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"It also proved that Spirulina  can be consumed by diabetic patient that help in their diet."
- Mimouni, Y. et. al. (2015)

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Spirulina is able to help the malnutrition and anemia in the kids. It can be proved by the research conducted by Abed, E. et. al.  (2016) in Gaza, Palestine that suffer from wars.

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"Spirulina activates cellular antioxidant enzymes, inhibits lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, scavenges free radicals, and increases the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Besides, the clinical trials show that Spirulina prevents skeletal muscle damage under conditions of exercise-induced oxidative stress and can stimulate the production of antibodies and up- or downregulate the expression of cytokine-encoding genes to induce immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory responses.
- Qianghua, W. et. all. (2016)

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Abstract

Spirulina is a species of filamentous cyanobacteria that has long been used as a food supplement. In particular, Spirulina platensis and Spirulina maxima are the most important. Thanks to a high protein and vitamin content, Spirulina is used as a nutraceutical food supplement, although its other potential health benefits have attracted much attention. Oxidative stress and dysfunctional immunity cause many diseases in humans, including atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, and hypertension. Thus, the antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities of these microalgae may play an important role in human health. Here, we discuss the antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities of Spirulina in both animals and humans, along with the underlying mechanisms. In addition, its commercial and regulatory status in different countries is discussed as well. Spirulina activates cellular antioxidant enzymes, inhibits lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, scavenges free radicals, and increases the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Notably, there appears to be a threshold level above which Spirulina will taper off the antioxidant activity. Clinical trials show that Spirulina prevents skeletal muscle damage under conditions of exercise-induced oxidative stress and can stimulate the production of antibodies and up- or downregulate the expression of cytokine-encoding genes to induce immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory responses. The molecular mechanism(s) by which Spirulina induces these activities is unclear, but phycocyanin and β-carotene are important molecules. Moreover, Spirulina effectively regulates the ERK1/2, JNK, p38, and IκB pathways. This review provides new insight into the potential therapeutic applications of Spirulina and may provide new ideas for future studies.

Keywords

Spirulina Phycocyanin Antioxidant Immunomodulation Anti-inflammatory Mechanism of action

Abbreviations

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References

1. Abdel-Daim MM, Farouk SM, Madkour FF et al (2015) Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of Spirulina platensis in comparison to Dunaliella salina in acetic acid-induced rat experimental colitis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 37(2):126-139

2. Abdelkhalek NK, Ghazy EW, Abdel-Daim MM (2015) Pharmacodynamic interaction of Spirulina platensis and deltamethrin in freshwater fish Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus: impact on lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 22(4):3023-3031

3. Beheshtipour H, Mortazavian AM, Haratian P et al (2012) Effects of Chlorella vulgaris and Arthrospira platensis addition on viability of probiotic bacteria in yogurt and its biochemical properties. Eur Food Res Technol 235(4):719-728

4. Bergé JP, Debiton E, Dumay J et al (2002) In vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activity of sulfolipids from the red alga Porphyridium cruentum. J Agric Food Chem 50(21):6227-6232

5. El-Tantawy WH (2015) Antioxidant effects of Spirulina supplement against lead acetate-induced hepatic injury in rats. J Traditional Complem Med. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2015.02.001

6. Mallikarjun Gouda KG, Udaya Sankar K, Sarada R et al (2015) Supercritical CO ₂ extraction of functional compounds from Spirulina and their biological activity. J Food Sci Technol 52(6):3627-3633

7. Sin JB, Choi WY, Lee HY (2014) Comparison of anti-inflammatory activity of Spirulina maxima extract by ultrasonication and water extraction process Spirulina maxima. J Korean Soc Food Nutr 43(12):1852-1857

8. Somchit MN, Mohamed NA, Ahmad Z et al (2014) Anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic properties of Spirulina platensis and Spirulina lonar: a comparative study. Pak J Pharm Sci 27(5):1277-1280

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016

Authors and Affiliations

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The antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities of Spirulina: an overview

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Spirulina is a species of filamentous cyanobacteria that has long been used as a food supplement. In particular, Spirulina platensis and Spirulina maxima are the most important. Thanks to a high protein and vitamin content, Spirulina is used as a nutraceutical food supplement, although its other potential health benefits have attracted much attention.

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There are a lot of benefits of Spirulina  to human and environment. The list are :

- It is rich in protein, vitamin and minerals
- Help to boost the immunity
- Effective against anemia
- Help with weight loss
- Manage the cholestrol
- Help prevent the cancer
- Lower the blood pressure
- Able to manage the HIV/Aids possibility
- Preserve the bone health
- Antidote to poisoning
(http://www.prn.usm.my/poison_news00_july.php?pageNum_Recordset2=6&totalRows_Recordset1=39&totalRows_Recordset1=39)

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commercial spirulina

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-A. platensis inhabits tropical and subtropical bodies of water with high pH (8-11)
-It also inhabit in high levels of carbonate and bicarbonate.
-this bacteria can be classified as an alkaliphile because they prefer to grow in alkaline marine environment
-A. platensis
is a free floating organisms and form a mat of spirulina growth on the aqueous environment
-It can be found mainly in African lakes, such as Lake Magadi in Kenya, but also in Asian and South American regions, like Lake Lonar in India
-Besides natural habitat, it can be grown commercially
-The bacteria are grown in large, lined pools that can either have direct access to light or are placed under large lamps.
-optimal growth of A. platensis include standard mineral nutrient, a temperature range of 30-34 degrees C, pH range of 8.5-11, and a sodium light lamp

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i will be doing the cliptomize for introduction and metabolism part 

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i will be doing the cliptomize for introduction and metabolism part 

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Spirulina can improve lipid and glucose metabolism
- while reducing fat and sugar
due to the actice components
-phycocyanobilin (make up 1% of spirulina )

ACT IN METABOLIC ISSUES
function of cyanobilin is to inhibit an enzyme complex called Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADPH oxidase) -this inhibition can cause spirulina that providing the potent anti-oxidative  and anti-inflammatory effects

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-  The metabolic network was built up with 121 reactions.

- It also have 134 metabolites including :
* Biomass synthesis.
* Production of a growth-associated exopolysaccharide.
* Other energy aspects.

- It supports the metabolic shunt of :
* PEP to pyruvate through PEP carboxylase
* NAD(+) - dependent malate dehydrogenase
* Malic enzyme to convert NADH,H(+) into NADPH,H(+)

- Spirulina or arthrospira has its own limit of growth factors which is metabolism due to NADH,H(+) balancing.

- It have a few active component which is the main is phycocyanobilin, makes up 1% of spirulina.

- This compound inhibit the NADPH oxidase, so spirulina provides potent anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects.

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- Spirulina, A. platensis may be harmful to our health. Why?
- Bcoz it can absorbed toxic amounts of some substances; damage the cells
- Easily absorbs heavy metals; mercury and lead from its environment; water (bcoz usually it is grown in area with high concentrations of these metals) *but recently it is reported tht some manufacturers are  mindful about growing spirulina in a safe environmentmore
- According to some research, Spirulina contain Microcystins; groups of amino acids tht can be toxic to liver and nerves if we consumed it too much; damage our liver and nerves instantly
- During warm weather, it produces blooms tht contain a variety of toxins; some toxins/contaminated spirulina can cause a skin rash, allergic reactions, upset stomach, vomiting or nausea.
- These are important for children who have a lower tolerance to toxic substances (parents shud not ignored this)
- Spirulina can also cause gout and kidney stones as it contains an abundance of nucleic acids (Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center)
These substance which are related to DNA will produce uric acid when they are metabolized. Too much uric acid accumulates in our body will cause that problems.
- Spirulina also absorbs iodine which is present in water. Eventho we need iodine to produce our thyroid hormones but getting it from spirulina may cause more harm than good. We only need 150 micrograms of iodine daily. It is not safe to consume more thn 1100 micrograms daily. This is because spirulina contains 4500 micrograms of iodine in 1/4 ounce of dried seaweed(Linus Pauling Institute). Increase risk of thyroid cancer.

SAFETY CONCERNS; NOTES!
- Please purchase it from a reputable source to ensure tht u buy a safe product and consume it in moderation.
- Look for product tht do not contain higher concentration of microcystins.
- Limit your intake of spirulina to less than 50g per day as recommended by your physicians because it may interact with some medicines tht u prescripted.
- Do not consume spirulina if u hv phenylketonuria or PKU as it contains phenyalanine which people with PKU cant metabolize.
- Pregnant woman should avoid blue green algae because scientifically it is not safe for the development of baby.
- According to MedlinePlus, although some said tht spirulina is good and have all the nutritional value tht our body need, but still there isnt enough information or research done to support its ability to prevent or treat health conditions.

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-A. platensis may be grown using brackish and recycled water
-A. platensis can be cultivated on infertile land
-A. platensis can be easily harvested, filtered and washed
-A. platensis is rich in easily digested protein and phytochemicals
-can be obtained in high yields and has minimal growth requirements