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was a landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities

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was a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court on US labor law and constitutional law

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Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865.

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American abolitionist, humanitarian, and an armed scout and spy for the United States Army during the American Civil War.

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fourth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

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James Madison, Jr. was a political theorist, American statesman, and the fourth President of the United States.

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Thomas Jefferson was an American Founding Father and the principal author of the Declaration of Independence.

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English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism"

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was an English politician and colonizer. He achieved domestic political success as a Member of Parliament and later Secretary of State under King James I

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the former practice of segregating black people in the US.

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a tax levied on every adult, without reference to income or resources.

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29. Freedmen's Bureau 
							
						
					
				
			
		

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29. Freedmen's Bureau 
							
						
					
				
			
		

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a U.S. federal government agency established in 1865 to aid freedmen (freed slaves) in the South during the Reconstruction era of the United States, which attempted to change society in the former Confederacy.

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the 15th Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits states from denying voting rights to citizens based on race, color or previous condition of servitude

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an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1868, defining national citizenship and forbidding the states to restrict the basic rights of citizens or other persons.

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abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. In Congress, it was passed by the Senate on April 8, 1864, and by the House on January 31, 1865.

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Reconstruction refers to the period following the Civil War of rebuilding the United States. It was a time of great pain and endless questions.

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a presidential proclamation and executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863. In a single stroke, it changed the federal legal status of more than 3 million enslaved people in the designated areas of the South from "slave" to "free".

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the action or an act of abolishing a system, practice, or institution.

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a Protestant religious revival movement during the early 19th century in the United States. The movement began around 1790, gained momentum by 1800 and, after 1820, membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations whose preachers led the movement.

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the 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

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A member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, a religion founded in the US in 1830 by Joseph Smith, Jr.

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In 1838 and 1839, as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma. The Cherokee people called this journey the "Trail of Tears," because of its devastating effects.

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principle of US policy, originated by President James Monroe in 1823, that any intervention by external powers in the politics of the Americas is a potentially hostile act against the US.

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The Louisiana Purchase (1803) was a land deal between the United States and France, in which the U.S. acquired approximately 827,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million

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a procedure by which a court can review an administrative action by a public body and secure a declaration, order, or award.

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the clause in the First Amendment of the US Constitution that prohibits the establishment of religion by Congress.

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Free Exercise Clause refers to the section of the First Amendment italicized here: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise

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the first ten amendments to the US Constitution, ratified in 1791 and guaranteeing such rights as the freedoms of speech, assembly, and worship.

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the federal principle or system of government.

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Non supporter of federalism

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supporter of federalism

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was an agreement that large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that in part defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have under the United States.

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the original constitution of the US, ratified in 1781, which was replaced by the US Constitution in 1789.

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The Declaration of Independence of the United States lists life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness as natural rights.

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The Declaration of Independence is defined as the formal statement written by Thomas Jefferson declaring the freedom of the thirteen American colonies from Great Britain.

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The American Revolution was a political upheaval that took place between 1765 and 1783 during which colonists in the Thirteen American Colonies rejected the British monarchy and aristocracy, overthrew the authority of Great Britain, and founded the United States of America.

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The Sons of Liberty was an organization of American colonists that was created in the Thirteen American Colonies. The secret society was formed to protect the rights of the colonists and to fight taxation by the British government.

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A series of military engagements between Britain and France in North America between 1754 and 1763. The French and Indian War was the American phase of the Seven Years' War.

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Baron de Montesquieu created the seperation of power into 3 branches: legislative, judicial, and executive.

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The Enlightenment is a period of intellectual ferment in the thirteen American colonies in the period 1714–1818.