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                      Extensive Explanation of CANDU reactors' Safety Systems

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                      Extensive Explanation of CANDU reactors' Safety Systems

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Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission - CNSC

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                What is the most responsible way to use this
energy technology?

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                What is the most responsible way to use this
energy technology?

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The most responsible way to use nuclear fission is to use the Canadian approach to nuclear fission. The Canadian way to use nuclear fission is to use the CANDU reactor. The CANDU reactor is one of the safest ways to use this energy technology because of its redundant safety features, well-trained staff, routine maintenance/monitoring/performance testing. There are backup generators which are independent of one another and the electrical grid, each generator has a minimum of three fail safes. Another responsible way is to share technological malfunctions in order to keep all reactors functioning in a safe manner.

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What is the estimated efficiency?  How did it provide an improvement in                                                               efficiency?

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What is the estimated efficiency?  How did it provide an improvement in                                                               efficiency?

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The estimated efficiency in a CANDU reactor in the Darlington nuclear plant is 35%. Thermal energy is created in a CANDU reactor, but not all the energy is captured and or converted. The CANDU reactor is an improvement from the other reactors, but the difference is not very great. For example, a nuclear fission reactor called the boiling water reactor (BWR) has an efficiency of 32%. Another nuclear fission reactor that has a similar efficiency is a pressurized water reactor (PWR) that has an efficiency of 34%.

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Nuclear Energy Explained: Risk or Opportunity

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                           Thermal Energy Losses in a CANDU Reactor

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                           Thermal Energy Losses in a CANDU Reactor

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1. The first main thermal energy loss in a CANDU reactor is when the moderator warms up the regular water. This is a primary loss in thermal energy because the thermal heat exchange is not completely exchanged. The heat that is not exchanged than goes back down to reactor, but before that, it is condensed therefore losing some of the thermal energy.

2. The second main loss in a CANDU reactor is when the thermal energy in the moderator, regular water, and the steam is absorbed by the wall. The wall holds the thermal energy, but the wall usually does not take that much thermal energy.

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                                       Identify
positive and negative environmental impacts.

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                                       Identify
positive and negative environmental impacts.

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The two major environmental factors of nuclear fission are the mining of the ore, and the consequences of a meltdown are negative impacts to the environment. Mining Uranium ore can affect the landscape by a lot, aesthetically, open pit mining is the worst, and underground mining can damage the ground’s integrity. Open pit mining will destroy the land on top, any forestry will be destroyed, and wildlife will lose their habitat.  The impact that most people see/hear is when the reactor has a meltdown. This will destroy the reactor building, and it will kill nature, and people nearby. And this depends on the explosion and how much radiation was leaked into the atmosphere. For example Chernobyl, a reactor was not operated properly and the nuclear fallout was 400 times that of Hiroshima.

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                                                     Electrical Energy

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                                                     Electrical Energy

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Electrical energy is created in a CANDU reactor when the water steam is moved through the pipes to the steam turbine causing the turbine to rotate and create electrical energy.

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Identify
positive and negative societal impacts. 
A societal impact affects people’s quality of life.

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Identify
positive and negative societal impacts. 
A societal impact affects people’s quality of life.

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Positive: The positive societal impacts include zero CO2 emissions, reactor safety measures, and the water sampling. In recent years, Carbon Dioxide emissions have sky rocketed, and this is affecting the Earth’s climate. Since nuclear fission doesn’t emit Carbon Dioxide which will ensure the climate is intact, and it will put people at ease. Society will see nuclear fission in a negative way because it has been weaponized, and they can presume that reactors will be unsafe. CANDU reactors are safe, they have multiple backups which will make sure the reactors shut down completely. The backup power supplies are earthquake qualified, there is a mix of standby generators, and have backups of backups. Ontario Power Generation has coordinated with local governments to be responsible for areas around the power stations, response teams are available 24/7, and safety measures are tested regularly. People who are not familiar with nuclear fission can believe that the water around the reactors will be radioactive which would make the water undrinkable. Ontario Power Generation states that “In its operating history, OPG has never exceeded regulatory limits on radioactive releases into the environment, and typically releases are extremely small when compared to the regulatory limits. “ (Ontario Power Generation).

Negative: The negative societal impacts include nuclear meltdowns, radiation spikes, and it reminds people of war. Society will look at the Chernobyl incident and believe that it will happen for other reactors. In terms of CANDU reactors, they have backup generators to maintain water flow to the components of the reactors, the control rods will stop the chain reactions, and highly trained staff around the clock. Another concern is that radiation escapes the reactor and spreads to nearby towns, and it is safe to say that radiation doesn’t leave the reactor.  A major societal impact is that if they live in a country that tends to make enemies that the enemies will use the reactors to make the areas radioactive. Because nuclear fission is grouped with nuclear missiles, society would be terrified if a reactor was near their home.

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                                                    Thermal Energy

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                                                    Thermal Energy

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Thermal energy is created in a CANDU reactor multiple times. When nuclear and kinetic energy heat up the moderator (heavy water) in a CANDU reactor it creates thermal  energy since the particles in the moderator start to move faster. After this occurs the moderator is then moved up to heat the regular water creating thermal energy exchange as it causes the particles in water to move faster and turn into steam.

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                                                      Kinetic Energy

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                                                      Kinetic Energy

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Kinetic energy occurs when the chain reactions start, since the number of neutrons increases exponentially it creates more kinetic energy because all neutrons are in motion.

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                                                    Nuclear Energy

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                                                    Nuclear Energy

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Nuclear energy is the stored energy inside of the nucleus. This energy transformation occurs in a CANDU reactor when the neutron is added to Uranium-238 exposing the energy inside of the nucleus from Uranium.

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What energy transformations are involved? Where are thermal energy                                       losses primarily occurring?

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What energy transformations are involved? Where are thermal energy                                       losses primarily occurring?

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How a nuclear generating station works. www.opg.com This video was reposted on Jan. 10, 2014 (original video posted on Nov. 11, 2010)

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                                    CANDU Reactor

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                                    CANDU Reactor

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Canadian Deuterium Uranium (CANDU) Reactor is one the most famous type of fission reactors that is primarily used in Canada. With two reactors in Ontario, it creates more than 50% of Ontario's electrical needs.

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                                            Works Cited

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                                            Works Cited

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Buongiorno, J. (n.d.). PWR Description. Retrieved May 29, 2016, from http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/nuclear-engineering/22-06-engineering-of-nuclear-systems-fall-2010/lectures-and-readings/MIT22_06F10_lec06a.pdf

CANDU technology - Canadian Nuclear Association. (n.d.). Retrieved May 29, 2016, from https://cna.ca/technology/energy/candu-technology/

Fission Reactors. (n.d.). Retrieved May 29, 2016, from http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/nuctek/fissionreactor.html

Jaffer, M. (2011, March 26). Impact of Nuclear Power Plants. Retrieved May 29, 2016, from http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2011/ph241/jaffer2/

McCarthy, J. (n.d.). FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT NUCLEAR ENERGY. Retrieved May 29, 2016, from http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/nuclear-faq.html

Nuclear Chain Reactions. (n.d.). Retrieved May 29, 2016, from http://www.atomicarchive.com/Fission/Fission2.shtml

Nuclear power. (n.d.). Retrieved May 29, 2016, from http://www.opg.com/generating-power/nuclear/Pages/nuclear.aspx

Nuclear Safety. (n.d.). Retrieved May 29, 2016, from http://www.opg.com/about/safety/nuclear-safety/Pages/nuclear-safety.aspx

Parts of a Uranium Mine - CNSC Online. (n.d.). Retrieved May 29, 2016, from http://www.nuclearsafety.gc.ca/cnsconline/pum-pmu/eng/index.cfm

Stone, R. (n.d.). Inside Chernobyl - National Geographic Magazine. Retrieved May 29, 2016, from http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2006/04/inside-chernobyl/stone-text/2

Taylor, A. (2011, March 21). The Chernobyl Disaster: 25 Years Ago. Retrieved May 29, 2016, from http://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2011/03/the-chernobyl-disaster-25-years-ago/100033/

The Canadian Nuclear Horn: That’s A Lot Of Uranium Eh? (Daniel... (2015, January 15). Retrieved May 29, 2016, from http://andrewtheprophet.com/blog/2015/01/15/the-canadian-nuclear-horn-thats-a-lot-of-uranium-eh/

Types of Nuclear Reactors - Georgia State University. (n.d.). Retrieved May 29, 2016, from http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/reactor.html

Uranium Mining Overview. (n.d.). Retrieved May 29, 2016, from http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/mining-of-uranium/uranium-mining-overview.aspx

Wolfe, E., Brown, E., Parker, D., & Bowers, R. (2002). Physics 11.

C. (2013). Nuclear Power Plant Safety Systems. Retrieved May 29, 2016, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yx_XoqXNtRM

O. (2014). Nuclear Power - How it Works. Retrieved May 29, 2016, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v6mSw8DdImI

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                           The Chain Reaction of Uranium -235

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                           The Chain Reaction of Uranium -235

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           Introduction To Nuclear Fission

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           Introduction To Nuclear Fission

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Nuclear Fission is the addition of a neutron to split a larger/heavier atom creating a chain reaction. A chain reaction is multiple reactions caused by the previous one

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                        Energy Transformation Equation For a CANDU Reactor

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                        Energy Transformation Equation For a CANDU Reactor

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Nuclear Energy---->Kinetic Energy---->Thermal Energy---->Electrical Energy