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This small little cute scientist has researched on this Mysterious Civilization

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Mohenjo Daro | Indus Valley Civilization

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The Indus Valley Civilization: The Masters of the River

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Tour of Indus valley in six minutes |Sindh | Makli

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Rise and Fall of Indus Valley Civilization

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What Was The Indus Valley/Harappan Civilisation?

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ART AND INVENTIONS OF THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION:

Top INVENTIONS prospered during the Bronze Age which was from 3300 to 1300 BCE. It was also known as the Harappan Civilization which extended from northeast Afghanistan – Pakistan till Northwest India.

The history of this civilization is considered as a mysterious one, whose end also remains a mystery.

Besides mysterious decline and history, inventions and creations are also considered as a subject of interest for the researchers.

Some of the inventions with the highest significance are the ornamental buttons, various cooking methods, and a script.

There are numerous other significant inventions of Indus Valley Civilization, and top 10 out of them are mentioned below with their details.

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10. Ornamental buttons made from seashell

Ornamental buttons are one of the most significant inventions of Indus Valley Civilization. They were made from the seashell during 2000 BCE.

Usually, buttons are used for fastening purposes, but the purpose of inventing buttons in the Indus Valley Civilization was to use it as an ornament for various events and programmes.

Buttons made during that period had holes pierced in them and were made in various geometrical shapes, and such buttons were used to attach to some clothes with thread.

Some buttons were also made from copper and alloys, and those were the ones amongst the expensive lot. But, mostly the buttons made from seashell were famous and widely used during the Bronze Age.

Related: Top 10 Inventions and Achievements of Mesopotamia

9. Origination of Stepwell

The stepwell was first found in Mohenjo Daro, one of the famous archaeological places in Pakistan and Dholavira of India. The evidence of their existence was first seen and proved in these places.

The first stepwell found in Indus Valley is three times larger than the famous Great Bath at Mohenjo Daro. It was found around 5,000 years ago.

It is a combination of three significant features: a bathing pool, structures of religiously essential figures, and steps leading towards water.

The Indian Jains and Buddhists later adapted these combinations and creations in their architecture. Mainly the adaptation by Buddhism made it possible to reach the creation and concept to other parts of the world.

8. The invention of the Ruler

The ruler was invented during 1500 BCE in the Indus Valley Civilization. They were made out of Ivory which were widely in use in that area.

During the unrevealing at the Lothal around 2400 BCE, a ruler measuring about 1/16 inch, which is a little less than 2 mm, was found. It is proved to be about 4400 years old.

The ruler that was made at Mohenjo- Daro was divided into numerous units correlating to 33.5 mm. The correlating units were marked in the decimal subdivision, which had an accurate measurement of 0.13 mm.

The fire-baked bricks were measured with the uniform units using the alloy ruler, and the baths and structures had those same sized bricks in them.

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RELIGION OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION:
The Indus Valley religion is polytheistic and is made up of Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism.

There are many seals to support the evidence of the Indus Valley Gods. Some seals show animals which resemble the two gods, Shiva and Rudra. Other seals depict a tree which the Indus Valley believed to be the tree of life. The tree was guarded by a spirit to keep the evil forces away from the tree. The guardian was potrayed by many animals such as bull, snake, goat, or any other mythical creature or animal. The evil force is represented by a tiger. One seal shows a figure sitting in a position that may be similar to a yoga pose and is thought to be an early representation of a Hindu God.

The Indus people worshipped a Father God who may have been the forefather of the race.
Figurines found led the scholars to believe that the Indus people worshipped a Mother Goddess symbolising fertility.
They worshipped fertility symbols which were round or pierced stones, a practice that was performed before the worship of Shiva and Parvati in the form of Sivalinga. They may have believed in magical rituals, charms and amulets and also demons and spirits.
The Sun was regarded as one of the greatest gods. Another seal shows a horned figure surrounded by animals such as the deer, antelope, rhinoceros, elephant, tiger and buffalo. The horned figure is called Pashupati which means the lord of the cattle. Pashupati is similar to the gods, Rudra and Shiva.
During the early days of their culture, the Indus people buried their dead. Afterwards, they conducted cremations and kept the ashes in urns. They may have believed in life after death after the discovery of pottery items and ornaments in the burial grounds.

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LIFESTYLE OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION:
These farmers lived together in villages which grew over time into large ancient cities, like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. The Indus people needed river water to drink, wash and to irrigate their fields. They may also have used water in religious ceremonies. To the Indus people, their river was 'The King River'.

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CULTURE OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION:
Although the religion of the Indus valley and their social practices were very unique to the countries around them, the people of the Indus valley did have some influences from their neighbours India and in particular Persia. Although many cultures developed due to contact with other civilisations such as Sumer and Egypt that were wealthy and progressive for the time the Indus valley flourished by themselves. Although religious practices were of Hindu basis, the Indus valley added and developed new traditions and elements of their religion making something particularly traditional their own.
The Indus valley was also one of the first civilisations to develop  farming to produce mass materials. The Indus valley also developed a form of tax, which involved the giving of grain as a base of economy.
They avoided these destructive outside influences, by the use of palaces and gathering places as a well-rounded and open place of religious practices rather than monumental statues and tombs that tended to cause controversy. The Indus valley also made sure to not link religion and warfare together to keep peace and avoid uprising, another prominent key to their success.

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ARCHITECTURE OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION:
There was a sophisticated concept of town planning in the Indus Valley Civilization. From the excavated remains, it is clear that it possessed a flourishing urban architecture. There were well-planned grids with broad main roads and smaller lanes intersecting at right angles.

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LANGUAGE OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION:
1400 BC? Indus script? The Harappan language is the unknown language or languages of the Bronze Age (2nd millennium BC) Harappan civilization (Indus Valley Civilization, or IVC).

Writing system: Indus script

Language family: unclassified

Glottolog: Harappan

Extinct: 1400 BC

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GEOGRAPHY OF THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION:
The Indus River Valley civilization was located in a small area of land in what is now Pakistan and India. Aside from being on the banks of the large Indus river, the Indus Valley civilization was surrounded by forests, deserts, and oceans, making it a very fertile land.
CLIMATE OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION:
The climate of the Indus valley ranges from that of the dry semidesert areas of Sindh and Punjab provinces to the severe high mountain climate of Kohistan, Hunza, Gilgit, Ladakh, and western Tibet.