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It is an extinct species of the genus Homo that inhabited Europe, the Near East, the Middle East and Central Asia, between 230,000 and 40,000 years before the present, approximately; during the late Middle Pleistocene and almost all of the Upper Pleistocene. When its discovery took place, it was named Homo neanderthalensis, and it was classified as a species other than Homo sapiens. However, some authors consider it as a subspecies of Homo sapiens1, and this subspecies is often referred to as Homo sapiens neanderthalensis.2

Paleogenetic studies indicate a common origin for modern humans and Neanderthals, as well as hybridizations between the two hominin species in at least two different places and times: the Near East and Western Europe. Anatomically, Neanderthals were more robust than modern humans, with a wide thorax and hips and short limbs. The skull is characterized by its double superciliary arch, elusive forehead, the absence of a chin, and a median cranial capacity greater than that of Homo sapiens sapiens. Anatomical and genetic studies point to the possibility that they had an articulate language.

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It is a subspecies that includes current human beings and previous members of the Homo sapiens species with a physical appearance consistent with their phenotypes.

Anatomically modern humans are thought to have inhabited Africa and dispersed into Europe and Asia in the Middle Pleistocene, approximately 100,000 years ago, in various migratory movements across the Arabian peninsula.4

The anatomically modern human evolved from more primitive Homo sapiens in the Middle Palaeolithic, about 200,000 years ago.5 This evolution marks the arrival of the subspecies Homo sapiens sapiens, that is, the subspecies that includes all modern humans. The oldest fossil remains of Homo sapiens discovered to date are from so-called Kibish men, dating back 195,000 (± 5,000) years ago, discovered in 1967 in the Omo River Valley in southern Ethiopia by Richard Leakey.

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It is a species of the order of the primates belonging to the hominid family. They are also known under the generic name of "humans." Human beings possess mental capacities that allow to invent, learn and use complex linguistic structures, logic, mathematics, writing, music, science and technology. Humans are social animals capable of conceiving, transmitting and learning totally abstract concepts.

Homo sapiens are indisputably considered both those who have the anatomical characteristics of current human populations and what is defined as "modern behavior." The oldest remains attributed to Homo sapiens are found in Morocco, at 315,000 years.2 The oldest evidence of modern behavior is at Pinnacle Point (South Africa), at 165,000 years.

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Australopithecines are an extinct genus of hominid primates. Species of this genus inhabited Africa from just over 3.9 million years ago to about 2 million years ago, from Zanclian to Gelasian. The greatest novelty contributed by the australopithecines is that they moved bipedally.

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Ardipithecus ramidus is an extinct species of hominin, probably a hominin and perhaps an ancestor of humans. "Ardi" means soil, "pithecus" in Greek means monkey ... and ramid is root, in the language of the place where the first remains were found.

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Homo naledi is a species of extinct hominin of the genus Homo that lived in what is now South Africa.

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The most recent group, the Homo group that we belong to, could now walk long
distances. They had large brains that gave them the ability to use tools.

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Homo erectus is an extinct hominin, which lived between 2 million years and 117,000 years before the present. The classical Homo erectus inhabited East Asia.