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LVA : sélectionner 2 documents à imprimer en double (pour vous et l'examinateur)
LVO : tout réimprimer

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LVA : sélectionner 2 documents à imprimer en double (pour vous et l'examinateur)
LVO : tout réimprimer

# data[].attributes.body
LVA : sélectionner 2 documents à imprimer en double (pour vous et l'examinateur)
LVO : tout réimprimer

# data[].attributes.body
LVA : sélectionner 2 documents à imprimer en double (pour vous et l'examinateur)
LVO : tout réimprimer

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à faire signer par la direction

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à faire signer par la direction

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bac FICHE PRESENTATION DOSSIER LVA - 2019

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Repeal the 8th! Abortion is now legal in Ireland

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Repeal the 8th! Abortion is now legal in Ireland

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- video report & article :
* Before abortion was legal, what risks were women facing ? (legally and physically)
* Connections with the #MeToo movement and the Women's March?
* Why is this Repeal the 8th movement heroic for women in Ireland? Mention some key moments in the history of abortion in Ireland to justify your answer.

Abortion has always been illegal in Ireland (until last year) and the 8th amendment introduced in 1983 made it even worse (pro-life lobby groups were showcasing wide pictures of dead foetuses in the street and this propaganda was constant in Ireland).

Following the new wave of feminism & the MeToo movement, a group of feminist activists campaigned to repeal (abroger) the 8th in Ireland in 2018 (a landslide victory! = victoire écrasante). Illegal/backstreet and unsafe abortions had to stop. Women who couldn't abort were using hangers (cintres), harmed themselves, overdosed (underground abortive pills traffick) or committed suicide.  Besides, women having babies out of marriage could be sent to Magdalene laundries which were asylums for mothers. These "fallen women" were ill-treated and psychologically as well as physically abused there...

Ireland being a very conservative country, contributed to stigmatizing women who had "sinned" and punished them.
The Repeal the 8th movement is also a rallying cry for other minorities: gays, lesbians, transsexuals... to stop being villified and stigmatized by a very retrograde and regressive mindset.

Anna Cosgrave (Repeal the 8th project founder) and other helpers could be considered as heroes since they manifested the Irish fighting spirit in a very conservative society, stood up against injustice, abuse, and ushered a new era (entamer une nouvelle ère), a revolution in Ireland. They didn't ask for permission, and after centuries under a patriarchal and abusive system, took the power back.

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i-D Voices: Ireland and the 8th Amendment

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'I Won't Go Back To It' : Irish Women Poets and the Iconic Feminine, an example : Eavan Boland

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'I Won't Go Back To It' : Irish Women Poets and the Iconic Feminine, an example : Eavan Boland

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- Text : what is Eavan Boland's poetry about? What is she denouncing or clearly expressing?
- "I began to write in a world in Ireland where the word "woman" and the word "poet" were magnetic opposites". She says she feels the collective responsibility for this, what does she mean? Why can she be considered as an inspirational woman in Ireland?

As Ireland is a country steeped in catholicism and traditionalism, women have always been considered as the housekeepers, the homemakers. The lack of role models for women was blatant. Being a woman and a writer seemed to be an utter dichotomy.
As women and muses are objectified, when women become writers, they become subjects and get control over their lives.

Boland wrote about the risks for women to become a passive projection of a national idea of what a woman should be.
The woman is often seen as the muse of a male poet or artist, a passive and weak muse. The "muse of mimic art" stands for the signpost (panneau indicateur) that women become once they accept to fit in a preconceived role, based on imitation and tradition. Besides, this muse is also a "tricoteuse" both refering to women's traditional roles (sewing, knitting... being a good housewife and mother) but also the Fates (les Parques) the Goddesses of Destiny weaving the canvas of life and death. This gives a fatalist tone to the poem, even more enhanced by the use of the words "criminal" and "ruthless bitch". Being reduced to this role of a muse is an existential trap.

In Boland's poem, she's enumerating the daily chores mixed with domestic violence and everyday's hardships : "the kitchen screw, the dish... the scream of beaten women" juxtaposed in a nominal sentence emphasizing the accumulation of the chores and the violence now seeming trivial.

"You are the Muse of all our mirrors", the mirrors show a raw and harsh picture of women : battered, anorectic, sick, abused... The mirror often used as an artefact of beauty is here used to show the uncompromising truth.

"She is saying,
This is my body
Listen."

Boland is deflecting (détourner) the bible and Christ's words during the Eucharist (sharing Christ' body and blood through bread and wine) to urge men to respect her body. This may sound quite ironic as Ireland is a very religious country, but Boland is deflecting this religious fervour in order to draw attention on women's bodies and souls, and how they should be respected and honoured as well.

Eavan Boland is a heroine as she is expressing and confronting her readers to the trivialised (banalisée) violence women suffer everyday in their lives and domestic routines. She contributes to changing Irish people's minds, exposing an unwanted but necessary truth.

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Eavan Boland - Lifetime Achievement Award, BGE Irish Book Awards 2017

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- Context of the song?
- Why is the song entitled "Zombie"?
- Pay close attention to the clip :
* passages in black and white / sceneries and landscapes + saturated electric guitars with gloomy melody
* passages in colour : Dolores (the singer) is represented as who? why? -> need to do some research about the references in the clip
* status of the kids in the clip? how does it end?
- why could this song be seen as heroic?

The song was released in 1993, a troubled time when many people died (casualties) because of the conflict between Republican nationalists and Unionists/loyalists, between Catholics and Protestants. The IRA bombed the cities  at the border of Northern Ireland, constraining people to live in segregated towns, and lead segregated lives.
The clip is divided into two parts : one in black and white which deals with the past, the sad story of the two kids killed during the bombing, and the part in colour in a phantasmagorical mise en scene. The singer is represented as St Sebastian who was a martyr and died to let his people live: it's a story of self-sacrifice over religious matters. This mise en scene clearly symbolises the conflict between both parties.
At the end of the clip, the two kids (from the bnw part) are dead, and so are the kids (disguised as silver angels)  in the mise en scene. They are screaming, showing their grief and pain. The choice of the title of the song reveals how brainwashed the soldiers could be when they destroyed, bombed and shattered cities, slaughtered civilians (ont massacré des citoyens)... to transform other people into more zombies... It's a never-ending circle.

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The Cranberries - Zombie (Official Music Video)

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Protest songs : Sinead O'Connor, This is a rebel song

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Protest songs : Sinead O'Connor, This is a rebel song

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Context in Northern Ireland :
- The Troubles : conflict between who? why?
- Northern Ireland = still tied to the UK
- Song : relationship between the Englishman and her (the Irish woman)?
- Parallel between a toxic/abusive relationship and the UK and Ireland's relationship?
- Why is Sinead O Connor an inspirational Celtic woman here?

This song released in 1997 combines sweet words with a very serious topic: even though many civilians were killed, there is no hate nor anger/wrath in this song. It is a song about forgiveness, about being the bigger person when there's trouble in a relationship. The singer imagines she's in a relationship with an Englishman (she's Irish) and the social conflicts are metaphorised as problems you could have in a relationship.
Four aspects of love are discussed in this song, a sexual love ("my hard Englishman" which also reveals the ambivalence nature of the lover), desire, a friendly concern,  a family bond/tie/connection (she evokes the "sons") and love out of respect (par respect) for one another. She's speaking on behalf of (au nom de) all Irish people. She urges him to make peace "don't be cold" and be done with the distant/stern behaviour. She plays with the clichés related to the English (hard and cold) in order to only focus on gentle and positive aspects such as forgiveness and mutual respect.
The title is quite ironic: she's setting the tone (donne le ton), it's going to be "a rebel song", but the song only discusses love, means no harm and is trying to find constructive solutions, despite the Irish people feeling very resentful (rancunier/amer) towards the English, Sinead urges her listener to overcome their resentment and anger.

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Mhairi Black : 20 year-old politician goes Braveheart

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Mhairi Black : 20 year-old politician goes Braveheart

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“I reach out a genuine hand of friendship that I can only hope will be taken. Let us come together. Let us be that opposition. Ultimately people are needing a voice, people are needing help. Let’s give them it.” (Mhairi Black's speech)

She's delivering a passionate and raw speech in which she's urging the SNP (Scottish National Party) to unite against the Conservative party. She's also referring to William Wallace (famous Scottish knight fighting for Scottish independence, a story beautifully staged and filmed in Braveheart).

She's impressively mature and eloquent for her very young age (barely 20 at the time! she is now 24). Lately, she was the first MP (member of parliament) who used the C-word in Parliament to denounce the homophobic and mysogynistic insults she received. She's been outrageously vilified and lampooned (publicly criticised) and fought back outspokenly (boldly)

- Link between Mhairi Black and mythical heroes?
she embodies the fighting spirit of Scotland
words replace swords = being outspoken is the new (Mhairi) Black
still fighting for the outcast, the underdog, the Scottish people who fiercely crave for independence.

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Mhairi Black: Applause greets youngest MP's maiden speech - BBC News

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text :

- Lady MacBeth's plan : urging her husband to kill for the crown, challenging his masculinity, daring him to "man up"

- Lady MacBeth's attitude :
Feisty, manipulative, a "sneaky snake", she has quite a silver tongue (she can convince anyone) and some nerves of steel!

- MacBeth's reaction :
first he's startled/shocked, then he obeys, does as she says

- Gender roles in the text :
completely reversed, woman on top, getting the upper hand, bossing her husband around

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Video : have a look at the short parody to picture how feisty Black Agnes was!

Text :
- English army at the beginning VS at the end of the text : The English attempted to invade her castle (1338), but she was pugnaciously defending her territory and never surrendered (se rendre) : she pretended to dust the walls, she was sneaking food in her castle so she could live for months without leaving her siege. British army : powerful but didn't manage to enter = they threw down the gauntlet bc she was too strong

- Lady Agnes' personality :
cannot be tamed (domesticated), she's a bit sarcastic, making fun of them, humiliating them, challenges their masculinity, feisty, unruly, impetuous..

- Link between her personality and the nation of Scotland :
fierce, proud. + l.25 "the mighty conquerors" made up a song about her in order to acknowledge her strength, superiority, immortalise her and perpetuate her story through centuries.

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Horrible Histories Scotland: Black Agnes defends Dunbar Castle, WW2 Interbellum hyperinflation

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PETIT BILAN : Common points between Boudica, Skaaha and the Jacobites? 

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PETIT BILAN : Common points between Boudica, Skaaha and the Jacobites? 

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- bravery
- strength
- determination
- each tribe is in position of inferiority, fighting against stronger enemies/opponents
- fighting for their land
- boldness
- their main strategy is no strategy : it relies on their unpredictability, their frenzy, their audacity, their vigor.

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The battle of Culloden, David Morier, 1746

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The battle of Culloden, David Morier, 1746

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British (the Red Coats) against Scottish (the Jacobites, in favour of Prince Charles) fought in 1746 in Culloden. The Jacobites wanted to surprise their opponents, sneak up on (s'approcher furtivement) them and attack them at night. But the Scottish had been walking for hours in marshy moors (landes marécageuses) and were starving and exhausted : the battle ended within the hour: the Jacobite forces, with the wind and rain against them, succumbed to the government’s army. Jacobite casualties (deaths) are estimated to have been between 1,500 and 2,000, while only 50 deaths and 239 wounded were recorded on the opposing side.
The aftermath (after the battle) : clan chiefs were stripped of their power, the tartan was banned. It put an end to the clan system in Scotland, and stigmatized the Scottish.

If we briefly analyse the weapons and outfits for the Redcoats (British) and the Jacobites (Scottish), we quickly understand that the Scots were deprived of efficient weapons, their outfit wasn't really suitable for battle, and they were wearing too much weight and elements to be really effective during the battle.

This dichotomy and this British superiority is blatant (obvious) in the painting. David Morier gave an accurate representation of the battle since he accompanied the soldiers all along the battle.
The British on the right handside clearly get the upper hand as they are gaining ground and submit the Scots with their bayonets and muskets. Their vivid uniform is standing out in this gloomy weather that seems nothing but ominous (de mauvaise augure) and threatening. The Scots' uniforms and bodies (stooped : voûtés, defeated, lying on the ground for some) are merging (mixing) with the dark clouds, slowly fading away in this greyish scenery.

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David Morier, (1705? - Around 8 January 1770) was an Anglo- Swiss painter of portraits, military subjects and historical scenes around and after the time of the War of the Austrian Succession and the related Jacobite rising of 1745.

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Historical reconstitution, construction of the myth.
Skaaha, who is a warrior queen fighting for her territory, is showing her enemy their "custom" : dead men hanged in trees. She's making an example, she embodies fear. She's shrouded in mystery (drapée de mystère) and she's using her charisma to pass a message : she knows she's got leverage (a way to put pressure) on the man. By showing him what she could do to him and his people, she is manifesting her power, giving a gruesome (horrible) warning.
Skaaha is characterized as a gorgeous and charismatic woman, she epitomizes femininity (she's associated with the moon, l.37) but also a brutal, frightful, cold, and virile force (l.10-15).
Besides, she's using the 3rd person when she refers to herself, and uses a metaphor (that sounds a bit biblical and mythical : "the Shadow of Death", in order to grant herself even more power), she's the death-bringer herself.

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Ideas
Revenge, The Chosen One, sacrifice, reward, hope, strength, unity, family, pay a tribute/respects/homage to the past warriors, « strategy and wisdom », cold-blooded warriors

Tools
Exclamations : « What a cruel world this is ! » / « How cruel this world is ! » « Such a cruel world it is ! »
Imperative (fight!)
Superlatives (the most incredible)
Hyperboles and exaggerations
Metaphors
Repetitions & Enumerations

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Barbarians Rising: Boudica, Warrior Queen | History

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Celtic queen Boudica avenges her brutal humiliation at the hands of the Romans with a merciless campaign of fire and blood in this web exclusive.

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She was injured, whipped/flogged, she endured great ordeals but survived them, never gave up, it made her even stronger, she's strong-willed.
She had only one battle left to win, she almost set free the whole country from Roman invasion. Her strategy relies on unpredictability, chaos, frenzy (frénésie).
She also had 2 daughters : being a mother didn't stop her from being a leader. Her daughters got raped, but still fought after that
She earned even more respect.

Naked + body painting = no protection, but they believed the Gods would protect them,

« Had she succeeded, Rome would have withdrawn »
Si elle avait réussi...

She inspired Queen Elizabeth, she's the epitome of strength, bravery and standing up against injustice.
This is an example of what women could be, history proved there was some regression regarding the place of women in society.

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1) Brief analysis + interpretation of the painting
2) Read + highlight the place of women in Celtic societies + the roles of Goddesses and their main aspects

- Queen Medb  (painting) :
Both virile and feminine, wearing a coat of armour, throwing a spear (lance), riding  a horse, leading an army.
- Symbol of force, strength and death : embodied by the raven/crow

- The place of women in Celtic societies  :
it was a matriarchy, women were worshipped for they were both a spiritual and moral pivot. They could engage in politics, become Druids, communicate with spirits and lead or take some important political decisions.

- The roles and aspects of the Goddesses :
Goddesses (in this polytheistic society) were summoned (invoked) for help. This ritual oftent needed a sexual encounter (often polyamorous). They were considered as superb goddesses of fertility. Similarly, the Irish Queen Medb (Maeve) was often represented as a domineering queen who uses sex to manipulate men and events.

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Read the texts + have a look at the different pictures + try to enrich this brainstorming with your own personal references about Inspirational Celtic Women.
What are their common points? Is there some sort of "Celtic spirit"?

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MAP : What do you notice about the distribution of the Celts?
[Kelts]

What are the most important characteristics of the Celts? (beliefs / names / weapons...)

They spread widely in Europe during the Iron Age (600 before Christ to 43 after Christ).

Close to nature :
Celts were mostly farmers, nature was to be worshipped and respected.

Fighting spirit : they relentlessly fought againt the Roman conquerors, using swords, spears and their incredible combativeness and belligerence.

Polytheistic societies : they believed in many different gods, asked them for favours... Druids (communicating with spirits) had also political functions among tribes...

Matriarchal societies :
Women had a remarkable social status, they could take prominent roles and become  judges, bards (storytellers), leaders... They could choose their marriage partners, divorce and  inherit lands from mother to daughter.

Strong independence still today :
Their influence is still prevalent now in Wales, Scotland and Ireland where Welsh and Gaelic languages are still being spoken and taught as a sign of cultural and intellectual independence.

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A partir de 11 min.

Lyrics :
- highlight the different lexical fields in the text
- find 2 rhetorical questions, what is their function?
- find 4 comparisons/similes & explain them
- "I'll rise" : what myth can this song refer to? What does that say about the black community?

Live :
- comment on the posture / attitude of the singer, what does his gesture refer to?
-> Ben Harper supports the black panther movement with this famous salute salute (fist clenched)which is a symbol of power / self-assertion (you stand up for your rights)

1. Lexical fields : violence/belittlement (shot me / cut me / shame / broken) + sadness (pain / weakened / tears / cries / gloom) + happiness (happiness / confidence / laugh ) + wealth (goldmine / diamond mine / oil well :puits de pétrole) = emotional but very contradictory / paradoxical, it's an emotional rollercoaster

2. « Does my happiness upset you / why are you best with gloom » = dwell on / point out / underscore / underline the fact that some racist people may be upset because of the happiness / freedom of the black community, it's a theoretical question, he's not really asking the audience, he wants them to question themselves about this, this could be seen as an ironic statement. He's mocking some white people who are selfish, feel superior to others, feel power-hungry, hateful / scornful / disdainful (méprisant) towards the African-American community.

3. « Cause I walk like I've got a diamond mine » = walking proudly, not showing any misery/sadness.
« Cause I laugh like I've got an oil well » = simile for wealth, but not material wealth, he has some sort of power = positive thoughts / self-love / self-esteem / self-confidence / he's grateful for his ordeals, his legacy, his experience...

4. « still like the dust I'll rise » : this metaphor refers to the myth of the Phoenix which caught fire and was reborn (from his ashes / dust). The black community is compared to the Phoenix who suffered from injustice, prejudice, violence, but also bears an inner (internal) fire, a real strength and was revived after so many ordeals (difficulties)

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Black Panthers, the movie - Is Wakanda real?

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Black Panthers, the movie - Is Wakanda real?

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Inspired by different tribes, countries, communities
She dwells on / emphasizes / highlights the fact that the body paiting / the ornemental scars are considered as an « enhancement » / sign of beauty / belonging to a group...
Masks / Artefacts in the British Museum : taken by Colons (robbed?)
The white guy, who is the « mean » one could represent /stand for Colonialism itself (he stole Wakanda's ressource) = cultural appropriation + colonialist state of mind (idea of discovering a whole new world, of being a pionneer, of deserving all the credits for it = megalomaniac and self-centered)
References to actual landscapes : majestic falls + lush landscape of Zimbabwe / Zambia / Nigeria
Reference to presidents / dictatorship « it's hard to be a king » (Guinea / Somalia)
It echoes / it mirrors / it alludes to contemporary issues as well : Boko Hara kidnapping of young girls
A celebration of African-American culture, shedding light on a black cast in a very white environment such as Hollywood. All the stereotypes are debunked/dispelled (demystified), and we normalize racial equality + set 'new' standards by offering inspirational heroes.

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Is Wakanda Real? The African Roots of 'Black Panther'

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This film released last year is a real tribute to African cultures, and raises many questions about today's cultural appropriation (in museums for instance : artefacts that were robbed by Colons, who were glorified and praised for their "discovery").
This picture of the actors on the set of the film are wearing clothes merging tradition with modernity (like the coat of armour, the wax fabric = traditional fabric...) . They are all put on an equal footing. They look, strong, self-confident, sure of themselves and powerful. They're armed with traditional weapons like the spear, or the boomerang. They also wear traditional body painting or ornemental scars that are considered as an "enhancement", a sign of beauty and power.
The backdrop is made of old roots, and crumbling stairs. The setting looks dilapidated and rundown. This could be a metaphor for this old and rich continent being robbed from its resources and constantly exploited.
The film is urging us to stop clichés, and reverses traditional roles (no, the black guy will not die first in this film, he won't be a sidekick either...) it also subverts our traditional Hollywood expectations.

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- a striking use of bold colours (black, red and golden yellow = black and red are the colours of communism, even of anarchy), with a psychedelic backdrop giving a kinetic impression to the painting, giving life to it.
- eyes looking towards the sky: she's determined and strong-willed. Angela Davis is a famous philosophy professor, writer and activist for the Black Panther Movements, and the Black and Women Civil Rights. She's considered as a leader, a lumineer and a figurehead of the movement.
- Her earrings bear 2 symbols : peace and love, and a star = probably refers to communism as Angela's philosophy is firmly rooted in communism.
- Paradoxically and interestingly enough, she's represented as a religious icon, her afro is like a halo. But she's an atheist icon! We also make out (see) some touches of gold, gold is mainly used in religious paintings too.
- This painting is  a tribute, an homage to Angela Davis that led the way, was a trailblazer (pionneer) and paved the way for the black community.

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Angela Davis / I'll Rise / Black Panthers

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She's Gotta Have It, Spike Lee

It is a fiction based on facts. Affluent people, "the haves" are coming to poor neighbourhoods, gentrifying the city center. The rents are raised, the inhabitants are evicted, and pushed away from their home. Gentrification broadens/widens the gap between the haves and the have-nots. This ditch is well shown in the tv show. Papo who is "in transition" (a homeless artist who has suffered traumas from the war) is being targetted as a vandal (spray-painting the G letter on the brown stones of the building, G for Gentrification). He is being accused of defacing the stone by a white woman who has just moved in the area. She is obviously well off, and she wants to get rid of the "trash" (i.e. him). He's the scapegoat (bouc-émissaire) in this situation, and Nola Darling who is a loved artist in the neighbourhood is taking the blame for him (but we assume she may have defaced the stone herself as she's a very committed artist). The episode ends on Nola's self sacrifice: she's going to prison, she becomes what many people of her community are : rejected, marginalized, stigmatized.

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Maya Angelou + Doll Studies

/5
1. Read the text and use the necessary information to write a general introduction about the character and the situation (age – place – time)
2. Compare and contrast the narrator's actual looks and the appearance she would like to have.
3. Explain and comment on the following quotation in your own words : ''I was going to look like one of the sweet little white girls who were everybody's dream of what was right with the world.'' (l.6-7)

/10
1. Read the document and use your own words to sum up the Clarks' experiment (experiment in itself – people – time)
2. List what the children's reactions were and explain. Justify by quoting keywords from the article.
3. Say if the following statement is true or false :
Toy producers have never really tried to adapt to the changes in society. Justify your answer.
BOTH DOCUMENTS :
1. Pick out the similarities and differences mentioned in both documents between the little girls' reactions. Quote from the text.
2. Explain the reason(s) for their attitudes.

There's an actual discrepancy between what the little girl looks like (nappy hair, black skin...) and what she wishes she was (blonde girl, blue eyes..) which is the stereotype epitomizing American beauty, deriving from Aryan criteria, which are clearly eugenist. These criteria foster/generate shame, frustration, impossible expectations to achieve that create self-loathing (self hate). This model to follow is lightyears away from who she is. This little girl lives in a fantasy world, she doesn't even realize that these beauty criteria are totally restrictive and deny the existence of other types of beauty.
The Clark Experiment emphasizes this issue: as the kids have to pick the doll they prefer (they all pick the white-skinned doll), and the dolls that look like them the most (black kids start to cry, they are unable to pick a doll, they are very much agitated...), racism that has been internalized at a very young age seems to manifest itself in the agitation the kids feel. What the black children cannot verbalize but that is obvious is that they feel they've been underpriviledged their whole lives, they feel ashamed, they feel utterly powerless. Mattel has launched a new collection of black dolls in 1968, it is a progress, but a progress accepted with mixed feelings by the Black community: there are still too many white dolls for just one black doll : this doesn't take into account the different shades of skin colours.

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In this medium shot, we don't know if Childish Gambino has a gun or a cigarette. This is an obvious reference to Stephon Clark, a black American who was shot dead by a cop, just bc he had his cell in his hand... CG is showing off his torso, proud of his skin colour, but in the clip he embodies the good and the bad guy, the hero and the villain to underline how subtle and nuanced the boundaries are between good and bad in America... (above all in a country where you're free to bear an arm/gun). His mimicking and funny faces also mirror the racist posters from the 19th century of black people as "Minstrels" (entertainers for the white audience). They are degra caricatures of black people (red lips, very dark skin, big smile...). The dances imitate the Gwara-gwara, a tribal dance that is both a celebration of African heritage, but also a sort of caricature (with mimicking etc) of the caricatures from the 19th century, and a patent animalisation and dehumanisation of the Black community in the USA.

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This is America - VIOLENCE & ENTERTAINMENT

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This is America - VIOLENCE & ENTERTAINMENT

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Violence is clearly omnipresent in the clip, and completely underrated, disregarded/ignored. A man is killed and his body is moved like a piece of trash : blatant dehumanisation. People just pay more attention to the dancing parts and the singing, rather than to the riots, the arrests, the arson (car set on fire). The backup dancers are also dressed like little girls (as in the painting "The Problem we All Live With" by Norman Rockwell) going to school right after desegregation and suffering discrimination and racism despite segregation being now illegal. The clip really enhances this dual reality : acts of violence VS people filming them on their phones (cells), people getting killed VS cheerful dancers, people moving on... Violence is almost seen like a form of entertainment, and massive shootings like a reality show people would be hooked on (addicted to)...

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Slaves were treated like dogs (kenneled, beaten...) as the lyrics point that out. The lyrics also draw a parallel with the way the black community is currently treated (like dogs, still : now segregated, now undermined, cooped up and confined). As the singer is running fast at the end in a very dark corridor, chased by the Police, this could echo slaves trying to run away from their masters/owners. He's also shirtless to show how he lost his dignity. The title is revealing the current state of the USA : steeped in racism, violence, hypocrisy and double standards...

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There are many allegorical moment in this clip. As the beat is drastically shifting (from uptempo beats layered with afrobeat pulses to a darker /aggressive tone) and the killings/massive shootings alternate with dancing parts (really cheerful and light-hearted!), the clip emphasizes how shocking these massive shootings are. The shooter being black dwells on the fact that the culprit is often the person you least expect to be.
What is paramount (essential) is what's happening in the background, however we always focus on the foreground, the dancing and the singing. It sheds light on our inability to develop our critical mind for we get too often distracted by the media and their biased vision. Their agenda (hidden purpose) is to urge people to "get over it", to consider the shootings as background events (both literally and metaphorically).

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Who were the mythical women that shaped their society and established a matriarchy ? To what extent can their stories be considered as universal and inspirational even today ? To what extent have these myths conditioned people's mindsets? How far does the mythical part go? How to distinguish the truth from the fictional part?
Who are their spiritual heirs nowadays in Ireland and Scotland ?

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Childish Gambino - This Is America (Official Video)

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this poster mirrors the underground terrorist group : the KKK, comparing America to a racist and violent group.

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Is an international activist movement, originating in the African-American community, that campaigns against violence and systemic racism towards black people. BLM regularly holds protests speaking out against police killings of black people, and broader issues such as racial profiling, police brutality, and racial inequality in the United States criminal justice system.

In 2013, the movement began with the use of the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter on social media after the acquittal of George Zimmerman in the shooting death of African-American teen Trayvon Martin in February 2012. Black Lives Matter became nationally recognized for its street demonstrations following the 2014 deaths of two African Americans: Michael Brown—resulting in protests and unrest in Ferguson—and Eric Garner in New York City.

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- Pick out 3 names. Who are the people mentioned?
- Find the name of a state and a town what happened there?
- 1st paragraph : pick out words related to : problems the country is confronted with / feelings / what the singer wants
- explain the sentence in green and in blue.
- Classify the information given : Power & influence / Over whom?

Music can indeed help ignite social change and raise awareness. As singers, people like D'Angelo or Kendrick Lamar have a prevalent role to play as kids listen to them. "Black Messiah" (D'Angelo's album) also echoes the biblical figure of the saviour, who is dedicating himself to the black community. He is indeed a spokesperson for all the unheard and unrepresented voices. The metaphor "to be outlined in chalk" refers to death: the black community just wanted to protest / demonstrate peacefully and got killed/beaten/hit/lynched by the police instead.

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In a heartfelt / moving and beautiful spoken poem, B.Yung denounces/criticizes a country where Black people still fall prey to prejudice and inequalities, despite the struggles, despite the promises "a change is gonna come" (refers to Sam Cooke's song "A Change is Gonna Come" which became the Civil Rights' anthem in the 60s)... His staccato rhythm (harping upon/repeating "I'm tired") combined with a relevant imagery (whips and chains = school geometry but also a reference to slavery), and the use of slang and the colourful (even foulmouthed) language he uses contribute to creating a vivid, vibrant and poignant depiction of a sad, heart-breaking America clinging to old prerogatives (white people still dominating this society) and old prejudices (black people being undermined are caught in a downward spiral)

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Russell Simmons Presents Brave New Voices- Change by B Yung

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Trailer  (who/when/where ? What mediatic response ? What legal response?)

- FBI investigation
- Clothes : ref to black panthers?
-Police brutality
- some white helpers in the situation (the manager...)
- power abuse (from the authorities)

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Straight Outta Compton - Official Trailer (HD)

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- What was the situation like in LA in the 80s and in the 90s? Which riots marked those two decades?
- What was the police's response towards the situation?
- What do the numbers from the article reveal?
- Ice Cube said there was "a war on gangs", why?
- Chuck D said : “We’re almost like headline news", what did he mean? Support your answer with quotes.

vocab :
- to blast : make a loud noise
- bleak : empty, gloomy
- outsourcing : sous-traitance
- heirloom : family heritage
- gangbanger : member of a street gang
- suburban : people who live in the suburbs (banlieues)
- uprising : revolt
- dispatcher : send/give

1) LA in the 80s / 90s : agitated, a lot of revolts / riots / rebellions / uprising, very tense : Rodney King (1992), Operation Hammer. Almost half of the AA pop was jobless, tough to find jobs = find accomodations/homes... outsourcing (sous-traitance) + gang violence...
2) Police's response : arrests, abuse of their power, « stop-and-frisk » (racial profiling) based on people's appearance. They wanted to get rid of the gangs, humiliate the AA community, weaken them. It's also a way to indulge in this « power trip », to get off on violence = to seek pleasure in violence / domination.
3) Numbers are revealing = the government didn't take police brutality seriously, this situation was underrated. They didn't want to acknowledge the problem, they willingly chose to ignore it.
4) It's a war on gangs = based on looks (clothes...)
5) NWA got censored by the media (=censorship). It was very popular among the black community but also the whites. It's like an alternative/underground media. The government handled the news, didn't want the population to be aware of the omnipresent racism. AA had less representation in the news, still very much isolated/remote. They were dispatchers of the « dirty truth ».

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+ link with our Key Question

HOMEWORK for 6/02

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Which mike do you want to be like? David Hammons, 2001

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Which mike do you want to be like? David Hammons, 2001

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Each mike stands for a famous Mike! Michael Jackson, Michael Jordan and Mike Tyson, 3 super stars from the 90s! All three are black men who had successful worldwide careers. The title is actually a pun, playing on the two-dimensional semantics of the word mike for microphone and the nickname Mike for men called Michael. The mikes are really unattainable and impossible to use: they are meant to represent how far these 3 men have gone, and how 3 black males can appear unreachable, ironically the most admired on earth.

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Which Mike do you want to be like David Hammons 2001

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What is the paradox about MJ?
What criticisms did journalists make about his appearance?
What was MJ's actual physical problem?
How was Black or White received by the public?

vocabulary :
- to encapsulate : contenir
- to soar : to go up rapidly
- to bleach one's skin : to whiten
- wilful : deliberate
- sceptical
- groundbreaking : revolutionary
- ebullient : bubbly, enthusiastic
- seamlessly : no transition
- to blend : to merge, to combine
- to lurk : to wait hidden / a threat
- to unleash a flurry of rage : to express a lot of rage
- uproar : loud protest
- pent-up rage : repressed rage
- luminaries : figureheads, important people
- lavish : extravagant & luxurious
- threshold : doorstep / beginning
- anthem : official song of a country

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Analyse the clip, the different places and characters, the function of the dance, and the bonus (as a black panther) : what could it symbolise?

keywords :
- morphing
- high angle shot : vue en plongée
- low angle shot : contre-plongée
- long shot : plan d'ensemble

A provocative clip celebrating African origins, worldwide culture, wrapped up in a short movie. He's reenacting tribal and traditional dances. MJ is a bridge connecting different cultures. BoW refers to races, colours and the yin/yang : energies balancing each other out. The USA is a pot pourri/blend of cultures. The musical bridge "I am tired..." show MJ in a world on fire, KKK crosses in the background, wars... He's praising peace, tolerance, acceptance, and criticizing wars and hatred. The morphing scene is the climax of the clip (the "peak"), enhances people's similarities. AT the end = breaking the fourth wall (we see the cameras, the props, the actors...it's a clip within a clip) and this is the transition towards the censored bonus : MJ is shapeshifting (transforming) into a black panther (symbol of the black counterculture from the 60s), he's channeling his anger to perform an energetic/angry/provocative dance, screaming/rubbing himself/breaking bottles and store fronts windows (alluding to « Do the Right Choice » by Spike Lee), tears his tee-shirt out and the « Royal Army Hotel » sign is falling down = political symbol. Looping the loop with the average American family (beginning : the typical family / end = the caricatural Simpson family)

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Michael Jackson - Black or White (Official Video - Upscaled)

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MJ is sitting amongst members of African tribes, wearing traditional outfits (pagne), body painting, + tools and weapons (spears, shields...). MJ is not put aside, he seems to be part of this community / blend in / fit in, but at the same time stands out (light-skinned, wearing white). This looks paradoxical as the whiter he got, the blacker his music became. But the faces around him painted in black and white remind us of his "duality" which shouldn't bother anyone: no matter what his skin looked like, he was and remained black. This spreads a message of tolerance and acceptance "it don't matter if you're black or white"

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Right about now, N.W.A. court is in full effect
Judge Dre presiding
In the case of N.W.A. vs. the Police Department
Prosecuting attorneys are: MC Ren, Ice Cube,
And Eazy motherfuckin E

Order, order, order
Ice Cube, take the motherfuckin stand
Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth
And nothin but the truth so help your black ass?

You god damn right!

Well won't you tell everybody what the fuck you gotta say?

Fuck the police comin' straight from the underground
A young nigga got it bad 'cause I'm brown
And not the other color so police think
They have the authority to kill a minority
Fuck that shit, 'cause I ain't the one
For a punk motherfucker with a badge and a gun
To be beatin' on, and thrown in jail
We can go toe to toe in the middle of a cell
Fuckin' with me cause I'm a teenager
With a little bit of gold and a pager
Searchin' my car, lookin' for the product
Thinkin' every nigga is sellin' narcotics
You'd rather see, me in the pen
Than me and Lorenzo rollin' in a Benz-o
Beat a police out of shape
And when I'm finished, bring the yellow tape
To tape off the scene of the slaughter
Still gettin' swoll off bread and water
I don't know if they fags or what
Search a nigga down, and grabbin' his nuts
And on the other hand, without a gun they can't get none
But don't let it be a black and a white one
'Cause they'll slam ya down to the street top
Black police showin' out for the white cop
Ice Cube will swarm
On any motherfucker in a blue uniform
Just cause I'm from, the CPT
Punk police are afraid of me!
Huh, a young nigga on the warpath
And when I'm finished, it's gonna be a bloodbath
Of cops, dyin' in L.A.
Yo Dre, I got somethin' to say

Fuck the police
Fuck the police
Fuck the police
Fuck the Police

Pull your god damn ass over right now
Aww shit, now what the fuck you pullin' me over for?
'Cause I feel like it!
Just sit your ass on the curb and shut the fuck up
Man, fuck this shit
Aight smart ass, I'm takin' your black ass to jail!

MC Ren, will you please give your testimony
To the jury about this fucked up incident?

Fuck the police and Ren said it with authority
Because the niggas on the street is a majority
A gang, is with whoever I'm steppin'
And the motherfuckin' weapon is kept in
A stash box, for the so-called law
Wishin' Ren was a nigga that they never saw
Lights start flashin' behind me
But they're scared of a nigga so they mace me to blind me
But that shit don't work, I just laugh
Because it gives em a hint, not to step in my path
For police, I'm sayin, "Fuck you punk!"
Readin' my rights and shit, it's all junk
Pullin' out a silly club, so you stand
With a fake-assed badge and a gun in your hand
But take off the gun so you can see what's up
And we'll go at it punk, and I'm a fuck you up!
Make you think I'm a kick your ass
But drop your gat, and Ren's gonna blast
I'm sneaky as fuck when it comes to crime
But I'm a smoke 'em now and not next time
Smoke any motherfucker that sweats me
Or any asshole, that threatens me
I'm a sniper with a hell of a scope
Takin' out a cop or two, they can't cope with me
The motherfuckin' villain that's mad
With potential, to get bad as fuck
So I'm a turn it around
Put in my clip, yo, and this is the sound
Yeah, somethin' like that
But it all depends on the size of the gat
Takin' out a police, would make my day
But a nigga like Ren don't give a fuck to say

Fuck the police
Fuck the police
Fuck the police
Fuck the Police

Yeah man, what you need?
Police, open now
Aww shit
We have a warrant for Eazy-E's arrest
Get down and put your hands up where I can see 'em
(Move motherfucker, move now!)
What the fuck did I do, man what did I do?
Just shut the fuck up
And get your motherfuckin' ass on the floor
(You heard the man, shut the fuck up!)
But I didn't do shit
Man just shut the fuck up!

Eazy-E, won't you step up to the stand
And tell the jury how you feel about this bullshit?

I'm tired of the motherfuckin jackin
Sweatin my gang, while I'm chillin in the shack, and
Shinin the light in my face, and for what?
Maybe it's because I kick so much butt
I kick ass, or maybe cause I blast
On a stupid-assed nigga when I'm playin with the trigger
Of any Uzi or an AK
'Cause the police always got somethin stupid to say
They put out my picture with silence
'Cause my identity by itself causes violence
The E with the criminal behavior
Yeah, I'm a gangsta, but still I got flavor
Without a gun and a badge, what do ya got?
A sucker in a uniform waitin to get shot
By me, or another nigga
And with a gat it don't matter if he's smaller or bigger
(Size ain't shit, he's from the old school fool)
And as you all know, E's here to rule
Whenever I'm rollin, keep lookin in the mirror
And ears on cue, yo, so I can hear a
Dumb motherfucker with a gun
And if I'm rollin off the 8, he'll be the one
That I take out, and then get away
While I'm drivin off laughin this is what I'll say

Fuck the police
Fuck the police
Fuck the police
Fuck the Police

The verdict
The jury has found you guilty of being a redneck,
White bread, chicken shit motherfucker
But wait, that's a lie! That's a god damn lie!
Get him out of here!
I want justice!
Get him the fuck out my face!
I want justice!
Out, right now!
Fuck you, you black mother fuckers!

Fuck the police
Fuck the police
Fuck the police

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Confrontational VS Peaceful/Inspirational Art: 

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Confrontational VS Peaceful/Inspirational Art: 

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What's the most socially effective? Which one could spark a real social change / raise awareness the most?

On the one hand: peaceful art can resonate with more people than confrontational art that is meant to shock and upset people
On the other hand: the truth also needs to be told in order to raise awareness and sensitize different layers of the population about different social issues.

However/Nevertheless, one should beware of the backlash / difficult consequences of a confrontation, sometimes Peace is a more universal language, but we should not live in a world of "yes-men", we are not subservient and compliant citizens!

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inspired by Guernica.
The squares = the sidewalk, the social positions retained, things we never talk about are seen and unveiled, under the spotlight.

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This course is designed to help build critical skills that support theme-based teaching practices and build confidence in incorporating modern and contemporary art into interdisciplinary lesson plans. By addressing themes and questions that arise in relation to modern and contemporary art, the course will help you to think creatively about links to your curriculum and the ways that you can tap into students' knowledge and life experience. In this course, you will explore four themes that educators at The Museum of Modern Art use frequently in their teaching: Places & Spaces, Art & Identity, Transforming Everyday Objects, and Art & Society. Through videos, slideshows, and a variety of resources, readings, and activities, you will explore the content and context of works of art in MoMA's collection. Learners will... - Explore works of modern and contemporary art through a variety of themes that relate to classroom content and student experience. - Hear directly from artists about their ideas and processes. - Learn about the ways that a thematic approach supports interdisciplinary teaching and learning. - Gain exposure to a range of digital resources available for teaching with themes and incorporating content around works of art into your classroom.

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5.12 Faith Ringgold. American People Series #20: Die. 1967 - Module 5: Art & Society | Coursera

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Video created by The Museum of Modern Art for the course "Art & Ideas: Teaching with Themes". Explore works of art created in response to the social, cultural, and political issues of their time. Gain a deeper understanding of history and ...

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reminiscent of the riots and police brutality in the 60s, but not aiming at a specific context
but was also associated to extremist black movements, praising bloodshed to start a revolution and kill the whites.

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chaos, frenzy, people rioting, killing each other, guns, weapons, arms, knives, stabbing, shooting their guns, fighting, strong opposition, sharp contrast, the whites are caricatured : blonde hair, fair skin, dressed in business suits and heels : fighting for their social position. Babies and kids are spared. Gush of blood (flowing) and blood stains to make you upset, to shock and raise awareness, ppl upside down, very frontal.

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This work of art is a QUILT (like a blanket), a really feminine tradition that is here deflected (détourné) with very masculine symbols.
MJ in the middle- the hero, the messiah, leading the people. Dressed as a punk with pins, studs, clips, leather, studded arm band / bracelet (bracelet de force), hands up to the sky (spirituality?), a lot of movement and dynamism, black men dancing in the background, gangsters or from the street, buildings / urban landscape... MJ is an antihero + title : bad = pun, means good, great. The names of other black heroes (nelson mandela...) + quilt = a tradition from Africa, brought by slaves. Different functions : keep you warm, tell stories, your legacy, bc it's passed from generations to generations, with patchwork with African patterns. These people will keep you warm, will protect you, they are your story

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Pair work : write and act out the dialogue of two revolutionary friends (in the 60s) thinking about political actions to raise awareness about the Af-Am civil rights.

RAPPEL Modals & Substitutes :

Should (conseil)
Had better
Ought to (plus focalisé sur l'obligation morale)

Must
Have to

Shall = 1st person singular/plural + relation entre sujet et prédicat (verbe + compléments) qui ne va pas de soi. ex : "We, slaves, shall be free!"

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ethos : guiding beliefs or ideals that characterize a community, nation, or ideology.
pathos :  appeals to the emotions of the audience and elicits feelings
logos : tries to persuade an audience using logical arguments and supportive evidence

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- a symbolic place : Lincoln memorial (abolished slavery)in Washington DC
- a crowd in trance, responding and reacting
- trembling voice, sounds like a Preacher (biblical allusions), or like an anaphoric invocation "I have a dream", assonances and alliterations, musical metaphors... = clear and compelling call to action

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Martin Luther King, Jr. I Have A Dream Speech

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The Heinous 1961 KKK Attack on the Freedom Riders

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homework

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Sit-ins and other forms of peaceful protests

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Sit-ins and other forms of peaceful protests

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Many discovered they had shared common experiences in their past histories and their uncertain present circumstances. Instead of wallowing in self-pity, the recently dispossessed ignited an explosion of cultural pride. Indeed, African American culture was reborn in the HARLEM RENAISSANCE.

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Pronouns I vs They = black community / unity / universality ("darker brother") vs a white community imposing segregation.
Still, a desire to sing and represent the plurality of the USA.

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prisoners clothes = metaphor for Af-Am's situation.
Shovels / Scythes = hardwork to be accepted by society...
Deformed hands and feet = toiling
Extreme stoop = extreme fatigue = extreme burden of their own history
Vibrant colours in contrast = freedom? Wall-less prison (paradoxical) + tree cut down = roots /anchoring still here but no possibility to spread / touch the sky / widen your horizons / hope for a better future and be free at last.

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2 prevalent lexical fields = the body VS nature.
Nature as an extended metaphor for hanged men, lynching and torture.
One of the earliest protest song, the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement.
"Strange Fruit" was originated as a poem written by Jewish-American writer, teacher and songwriter Abel Meeropol, under his pseudonym Lewis Allan, as a protest against lynchings. In the poem, Meeropol expressed his horror at lynchings, inspired by Lawrence Beitler's photograph of the 1930 lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith in Marion, Indiana.

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expressionistic painting using bold colours and movements to show Harlem's vivid / lively / jazzy and daily scene. Very mixed, everybody dances / sings / plays music...
Dichotomy with the suspicious / distrustful cop in the middle / foreground = sign that Black Americans are still being watched. They fled South to settle in the North, and there are still inequalities / discrepancies.

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The Great Migration began because of a "push" and a "pull." Disenfranchisement and Jim Crow laws led many African Americans to hope for a new life up north. Hate groups and hate crimes cast alarm among African American families of the Deep South.

Unfortunately, northerners did not welcome African Americans with open arms. While the legal systems of the northern states were not as obstructionist toward African American rights, the prejudice among the populace was as acrimonious. White laborers complained that African Americans were flooding the employment market and lowering wages. Most new migrants found themselves segregated by practice in run down urban slums. The largest of these was Harlem. Writers, actors, artists, and musicians glorified African American traditions, and at the same time created new ones.

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A slow affirmation : before protesting = showing

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A slow affirmation : before protesting = showing

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Explore an abandoned place, say what it used to be and what you would do to give it a second life.

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Under the bridge: the crime of living without a home in LA

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Under the bridge: the crime of living without a home in LA

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Economic + accomodation crises. Outraging number of homeless people while public housing gets more expensive each year.
Homelessness = stigmatized / scapegoating + burden for LA who doesn't even try to fix the situation

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Poetic vision of Cali, god-like perception...

Cali = used to attract people (Gold Rush / Dust Bowl / Great Depression)
The stereotypes of the Californian lifestyle: veganism, tech companies, hybrid cars...

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Overwhelming exodus = middle class. Can't afford to live in Cali anymore. Out of state moves increased by 91% : Highest rate of the nation.

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'Exodus' of the middle class from the Central Coast

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LA = from the Land of Plenty to the Land of Taxes.
Relocation / Offshoring to India, Mexico, Nevada, Utah...
Disillusioned tone

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The company seems : future-oriented, compassionate, selfless...
But : stern / abrupt / dehumanising behaviour (the secretary is a haughty uptight stuck up Madam disdainful shrew)
Disenchantment...

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intense commitment, lost wife and joy, aggressive attitude "I'll take you down", extorsion & theft. Responsibilities of power?

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The dark side of Steve Jobs: New trailer for documentary Man In The Machine exposes Apple genius' r

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Silicon Valley - trailblazers / pioneers

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eccentricity & populations intertwined (fortune tellers, muscle men, beach goers, body builders, break dancers, anglers, jugglers, surfers...) = quintessential LA.

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Discover L.A.'s Neighborhoods: Venice Beach

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entertainment - outdoor activities - dream life -

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- living conditions of the Afro-Americans ?
- who are the B's and C's ?
- why is LA a contradictory city ?

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2Pac - To live and die in LA (Dirty) (Official Video) HD

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- symbolism of the flower (which movement chose the flower as main symbol ? What did it stand for?)

In these 2 songs, what are the signs showing that California was a haven/hotbed for counterculture ?

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California Dreamin', The Mamas & the Papas

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California Dreamin', The Mamas & the Papas

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focus on :
- melancholy
- the lifestyle of the music industry ?

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The Mamas And The Papas - California Dreamin'. Audio Gold Song ful HD.mp4

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Cali in songs : dreams, utopia, nostalgia, homesickness and paradoxes

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Cali in songs : dreams, utopia, nostalgia, homesickness and paradoxes

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TUPAC
LA = a dream factory, celebration of Cali art (murals), and codes (gangs "B's and C's = Bloods and Crips)

SCOTT MCKENZIE
SF = hotbed of the counterculture in the 60s. Drugs = a way to open your consciousness ("strange vibrations") // Timothy Leary (turn on, tune in, drop out) // Human Be-in in 1967...

THE MAMAS & THE PAPAS
California = epitomises home, warmth. Feeling of nostalgia and homesickness

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1929 : Highway of Hope
Epitome of the open road, freedom and individualism.
Gave way to the American road trip.
Demise: bc of the Interstate = highway in 1956. Route 66 has been thriving -> slow death.
Now = symbol of travel / seeking a better life.
Preservation of the crumbling road = historic element

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Route 66: America's Lost Highway Turns 90

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Amazing documentary about Detroit's countercultural scene in the 60s / 70s (with subtitles)

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Detroit's Train Station : a fresh start?

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Detroit's Train Station : a fresh start?

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Michigan Theatre : grandeur and downfall

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Michigan Theatre : grandeur and downfall

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Heidelberg Project, brainstorming :
crazy – fantasy world – funky colours – green – childish – the hippie legacy – artistic – beautiful – embellished – original – open/communal gardens – open air museum -

here : half sunken car : the past. rising bike : an eco-friendly future

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The Heidelberg Project : a fantasyland in the heart of Detroit

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The Heidelberg Project : a fantasyland in the heart of Detroit

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A creation which is telling a story,
street art
Fantasy land
Creating something can change the world when people engage together

Junk/Garbage = has been salvaged to create an artistic neighbourhood
This art enables people to bond (make connections)
Before, the area was a real den of criminality
Now the environment matters more to them
They are thankful / grateful
The creations inspire and educate the teenagers

Colourful / mixture of different types of art / bright/vivid dots painted on the walls
PPl have never seen sthing like this ! OPEN AIR MUSEUM
A way to express your opinion
This project poses questions like : what is a community ? / neighbourhood
Art is the only way to make the street interesting
-> great combat of the city

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I Love Detroit, Jeffrey Eugenides - CORRECTION

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I Love Detroit, Jeffrey Eugenides - CORRECTION

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a. The narrator is Chapter Eleven's brother and Milton is their father who had just passed away
b. They're from Greek origin
c. They left Florida to go to Detroit
d. They are mourning (en deuil) their father and they are heading to the funeral
e. The depiction of the city reflects the character's feelings : first they pass "the giant Uniroyal tire and the thready woods of Inkster" (l.6-7) : it stands for a symbol of past opulence in the city of Detroit, the bygone days of Detroit's glory. But they are progressively leaving this long lost glory to head to Detroit's decay : the city looks dilapidated, rundown "entropy / condemned houses / vacant lots, gray and frozen..." Instead of "furriers" and "movie palaces" that made the reputation of Detroit in the 60s, all there is left of this city is scattered and damaged leftovers. This sharp contrast could mirror the narrator's feelings. When the landscape is almost given human feelings and seems to empathize with the characters' feelings, it's called "pathetic fallacy" : the narrator has just lost his father, he's probably eaten up by grief, and the city could epitomize this macrocosmic version of his father : once dignified and grand, now destroyed and shattered. Indeed, it looks "emptier" now, just like the narrator might feel after losing his father. Nonetheless, his feelings which conjure up melancholy, nostalgia and sorrow are tinged with hope. The sun is rising like "a leakage or flood, seeping into the ground", which could stand for a beacon of hope. Detroit is like the phoenix, as its motto reads "we shall rise from our ashes", so is the narrator. After mourning, the only thing he can do is rise again.
f. The town will probably collapse, be forgotten and erased, as all the shops are closing and the city center is litteraly dying. This passage really points out the past situation of Detroit (from the 70s till the 2000s approx) when the center was gradually shutting down due to GM's bankruptcy. â€‹
g. The blood banks / methadone clinics... are places dedicated to the sick, the ill, the drug addicts, the homeless... Indeed the center is plagued by destitution and diseases, above all in the 90s : many people had lost their jobs, fallen ill (a-i-d-s
...)

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Decline of GM : 1981-2007 : largest auto-maker in the US. Post war economy = big rôle, contributed to thriving (prosperity).       Attractive city for the car industry.
GM borrowed 20Bn.

GM's collapse = the new productions weren't suited for the customers (too much consuming cars, SUVs)
Obama wanted to prevent GM from falling down = hoping that ppl were going to keep on buying American cars.
Eventually = Finally → filed for bankruptcy.

Tough time for GM = government intervention was to blame. 11Bn $ hole. They tried to diversify (go big or go home = casinos, hotels, attractions...). Relocation / Offshoring to China. Americans tend to live large = focused on making money = big mistake. Foreign cars = more « fuel efficient » than American cars, and less expensive.

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Business: The Decline of G.M. | The New York Times