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1945 胡志明發動八月革命，宣布越南獨立  Ho Chi Minh launched the August Revolution and declared the independence of Vietnam

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1945 胡志明發動八月革命，宣布越南獨立  Ho Chi Minh launched the August Revolution and declared the independence of Vietnam

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The Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ( Vietnamese: Tuyên ngôn độc lập Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa) was written by Hồ Chí Minh, and announced in public at the Ba Đình flower garden (now the Ba Đình Square) on September 2, 1945. It led to the independence of Vietnam.

On August 22, 1945 the OSS agent Archimedes Patti, who had previously met Ho Chi Minh in Southern China arrived in Hanoi on a mercy mission to liberate allied POWs and were accompanied by Jean Sainteny a French government official. The Japanese forces informally surrendered (the official surrender took place on Sept. 2, 1945 in Tokyo Bay) but being the only force capable of maintaining law and order the Imperial Japanese Army remained in power while keeping French colonial troops detained.

Japanese forces allowed the Việt Minh and other nationalist groups to take over public buildings and weapons without resistance, which began the August Revolution. On the morning of August 26, 1945, at No. 48 Hàng Ngang, Hà Nội, chairman Hồ Chí Minh had called and presided over the meeting of the Central Standing Communist Party of Vietnam. In the decisions made at this meeting, the Standing unanimously prepared to proclaim independence and organized a large meeting in Hà Nội for the Provisional Government to present itself to the people, also the day that Vietnam officially promulgated the right of freedom and established the democratic republic system.

On August 30, 1945, Hồ Chí Minh invited several people to contribute their ideas toward his Proclamation of Independence. OSS officers met repeatedly with Ho Chi Minh and other Viet Minh officers during late August and Archimedes Patti claims to have listened to Ho read to him a draft of the Proclamation which he believed sounded very similar to the American Declaration of Independence.

On September 2, 1945, Hồ Chí Minh read the Proclamation during a public meeting in front of thousands of people, at what is now Ba Đình Square, Hà Nội, announcing the birth of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the country's independence from France.

Compatriots of the entire nation assembled:

All people are created equal; they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights; among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.

This immortal statement was made in the Declaration of Independence of the United States of America in 1776. In a broader sense, this means: All the peoples on the earth are equal from birth, all the peoples have a right to live, to be happy and free.

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of the French Revolution made in 1791 also states: All men are born free and with equal rights, and must always remain free and have equal rights.

Those are undeniable truths.

Nevertheless, for more than eighty years, the French imperialists, in the name of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity, have violated our Fatherland and oppressed our fellow citizens. They have acted contrary to the ideals of humanity and justice.

In the field of politics, they have deprived our people of every democratic liberty.

They have enforced inhuman laws; they have set up three distinct political regimes in the North, Center, and South of Vietnam in order to destroy our national unity and prevent our people from being united.

They have built more prisons than schools. They have mercilessly slaughtered our patriots; they have drowned our uprisings in bloodbaths.

They have fettered public opinion; they have practiced obscurantism against our people.

To weaken our race they have forced us to use opium and alcohol.

In the field of economics, they have fleeced us to the backbone, impoverished our people and devastated our land.

They have robbed us of our rice fields, our mines, our forests, and our raw materials. They have monopolized the issuing of bank notes and the export trade.

They have invented numerous unjustifiable taxes and reduced our people, especially our peasantry, to a state of extreme poverty.

They have hampered the prospering of our national bourgeoisie; they have mercilessly exploited our workers.

In the autumn of 1940, when the Japanese fascists violated Indochina's territory to establish new bases in their fight against the Allies, the French imperialists went down on their bended knees and handed over our country to them. Thus, from that date, our people were subjected to the double yoke of the French and the Japanese. Their sufferings and miseries increased. The result was that, from the end of last year to the beginning of this year, from Quảng Trị Province to northern Vietnam, more than two million of our fellow citizens died from starvation.

On March 9 [1945], the French troops were disarmed by the Japanese. The French colonialists either fled or surrendered, showing that not only were they incapable of "protecting" us, but that, in the span of five years, they had twice sold our country to the Japanese.

On several occasions before March 9, the Việt Minh League urged the French to ally themselves with it against the Japanese. Instead of agreeing to this proposal, the French colonialists so intensified their terrorist activities against the Việt Minh members that before fleeing they massacred a great number of our political prisoners detained at Yên Bái and Cao Bằng.

Notwithstanding all this, our fellow citizens have always manifested toward the French a tolerant and humane attitude. Even after the Japanese Putsch of March 1945, the Việt Minh League helped many Frenchmen to cross the frontier, rescued some of them from Japanese jails, and protected French lives and property.

From the autumn of 1940, our country had in fact ceased to be a French colony and had become a Japanese possession. After the Japanese had surrendered to the Allies, our whole people rose to regain our national sovereignty and to found the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.

The truth is that we have wrested our independence from the Japanese and not from the French.

The French have fled, the Japanese have capitulated, Emperor Bảo Đại has abdicated. Our people have broken the chains which for nearly a century have fettered them and have won independence for the Fatherland. Our people at the same time have overthrown the monarchic regime that has reigned supreme for dozens of centuries. In its place has been established the present Democratic Republic.

For these reasons, we, the members of the Provisional Government, representing the whole Vietnamese people, declare that from now on we break off all relations of a colonial character with France; we repeal all the international obligation that France has so far subscribed to on behalf of Viet-Nam, and we abolish all the special rights the French have unlawfully acquired in our Fatherland.

The whole Vietnamese people, animated by a common purpose, are determined to fight to the bitter end against any attempt by the French colonialists to reconquer the country.

We are convinced that the Allied nations, which at Tehran and San Francisco have acknowledged the principles of self-determination and equality of nations, will not refuse to acknowledge the independence of Vietnam.

A people who have courageously opposed French domination for more than eighty years, a people who have fought side by side with the Allies against the fascists during these last years, such a people must be free and independent!

For these reasons, we, the members of the Provisional Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, solemnly declare to the world that:
Vietnam has the right to be a free and independent country-and in fact it is so already. And thus the entire Vietnamese people are determined to mobilize all their physical and mental strength, to sacrifice their lives and property in order to safeguard their independence and liberty.

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Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam - Wikipedia

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The Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ( Vietnamese: Tuyên ngôn độc lập Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa) was written by Hồ Chí Minh, and announced in public at the Ba Đình flower garden (now the Ba Đình Square) on September 2, 1945.

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1946-49 國共內戰和中華人民共和國成立 Chinese Civil War and the establishment of the People's Republic of China

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1946-49 國共內戰和中華人民共和國成立 Chinese Civil War and the establishment of the People's Republic of China

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毛泽东 中华人民共和国成立宣言 建国

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1946 邱吉爾鐵幕演說 Churchill delivered Iron Curtain Speech

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1946 邱吉爾鐵幕演說 Churchill delivered Iron Curtain Speech

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Churchill's Iron Curtain Speech - 1946 | Today In History | 5 Mar 17

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1950 中蘇友好同盟互助條約 Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance

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1950 中蘇友好同盟互助條約 Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance

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In the early years after its birth, New China established diplomatic relations with the USSR, other socialist countries and some friendly countries. China publicly declared that it stood on the side of socialism.

Following the establishment of Sino-Soviet diplomatic relations, an important question calling for prompt solution in Sino-Soviet relations was how to handle the 1945 Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance signed by Old China and the Soviet Union so as to set forth anew the guiding principles and legal basis for the new Sino-Soviet relations in a changed situation. During his visit to the Soviet Union in the winter of 1949, Chairmen Mao Zedong suggested to Stalin that a new treaty be signed by the two countries to replace the outdated Sino-Soviet Treaty. To this the Soviet side agreed. Subsequently, Premier Zhou Enlai led a Chinese Government Delegation to the Soviet Union for the negotiations. On 14 February 1950, the two sides signed the "Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and mutual Assistance" and other agreements. The Foreign Ministers of the two countries exchanged three notes, declaring null and void the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance and the other agreements which were signed by the Soviet Government and the Kuomintang Government of China on 14 August 1945.

The "Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance" consisted of a preface and six articles and remained in force for a term of thirty years. Its main contents are as follows:

The Two Contracting Parties undertake to carry out jointly all necessary measures within their power to prevent a repetition of aggression and breach of the peace by Japan or any other State which might directly or indirectly join with Japan in acts of aggression. Should either with Japan and thus find itself in a state of war, the other Contracting Party shall immediately extend military and other assistance with all the means at its disposal.

Neither of the Contracting Parties shall enter into any alliance directed against the other Party, or participate in any coalition or in any action or measures directed against the other Party.

The two contracting Parties undertake shall consul together on all important international questions involving the common interests of the soviet Union and China, with a view to strengthening peace and universal security.

The two Contracting Parties undertake, in a spirit of friendship and cooperation and in accordance with the principles of equal rights, mutual interests, mutual respect for State sovereignty and territorial integrity, and non-intervention in the domestic affairs of other Party, to develop and strengthen the economic and cultural ties between the soviet Union and China, to render each other all possible economic assistance and to effect the necessary economic cooperation.

Under the historical circumstances of the time, the "Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance" concluded between China and the Soviet Union was of great significance in preserving the security of both sides, maintaining peace in the Far East and the world as a whole, strengthening friendship between the two peoples and promoting the cause of socialist construction of the two countries.

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Conclusion of the "Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance"

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In the early years after its birth, New China established diplomatic relations with the USSR, other socialist countries and some friendly countries. China publicly declared that it stood on the side of socialism.

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蘇聯和中華人民共和國支持北韓與聯合國軍隊和南韓軍隊作戰USSR and PRC supported the North Korea to fight against the UN troops and the South Korea Army

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United Nations Commission for the Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea (UNCURK) (1950-1973) - UNARMS

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United Nations Commission for the Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea (UNCURK) (1950-1973)

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1951-55 邱吉爾再次選為首相 Churchill is elected prime minster again

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1951-55 邱吉爾再次選為首相 Churchill is elected prime minster again

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Personal

1874

Born, 30 November, eldest son of Rt. Hon. Lord Randolph Churchill, 3rd son of 7th Duke of Marlborough, and Jennie Jerome.

1888-93

Attendance at Harrow School

1893-94

Cavalry cadet at Sandhurst Royal Military Academy

1895

Death of Lord Randolph Churchill, 24 January

1904

Moved from Conservative Party to Liberal Party, 31 May

1907

Became Privy Councillor, 1 May

1908

Married, 12 September, to Clementine, daughter of Sir Henry Hozier and Lady Blanche (née Ogilvy)

1922

Bought Chartwell Manor, Kent

1924

Returned to Conservative Party from Liberal Party

1931

Lecture tour in the United States

1940-45

Prime Minister, First Lord of the Treasury and Minister of Defence

1946

"Iron Curtain" Speech, Fulton, Missouri, 5 March

1951-55

Prime Minister and First Lord of the Treasury

1953

Awarded Nobel Prize for Literature

Military Career

1895

Commissioned, 20 February, as Second Lieutenant, 4th Hussars. Served with Spanish forces in Cuba (1st Class [Spanish] Order of Military Merit)

1897

Malakand Field Force, 31st Punjab Infantry (despatches, medal with clasp)

1898

Orderly officer to Sir W. Lockhart with Tirah Expeditionary Force (clasp). Served, attached 21st Lancers with Nile Expeditionary force, present at Battle of Khartoum (medal, with clasp)

1899-1900

Acted as correspondent Morning Post South Africa; taken prisoner, but escaped; served as Lieutenant South African Light Horse; present at actions of Acton Homes, Venter's Spruit, Hussar Hill, Cingolo, Monte Cristo, and at battles of Spion Kop, Vaal Krantz, and Pieters, and at engagements of Johannesburg and Diamond Hill, and capture of Pretoria (medal with six clasps).

1900

Retired from Regular Army

1901

Commissioned as Captain, Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars, Territorial Army

1905

April, Promoted Major, and appointed in command of the Henley Squadron of the Queens' Own Oxfordshire Hussars, Territorial Army

1915-16

Served western front with Grenadier Guards; appointed Lieutenant-Colonel, commanding 6th Battalion Royal Scots Fusiliers, France (medals)

September 1916

Transferred to Territorial Reserves of Officers

July 1924

Awarded Territorial Decoration, resigned from Territorial Army

Ministerial Offices

Dec 1905 - Apr 1908

Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies

Apr 1908 - Feb 1910

President of the Board of Trade

Feb 1910 - Oct 1911

Home Secretary

Oct 1911 - May 1915

First Lord of the Admiralty

May 1915 - Nov 1915

Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster

Jul 1917 - Jan 1919

Minister of Munitions

Jan 1919 - Feb 1921

Secretary of State for War (and Air till Apr 1921)

Feb 1921 - Oct 1922

Secretary of State for the Colonies

Nov 1924 - Jun 1929

Chancellor of the Exchequer

Sep 1939 - May 1940

First Lord of the Admiralty

May 1940 - Jul 1945

Prime Minister, First Lord of the Treasury and Minister of Defence

Jul 1945 - Oct 1951

Leader of the Opposition

Oct 1951 - Apr 1955

Prime Minister and First Lord of the Treasury (also Minister of Defence Oct 1951 - Jan 1952)

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Sir Winston Churchill: A chronology - Churchill Archives Centre

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1874 Born, 30 November, eldest son of Rt. Hon. Lord Randolph Churchill, 3rd son of 7th Duke of Marlborough, and Jennie Jerome.

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1953 邱吉爾獲得諾貝爾文學獎Churchill was awarded Nobel Prize for Literature

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1953 邱吉爾獲得諾貝爾文學獎Churchill was awarded Nobel Prize for Literature

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Fifteen laureates have been awarded this year, for achievements that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind.

Their work and discoveries range from how cells adapt to changes in levels of oxygen to our ability to fight global poverty.

See them all presented here.

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Fifteen laureates have been awarded this year, for achievements that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind. Their work and discoveries range from how cells adapt to changes in levels of oxygen to our ability to fight global poverty. See them all presented here.

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美、蘇、英、法、中華人民共和國、北越、南越 等代表參與 US, USSR, Britain, France, PRC, North Vietnam, South Vietnam joined the conference

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Geneva Conference Begins - 1954 | Today In History | 26 Apr 18

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1960年6月24日至26日，社会主义国家共产党和工人党代表在布加勒斯特举行会谈。彭真率中共代表团参加了会谈。会谈前夕，苏共代表团突然散发苏共6月21日致中共中央的通知书，对中共进行全面攻击。在会谈中，赫鲁晓夫带头对中国党进行围攻。中共代表团遵照中共中央规定的坚持原则、坚持团结的方针，同他们进行了严肃的斗争。7月16日，苏联政府突然照会中国政府，片面地决定撤走全部在华的苏联专家，撕毁几百个协定和合同，停止供应重要设备。

1960年7月5日至8月10日，中共中央在北戴河举行工作会议，研究国际问题和国内经济调整问题。

1960年9月，中共中央政治局决定成立6个中央局，随后并相继决定，陶铸为中南局第一书记，宋任穷为东北局第一书记；李井泉为西南局第一书记；刘澜涛为西北局第一书记；李雪峰为华北局第一书记；柯庆施为华东局第一书记。

1960年11月，81国共产党、工人党代表会议在莫斯科举行。刘少奇、邓小平率中共代表团参加了会议。在会议上，苏共代表团和中共代表团进行了激烈的争论。会议通过了《各共产党和工人党代表会议声明》（简称《莫斯科声明》）

1961年1月14日至18日，中国共产党八届九中全会在北京举行。

1961年3月23日，中共中央发出《关于认真进行调查工作问题给各中央局，各省、市、区党委的一封信》，同时印发了不久前发现的毛泽东1930年春写的《关于调查工作》（1964年公开发表时题名改为《反对本本主义》）。

1961年3月23日,中共中央发出《关于改进商业工作的若干规定（试行草案）》（简称《商业四十条》）和《关于城乡手工业若干政策问题的规定（试行草案）》（简称《手工业三十五条》）。

1961年7月19日，中共中央发出《关于自然科学工作中若干政策问题的批示报告》，同意聂荣臻《关于当前自然科学工作中若干政策问题的请示》和国家科委党组、中国科学院党组《关于自然科学研究机构当前工作的十四条意见（草案）》（简称《科研十四条》）。

1961年9月15日，中共中央批准试行庐山工作会议上通过的《教育部直属高等学校暂行工作条例（草案）》（简称《高校六十条》）。

1961年9月16日，中共中央将庐山工作会议上通过的《国营工业企业工作条例（草案）》（简称《工业七十条》）发给各地各部门讨论和试行。

1962年1月11日至2月7日，中共中央在北京举行扩大的工作会议，即"七千人大会"。

1962年3月2日，周恩来在广州国家科委召开的科学工作会议和文化部、剧协召开的剧本创作座谈会共同组织的大会上，作了题为《论知识分子问题》的报告。

1962年4月30日，中共中央批准中央宣传部定稿的《关于当前文学艺术工作若干问题的意见（草案）》（简称《文艺八条》）。

1962年6月16日，彭德怀写了一封长信（即8万言书）给毛泽东、党中央，请求党全面审查他的历史。

1962年9月24日至27日，中国共产党八届十中全会在北京举行。

1963年1月29日，周恩来在上海科学技术工作会议上讲话，提出实现四个现代化，关键在于实现科学技术现代化。

1963年2月11日至28日，中共中央在北京举行工作会议。会议讨论了关于在城市开展"五反"运动、严格管理大中城市集市贸易和坚决打击投机倒把、1963年国民经济计划和中小学工作条例等问题。

1963年3月1日，中共中央发布了《关于厉行增产节约和反对贪污盗窃、反对投机倒把、反对铺张浪费、反对分散主义、反对官僚主义运动的指示》。

1963年5月2日至12日，毛泽东在杭州召集有部分中央政治局委员和大区书记参加的小型会议，讨论农村社会主义教育问题，制定了《关于目前农村工作中若干问题的决定（草案）》（简称《前十条》）。20日，中共中央把它作为指导社会主义教育运动的纲领性文件予以发布。

1963年7月5日至20日，中共代表团和苏共代表团在莫斯科举行会谈。在会谈期间，14日，苏共中央发表《给苏联各级党组织和全体共产党员的公开信》，就中苏两党关系和国际共产主义运动问题全面攻击中国共产党。为了回答苏共的攻击，从1963年9月至1964年7月，《人民日报》、《红旗》杂志联名发表了9篇评论苏共中央公开信的文章。中苏两党关系急剧恶化起来。

1963年12月2日，中共中央和国务院原则批准了中央科学小组、国家科学技术委员会党组关于1963-1972年科学技术发展规划的报告、科学技术发展规划纲要和科学技术事业规划。

1964年2月10日，《人民日报》发表《大寨之路》的报道，同时发表《用革命精神建设山区的好榜样》的社论，介绍了山西省昔阳县大寨大队的事迹。此后，全国农村掀起了农业学大寨运动。

1964年5月，林彪根据他自己"走捷径"、"背警句"的主张，授意解放军总政治部编辑出版了《毛主席语录》。

1964年6月27日，毛泽东在文艺界整风报告的批语中说：文艺界各协会和它们所掌握的刊物大多数，15年来，基本上不执行党的政策，"最近几年，竟然跌到了修正主义的边缘"。在这种不切实际的估计下，文化部和中华全国文学艺术界联合会及所属各协会再次进行整风。

1964年7月初，根据毛泽东的意见，中央决定成立以彭真为组长的文化革命五人小组。

1964年9月18日，中共中央发出《关于印发农村社会主义教育运动中一些具体政策规定的修正草案的通知》（《后十条》修正草案，简称第二个《后十条》）

1965年11月10日，上海《文汇报》发表姚文元的《评新编历史剧〈海瑞罢官〉》一文，揭开了"文化大革命"的序幕。

1965年12月8日至15日，由毛泽东主持在上海举了中共中央政治局常委扩大会议。

1966年2月7日，以彭真为组长的文化革命五人小组向中共中央提出《关于当前学术讨论的汇报提纲》（简称《二月提纲》）。2月12日，中共中央同意并转发了《二月提纲》。

1966年4月10日，中共中央批准了《林彪同志委托江青同志召开的部队文艺工作座谈会纪要》。

1966年5月4日至26日，中共中央政治局扩大会议在北京举行。16日，会议通过由毛泽东主持制定的中共中央通知（简称"五一六通知"）。这次会议标志着"文化大革命"开始发动。

1966年5月28日，中央文化革命小组成立。

1966年5月31日，经毛泽东批准，陈伯达率领工作组到人民日报社夺权。6月1日，《人民日报》发表社论，号召群众起来"横扫一切牛鬼蛇神"。同时，康生授意北京大学聂元梓等人写的诬陷、攻击北京大学党委和北京市委的一张大字报，经毛泽东批准，向全国广播。4日，《人民日报》公布中共中央关于改组北京市委的决定。同时发表北京新市委决定，改组北京大学党委，派工作组领导"文化大革命"。

1966年6月初，中共中央在刘少奇、邓小平主持下，决定向北京市大学和中学派出工作组，领导各单位的文化大革命。3日，中共中央拟定了《八条指示》。

1966年8月1日至12日，中国共产党八届十一中全会在北京举行。

1966年12月9日，中共中央发出《关于抓革命、促生产的十条规定（草案）》。

1966年12月30日，在张春桥支持下，王洪文等在上海制造"康平路事件"。

1967年1月6日，在张春桥、姚文元的策划指挥下，以王洪文为头头的上海造反派组织召开"打倒市委大会"，篡夺了上海市的党政大权，刮起了所谓"一月革命"的风暴。

1967年2月11日和16日，在周恩来主持的怀仁堂碰头会和此前召开的军委会议上，谭震林、陈毅、叶剑英、李富春、李先念、徐向前、聂荣臻等对"文化大革命"的错误做法表示强烈不满，对林彪、江青、康生、陈伯达一伙诬陷迫害老干部、乱党、乱军的罪恶活动，进行了大义凛然的斗争。这些同志，被江青、康生、陈伯达、谢富治等指责为"二月逆流"，受到批判。

1967年4月1日，《人民日报》发表戚本禹的《爱国主义还是卖国主义？--评反动影片〈清宫秘史〉》一文。从此，在报刊上不点名地对刘少奇大肆攻击。12日至18日，在中央军委扩大会议上，林彪、江青、陈伯达、康生、张春桥等人讲话，罗织和批判所谓刘少奇、邓小平的"罪行"。

1967年6月6日，中共中央、国务院、中央军委、中央文革发出包括7项内容的通令，要求"纠正最近出现的打、砸、抢、抄、抓的歪风"。

1968年3月，林彪、江青制造了所谓"杨成武、余立金、傅崇碧事件"。

1968年9月5日，西藏、新疆两个自治区的革命委员会同时成立。至此，全国（除台湾省外）29个省、市、自治区都已先后建立了革命委员会。

1968年10月13日至31日，中国共产党第八届扩大的十二中全会在北京举行。

1968年12月22日，《人民日报》传达了毛泽东的指示，各地立即掀起了知识青年上山下乡的热潮。

1969年4月1日至24日，中国共产党第九次全国代表大会在北京举行。

1969年11月12日，原中共中央副主席、中华人民共和国主席刘少奇在河南开封含冤去世。

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1960年6月24日至26日，社会主义国家共产党和工人党代表在布加勒斯特举行会谈。彭真率中共代表团参加了会谈。会谈前夕，苏共代表团突然散发苏共6月21日致中共中央的通知书，对中共进行全面攻击。在会谈中，赫鲁晓夫带头对中国党进行围攻。中共代表团遵照中共中央规定的坚持原则、坚持团结的方针，同他们进行了严肃的斗争。7月16日，苏联政府突然照会中国政府，片面地决定撤走全部在华的苏联专家，撕毁几百个协...

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1960 甘迺迪當選美國總統J F Kennedy was elected as the US President

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1960 甘迺迪當選美國總統J F Kennedy was elected as the US President

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John F. Kennedy was the 35th President of the United States (1961-1963), the youngest man elected to the office. On November 22, 1963, when he was hardly past his first thousand days in office, JFK was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, becoming also the youngest President to die.

On November 22, 1963, when he was hardly past his first thousand days in office, John Fitzgerald Kennedy was killed by an assassin's bullets as his motorcade wound through Dallas, Texas. Kennedy was the youngest man elected President; he was the youngest to die.

Of Irish descent, he was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, on May 29, 1917. Graduating from Harvard in 1940, he entered the Navy. In 1943, when his PT boat was rammed and sunk by a Japanese destroyer, Kennedy, despite grave injuries, led the survivors through perilous waters to safety.

Back from the war, he became a Democratic Congressman from the Boston area, advancing in 1953 to the Senate. He married Jacqueline Bouvier on September 12, 1953. In 1955, while recuperating from a back operation, he wrote Profiles in Courage, which won the Pulitzer Prize in history.

In 1956 Kennedy almost gained the Democratic nomination for Vice President, and four years later was a first-ballot nominee for President. Millions watched his television debates with the Republican candidate, Richard M. Nixon. Winning by a narrow margin in the popular vote, Kennedy became the first Roman Catholic President.

His Inaugural Address offered the memorable injunction: "Ask not what your country can do for you-ask what you can do for your country." As President, he set out to redeem his campaign pledge to get America moving again. His economic programs launched the country on its longest sustained expansion since World War II; before his death, he laid plans for a massive assault on persisting pockets of privation and poverty.

Responding to ever more urgent demands, he took vigorous action in the cause of equal rights, calling for new civil rights legislation. His vision of America extended to the quality of the national culture and the central role of the arts in a vital society.

He wished America to resume its old mission as the first nation dedicated to the revolution of human rights. With the Alliance for Progress and the Peace Corps, he brought American idealism to the aid of developing nations. But the hard reality of the Communist challenge remained.

Shortly after his inauguration, Kennedy permitted a band of Cuban exiles, already armed and trained, to invade their homeland. The attempt to overthrow the regime of Fidel Castro was a failure. Soon thereafter, the Soviet Union renewed its campaign against West Berlin. Kennedy replied by reinforcing the Berlin garrison and increasing the Nation's military strength, including new efforts in outer space. Confronted by this reaction, Moscow, after the erection of the Berlin Wall, relaxed its pressure in central Europe.

Instead, the Russians now sought to install nuclear missiles in Cuba. When this was discovered by air reconnaissance in October 1962, Kennedy imposed a quarantine on all offensive weapons bound for Cuba. While the world trembled on the brink of nuclear war, the Russians backed down and agreed to take the missiles away. The American response to the Cuban crisis evidently persuaded Moscow of the futility of nuclear blackmail.

Kennedy now contended that both sides had a vital interest in stopping the spread of nuclear weapons and slowing the arms race-a contention which led to the test ban treaty of 1963. The months after the Cuban crisis showed significant progress toward his goal of "a world of law and free choice, banishing the world of war and coercion." His administration thus saw the beginning of new hope for both the equal rights of Americans and the peace of the world.

For more information about President Kennedy, please visit the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum.

Learn more about John F. Kennedy's spouse, Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy.

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John F. Kennedy was the 35th President of the United States (1961-1963), the youngest man elected to the office. On November 22, 1963, when he was hardly past his first thousand days in office, JFK was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, becoming also the youngest President to die.

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在美國的協助下流亡美國的古巴人，在古巴西南海岸豬灣，向卡斯特羅領導的古巴革命政府發動的一次失敗的入侵
Bay of Pig Invasion was a failed landing operation on the southwestern coast of Cuba in 1961 by Cuban exiles who opposed Fidel Castro's Cuban Revolution, covertly financed and directed by the U.S. government

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During the period between the election and his inauguration, JFK was briefed on a CIA plan developed within the Eisenhower administration to train Cuban exiles for an invasion of their homeland. The United States was distrustful of Fidel Castro, the leader of Cuba, and wary of his relationship with…

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For thirteen days in October 1962 the world waited-seemingly on the brink of nuclear war-and hoped for a peaceful resolution to the Cuban Missile Crisis.

In October 1962, an American U-2 spy plane secretly photographed nuclear missile sites being built by the Soviet Union on the island of Cuba. President Kennedy did not want the Soviet Union and Cuba to know that he had discovered the missiles. He met in secret with his advisors for several days to discuss the problem.

After many long and difficult meetings, Kennedy decided to place a naval blockade, or a ring of ships, around Cuba. The aim of this "quarantine," as he called it, was to prevent the Soviets from bringing in more military supplies. He demanded the removal of the missiles already there and the destruction of the sites. On October 22, President Kennedy spoke to the nation about the crisis in a televised address.

Click here to listen to the Address in the Digital Archives (JFKWHA-142-001)

No one was sure how Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev would respond to the naval blockade and US demands. But the leaders of both superpowers recognized the devastating possibility of a nuclear war and publicly agreed to a deal in which the Soviets would dismantle the weapon sites in exchange for a pledge from the United States not to invade Cuba. In a separate deal, which remained secret for more than twenty-five years, the United States also agreed to remove its nuclear missiles from Turkey. Although the Soviets removed their missiles from Cuba, they escalated the building of their military arsenal; the missile crisis was over, the arms race was not.

Click here to listen to the Remarks in the Digital Archives (JFKWHA-143-004)

In 1963, there were signs of a lessening of tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States. In his commencement address at American University, President Kennedy urged Americans to reexamine Cold War stereotypes and myths and called for a strategy of peace that would make the world safe for diversity. Two actions also signaled a warming in relations between the superpowers: the establishment of a teletype "Hotline" between the Kremlin and the White House and the signing of the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty on July 25, 1963.

In language very different from his inaugural address, President Kennedy told Americans in June 1963, "For, in the final analysis, our most basic common link is that we all inhabit this small planet. We all breathe the same air. We all cherish our children's future. And we are all mortal."
Visit our online exhibit: World on the Brink: John F. Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis

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In October 1962, an American U2 spy plane secretly photographed nuclear missile sites being built by the Soviet Union on the island of Cuba. Because he did not want Cuba and the Soviet Union to know that he had discovered the missiles, Kennedy met in secret with his advisors for several days to discuss the problem.

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在中華人民共和國和蘇聯的援助下，胡志明領導北越在越戰中對抗美軍

With the aid of the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union, Ho Chi Minh led North Vietnam against U.S. troops in the Vietnam War

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The National Archives has a wealth of records and information documenting the U.S. experience in the Vietnam conflict. These include photographs, textual and electronic records, audiovisual recordings, exhibits, educational resources, articles, blog posts, lectures, and events.

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The National Archives has a wealth of records and information documenting the U.S. experience in the Vietnam conflict. These include photographs, textual and electronic records, audiovisual recordings, exhibits, educational resources, articles, blog posts, lectures, and events. What's Happening? Learn about our current programs and exhibits related to the Vietnam War.

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Chinese and US table tennis players mark 50 years since ‘ping-pong diplomacy’

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1985 戈巴卓夫掌權 Mikhail Gorbachev came to power

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1985 戈巴卓夫掌權 Mikhail Gorbachev came to power

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戈巴卓夫推行改革開放政策 Gorbachev introduced Glasnost and Perestroika to USSSR

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1931:

March 2, born, Privolnoye, Krasnogvardeisky District, Stavropol territory in the North Caucasus, to a peasant family in a small village, his father an agricultural mechanic on a collective farm.

1942:

German army occupies the Privolnoye area.

1945:

Begins work as assistant to combine harvest operator.

1949:

Awarded Order of Red Banner of Labour.

1950:

Enrolled in Faculty of Law, Moscow University.

1952:

After having been a member of Komsomol (Communist Youth Organisation), now joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU).

1955:

Marries Raisa Maximovna Titorenko, philosophy student. Receives degree in law.

1955-60:

Appointed First Secretary, Komsomol Territorial Committee, then moves up to higher posts, finally becoming top Komsomol official in Stavropol.

1956:

Daughter Irina born.

1961:

Delegate from Stavropol to 22nd Communist Party Congress in Moscow.

1962:

Appointed to key position in Stavropol Communist Party, responsible for personnel in administration, farms and industry.

1964-67:

Studies for second degree at Stavropol Agricultural Institute.

1970:

Appointed First Secretary for Stavropol territory, governing an area of 2.4 million people.

1971:

Member CPSU Central Committee.

1978:

Moves to Moscow as Secretary of Agriculture in Central Committee.

1980:

Becomes youngest full member of Politburo.

1985:

March, Elected by Central Committee as General Secretary of CPSU.

1989:

Elected by new parliament as Executive President of Soviet Union.

1991:

August, abortive coup of hardliners, resigns as General Secretary of CPSU, dissolves Central Committee.

1991:

December 25, resigns as President when Soviet Union disintegrates.

1992:

Head of Foundation for Social, Economic and Political Research, think-tank founded after August coup.

Selected Bibliography

By Gorbachev

Memoirs. Translated from the Russian by Georges Peronansky and Tatjana. New York: Doubleday, 1996.

The August Coup: The Truth and the Lessons. New York: Harper Collins, 1991.

Perestroika. New Thinking for Our Country and the World. New York: Harper, 1988. (New updated edition. An explanation and a manifesto, with five chapters on foreign policy. Published in many languages.)

Other Sources

Billington, James H. Russia Transformed: Breakthrough to Hope. Moscow, August 1991. (An important interpretation, based on personal observation of the August coup and a lifetime of study of Russia.)

Brown, Archie. The Gorbachev Factor. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. (An important scholarly study by a major authority on Gorbachev.)

Doder, Dusko and Louise Branson. Gorbachev: Heretic in the Kremlin. (By wellinformed American journalists.)

Medvedev, Zhores A. Gorbachev. Oxford: Blackwell, 1986. (By a Soviet scientist, living in London.)

Gorbachev, Raisa. I Hope: Reminiscences and Reflections. New York: Harper Collins, 1991.

Kaiser, Robert G. Why Gorbachev Happened: His Triumphs and his Failures. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991.

Miller, John. Mikhail Gorbachev and the End of Soviet Power London: Macmillan, 1993. (Scholarly.)

Remnick, David. Lenin's Tomb: The Last Days of the Soviet Empire. New York, 1993. (Perceptive journalistic account.)

Smith, Hedrick. The New Russians. New York: Random House, 1990. (A leading interpreter of the Russian people returns to describe them in the time of great change.)

This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel. It was later edited and republished inNobel Lectures. To cite this document, always state the source as shown above.

To cite this section
MLA style: Mikhail Gorbachev - Biographical. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Media AB 2021. Thu. 6 May 2021. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1990/gorbachev/biographical/>

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1931: March 2, born, Privolnoye, Krasnogvardeisky District, Stavropol territory in the North Caucasus, to a peasant family in a small village, his father an agricultural mechanic on a collective farm. 1942: German army occupies the Privolnoye area. 1945: Begins work as assistant to combine harvest operator. 1949: Awarded Order of Red Banner of Labour.

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1991 八一九事件和冷戰結束 August Coup and the end of the Cold War

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1991 八一九事件和冷戰結束 August Coup and the end of the Cold War

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The late Cold War is characterized by a thaw in relations between the US and Soviet Union in the late 1980s, and mostly associated with the figure of Mikhail Gorbachev and his perestroika reforms in the Soviet Union. In the 1980's, Gorbachev and Reagan conducted a number of summits that led to the reduction of the two superpowers' nuclear arsenals. In 1989, Soviet forces withdrew from Afghanistan, and the revolutionary wave in East Europe replaced communist-backed governments and Soviet allies. At the Malta summit in December 1989, Gorbachev and US President George H.W. Bush declared the end of the Cold War. The next year, the Soviet Union consented to the reunification of Germany. In 1991, the Soviet Union broke up into 15 independent states.

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The late Cold War is characterized by a thaw in relations between the US and Soviet Union in the late 1980s, and mostly associated with the figure of Mikhail Gorbachev and his perestroika reforms in the Soviet Union. In the 1980's, Gorbachev and Reagan conducted a number of summits that led to the reduction of the two superpowers' nuclear arsenals.