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Timeline: Persecution of the Jewish community

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Timeline: Persecution of the Jewish community

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1933

The SA organised a boycott of Jewish shops and businesses.

Books by Jewish authors were publicly burnt.

Jewish civil servants, lawyers and teachers were sacked, and Jewish doctors and dentists could not treat Aryans.

Jews were not allowed to own farms.

Science lessons about race were introduced which taught that Jews were subhuman.

1934

Jewish shops were marked with a yellow star.

Jews had to sit on separate seats on buses and trains. Many councils banned them from public spaces.

1935

The Nuremberg Laws stripped Jews of German citizenship, outlawed marriage and sexual relations between Jews and Germans, and removed all the civil and political rights of the Jews. These laws were to be the foundation for much of the extreme persecution which took place later.

·      Jews were not allowed in the army.

1936

There was no visible public persecution of Jews in Berlin during the Olympics but it continued in other areas.

1938

Jews were ordered to register all wealth and property.

They could no longer practice as doctors or lawyers, and Jewish businessmen could not have Aryan clients.

Jews were forced to change their first names: males would be known as Israel, females as Sarah.

Jewish children were forbidden to go to school and universities.

Kristallnacht - 9 November (The Night of Broken Glass). The SS organised attacks on Jewish homes, businesses and synagogues in retaliation for the assassination of the German ambassador to France by a Jew. During Kristallnacht, 400 synagogues and 7,500 shops were destroyed. Jews were then made to clear up the destruction on their hands and knees and pay a fine of one billion marks to the government. The remaining Jewish property was then confiscated.

1939

The Nazis, who had been encouraging Jews to emigrate from 1933 onwards, now started “forced” emigration. Göring set up the Reich Central Office for Jewish Emigration (Reichszentrale für jüdische Auswanderung). 150,000 Jews were deported, but they had to pay a large “tax” before they could leave.

In March, there were mass arrests. 30,000 Jews were sent to concentration camps.

1942

Wansee Conference (20 January) decided on the Final Solution, which was to gas all Europe's Jews. The main death camps were at Auschwitz, Treblinka and Sobibor.

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Members of the SA picket in front of a Jewish place of business during the Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses, 1 April 1933. (German National Archives)

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Members of the SA picket in front of a Jewish place of business during the Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses, 1 April 1933. (German National Archives)

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20 January 1942:

Nazi leaders meet up at the Wannsee Conference to determine plans to kill/eliminate all Jews in Europe. à This plan would result in the deadliest phase of the Holocaust, or the “Final Solution”.

Heinrich Himmler was the master planner of the aforementioned plan.
1942, Nazis had already built six death camps in Poland to expedite killings of Jews
Posen Conference, October 1943, Nazi leaders discuss wartime strategies.
Jews were sent to concentration camps/ghettos, waiting to be sent to death camps. Once they arrived at the death camp, their possessions would be taken away, and they would be gassed to death.

Cruel and inhumane medical experiments were sometimes performed on them before they were sent to their deaths.
Because Germany was short of labour, many healthy young Jews were sent to factories where they were then worked to death.

Nazis would also send Jews in the concentration camps on death marches toward German-controlled territory. About a quarter of a million Jews died on these marches.
*By the end of WWII, an estimated one-third of the world’s Jewish population would be dead**

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In April 1933, the Nazis called for a national boycott of Jewish businesses in order to segregate the Jews from the rest of German society and to financially destroy them.

By 1934, all Jewish shops were marked with the Star of David or "Juden''. SA men stood outside Jewish shops to make sure Germans did not enter the shops. Jews were only permitted to sit in places marked as Juden . Nazis burned Jewish books and took away businesses and properties from them.

They were no longer allowed to practice their profession.

The Night of Broken Glass (Kristallnacht), 1938. In November 1938, a Nazi diplomat was shot dead by a Jewish boy in Paris. Hitler used this as an excuse and ordered a campaign of terror to be unleashed on Jews.

In September 1939, Germany invaded Poland and forced Jews into 'ghettos', which were in a way similar to slums, being overcrowded and lacking basic necessities. People thus died of illnesses and starvation.

In June 1941, Germany invaded the SU. Mobile killing units killed the Jews . Mass murders of Jews were also carried out in other countries.

By the end of 1942, approximately 1.3 million Jews had been killed.