

2. Flight Procedures and Training Department

- Develop and maintain airline fleet operating policies, procedures, and standards.

- Conduct training for flight operations.

3. Flying Department

- Ensure that pilots meet and maintain the airline's and CAA's proficiency standards.

- Maintain the Flight Control Centre’s operations (FCC)

4. Flight Crew Scheduling Department

- Create crew schedules for all flight crew members to ensure that each flight gets the most use and availability.

2.2 What is the primary function of the FCC?

- To ensure that the airline's services are delivered with the least amount of disruption and delay as possible.

- When services are disrupted or delayed, they are rescheduled as soon as possible to cause the least amount of inconvenience to passengers and at the lowest cost possible while maintaining safety, efficiency, and service.

2.3 Describe the role of flight dispatcher.

- Air traffic control flight plan, navigation/communication log, and fuel flight plan preparation.

- Diversion Flight Plan

- Briefing on weather forecasting and NOTAMs (notice to airmen)

- Load control

2.4 Under what circumstances will a flight be rescheduled, rerouted, and diverted?

Insufficient of fuel

Bad weather

Airspace closure

Airport closure

Emergency cases

3. Name 2 work-related skills you think are necessary to be a staff working in FCC/OCC. Explain the reasons for your choice.

1. Pro - active mindset : maintaining the operations under any circumstances.

2. Safety mindset : to develop and promote a safe environment for everyone.

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Group 1 (Ady, umar, Esther , Farah)session 11 & 12(13/7/22)

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Group 1 (Ady, umar, Esther , Farah)session 11 & 12(13/7/22)

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1.
15 minutes punctuality. practices, network planning & control, aircraft availibility and ground ops & dep process.

Yes, as it gives a good impression to the pax. Showing that it can still work wonders even though there's hiccup in between the flight process.

2.
Delay cost.
punctuality vs revenue - may increase revenue when maintaining the process flow for conx flt and tight turnard however, it affects the punctuality.

punctuality vs cost and equipment utilization - to improve punctuality airline can reconsider on adding more a/c, longer turnard or add more staff. Cons,it will increase the fixed cost.

3.
To use historical data and simulations to carry out the "what if" analysis. so that it able to change the simulate schedule and the impact of its punctuality.

major operational to be centralized, eg, check in, gate boarding and apron handling

lastly, to make use of the remote bay when there's congestion in the airport runway.

4.
Besides schedule planning and aircraft availability, what else can airlines do to push for punctuality?
Answer : ground operations and departure process by outsourcing ground ops and have the performance indicator to analysis the process.

5.
What impact does fleet planning and fleet structure have on punctuality?  How does the airline engineering and maintenance support punctuality?
Answer: Fleet planning and fleet structure has a huge  impact on punctuality as it can lessen the delays by having a spare aircraft to swap if there is any prolonged delay.
Airline engineering and maintenance support punctuality by having ready spares when there are technical issues.

6.
Answer:
(i) There are 3 distinct stages,
1. When the plane arrives at the airport and the passengers are happy.
2. The airport is closed and the passengers are trapped inside the plane. The passengers becomes upset.
3. The Delay is taking too long and the passengers are angry and restless up to a point they called up the police.

(ii)
a. Passengers are restless and unhappy
b. The Airline is not handling the situation well.
c. The Authorities are taking over the situation and handling the passengers requests.

(iii) I would inform the passengers of the situation that we are in, explain to them that the airport is closed and nobody is around to attend the flight and expedite the handling of the situation. Attend to special need passengers and make sure that the passengers have refreshments.
(iv) i would like the airline to give correct information and the next steps on what they will do. e.g . are they refreshments given, or is there any service recovery given?

7.
You are the airline manager, create a checklist to ensure that a delay is handled effectively ensuring that operational integrity and customer service are upheld to the required standard (This part of the tutorial is to be discussed and prepared in groups as part of pre-class activity).

Answer:
1. Find the Root Cause and how fast can it be rectified?
2. Crew availability
3. Aircraft availability, can the passenger be transferred to a spare aircraft? if not is there other flights that can accommodate all of the passengers?
4. If delay due to technical, can the fault be rectified asap.?
5. keep the passengers updated of the delay.
6. Provide food and refreshments if the delay is prolonged.
7. Arranged accommodation and transportation to and from the airport if there is a need for the passengers to stay over.
8. Attend to passengers with special attention ( infants, parents with infants, unaccompanied minors and young passengers)
9. For passengers who require to travel urgently, source for alternate flights.
10. restore baggage's to passengers, if not provide the basic necessities e.g. overnight kit bag.
11. locate the baggage's and secured it in the aircraft hold or baggage sorting area?
12. Special cargos(Perishables, Dangerous Goods, HUM and time-sensitive cargo are being attended to properly.
13. make sure the aircraft is parked at a designated parking bay or does the aircraft needs to be towed to another location e.g. Remote Bay.
14. Arranged proper security for the parked aircraft.
15. Arranged with flight caterer on the meals to be uplifted on board.

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group 1 ady, umar, esther & farah (session 4)

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group 1 ady, umar, esther & farah (session 4)

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1a) knowing the weather situation. Whether in good or bad conditions.

1B) so that the center of gravity is within the prescribe limit, and won’t be having any issue in taking off or landing of its aircraft.

1C) the weight shall not exceed the requirements given.

1D) to ensure that the weight and balance report is up to date with the ‘current’ calculations.

2) captain - will still fly the aircraft, probably offload some cargo and take up more fuel to shorten the journey so that it can still land on time as per the ETA.

SM- to accept the approval of the captain, however, in need to ensure that next sector of flight has sufficient crew members.

3.1) The Commander of flight and FO is responsible for its safe operation and the accomplishment of its assigned flights

3.2) provides excellent service to passengers while ensuring their comfort and safety. to oversee the needs and interests of passengers as well as executes safety and security procedures during emergencies.

3.3) Its necessary in order to make safe air transportation. And to achieve the highest level of safety by following proper regulatory procedures.

3.4) OM is important for an department. It also increases safety, efficiency, and reduces operating costs.

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Group 3 (Diyana, Fahmi, Haziq, Natasha, Amelia) Tutorial 2

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Group 3 (Diyana, Fahmi, Haziq, Natasha, Amelia) Tutorial 2

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1.    What is the main responsibilities/objectives of airline operations?

To maintain highest safety performance at reasonable costs. - Maintain all ground and air equipment to meet flight schedules effectively
- Monitor performance to meet all international and government regulations

2.    List the key responsibilities of Ground Operations.

– Ensuring passengers have an easy and comfortable experience.
– Carrying out check-in, boarding, and disembarkation procedures.
– Coordinating and managing staff around the aircraft during its stopover.
– Preparation of the flight plan, fuel, weather condition and other important information.
– Drafting and handing over the necessary documents for the flight to the aircraft captain.
– Management of takeoff slots with air traffic organizations.

3.   What are the key functions of Flight Operations?

flight planning, flight watch, weather data provision, operations control, ground to air communications and integration with the crew, schedules, and maintenance planning.

4.    Safety is of paramount importance to airline operations and stringent aircraft maintenance is a key cornerstone to safety.  Describe the types of routine maintenance in relation to airframe maintenance.

Aircraft maintenance is that part of the process of aircraft technical activity which is conducted on aircraft whilst it remains in the line maintenance or base maintenance environment.

A checks - Performed approximately every 400-600 flight hours, or every 200–300 flights, depending on aircraft type. It needs about 50-70 man-hours and is usually performed in an airport hangar. The A check takes a minimum of 10 man-hours.

B checks- Performed approximately every 6-8 months. It takes about 160-180 man-hours, depending on the aircraft, and is usually completed within 1–3 days at an airport hangar. A similar occurrence schedule applies to the B check as to the A checks

C checks- Performed approximately every 20–24 months, or a specific number of actual flight hours (FH), or as defined by the manufacturer. This maintenance check is much more extensive than the B check, requiring a large majority of the aircraft's components to be inspected. This check puts the aircraft out of service for 1–2 weeks. The aircraft must not leave the maintenance site until it is completed. It also requires more space than A and B checks, therefore, it is usually carried out in a hangar at a maintenance base.

What are some of the main factors that would influence airline operations?

- Fluctuating oil prices
- Competition between Airlines
- Political Conflicts
-Labor shortage
-tourism impact

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Group 4: Raudhah, Syahirah, Amely, Keng Liang, Ravin, Kwee Sin, Zuhairi

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Group 4: Raudhah, Syahirah, Amely, Keng Liang, Ravin, Kwee Sin, Zuhairi

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1. From the above video, list 2 areas of checks that you find interesting and explain their importance to the flight safety of the aircraft.

1. Cabin Checks: cabin checks conducted by cabin crew to ensure there are no prohibited or suspicious items onboard the flight before the commencement of pax boarding & after all pax disembark.

2. Landing Gear Checks: Inspect landing gear wheels for cleanliness, corrosion, and cracks. Check wheel tie bolts for looseness. Examine anti-skid wiring for deterioration. Check tires for wear, cuts, deterioration, presence of grease or oil, alignment of slippage marks, and proper inflation.

1.    What is the main  responsibilities/objectives of airline operations?

-supply side of airline equation

responsible for the transport of pax and /or cargo between point of origin and destination.

-highly technical support activity

-Operations is responsible for production in airline conversion process. Must deliver product to passenger.

-Operations is charged with operating & maintaining all of the equipment used to support the conversion & always has been a crucial element in the success of an airline.

-Operations can be broken in 3 subsets; ground ops, flight ops & maintenance.

-Without marketing there would not be revenue & pax. Without ops, there would not be any product to sell.

2.    List the key responsibilities of Ground Operations.

responsible for the administration of stations, ground facilities, support equipment.

3.    What are the key functions of Flight Operations?

dispatch, flight planning, flight watch, weather data provision, operations control, ground to air communications and integration with crew, schedules and maintenance planning.

4.    Safety is of paramount importance to airline operations and stringent aircraft maintenance is a key cornerstone to safety.  Describe the types of routine maintenance in relation to airframe maintenance.

A-Checks – Approx every 125 flight hrs Amplified preflight inspection of fuselage exterior, power plant and avionics to general condition of aircraft

B-Checks – Approx every 750 flight hours (A-checks + Preventive maintenance,parts lubricated and checks with airframe examined

C-Checks – Approx every 3,000 hours. Incorporates with A+B Checks. Components repaired and flight controls calibration. Major internal mechanisms testing and post-check flight test

D-Checks – Approx every 20,000 flight hours. Cabin interiors,cockpits are removed to enable careful structural inspection and cracks

5.    What are some of the main factors that would influence airline operations?

Unpredictable circumstances eg. wars, revolutions, and civil strife

Regulatory repression, curfews, 24/7 operation

Weather and ground conditions (Ground equipments and services) Operating differently accordingly

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1. Main objectives are :
- Supply side of airline equation.
- Responsible for the transport of passengers and cargo.
- A highly technical support activity.

2. The responsibilities of Ground Operations are :
- to be responsible of the stations, ground facilities and support equipments.
- to keep close contact with various government agencies.
- To negotiate contracts for hotels,meals and transportation if there is a crew layover base.

3. The key functions of Flight Operations are :
- To meet regulatory requirements, ensure flight safety.
- To evaluate schedule performance.
- Develop  crew scheduling

4. Types of routine maintenances are :
- Line maintenance
1. overnight maintenance
2. A-checks
3. B-checks

- Base/Heavy Maintenance
1. C-checks
2. D-checks

5. Main Factors that influence Airline Operations are :
- Revenue
- Manpower
- Reputation
- Weather conditions
- Regulatory repression and curfews
- Ground Handling Agent

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1.
Found smallest crack found during inspection and team manage to rectify.

It is important to have a thorough check for even the smallest cracks as aircraft goes through different air pressure day in day out and air pressure might cause the smallest crack to enlarge and become a possible hole

2.
Galley and toilet systems are thoroughly check and tested for their functionality and safety aspects.

Given the Minimum Equipment List(MEL), every aircraft has a minimum number of serviceable toilets in order for the flight to depart. E.G. If the flight is totally full and there is only 1 usable toilet, it might get choked up and possibly overflow with s**t.