# data[].attributes.body
Our answer: tasks that require more time and efforts; tasks without immediate effects
Findings and observations: many students procrastinate more on academic tasks like writing term paper and preparing for exams.
Research study: Procrastination: what it is; why we do it; what we can do about it
author's name and country: Colin Neville; U.K.
what did they find: the causes of procrastination; the characteristics of tasks that people tend to procrastinate

# data[].attributes.headline
Q3 (Henri C. Schouwenburg, The Netherlands)

# data[].attributes.subject
Q3 (Henri C. Schouwenburg, The Netherlands)

# data[].attributes.body
what are the reasons for procrastination: fear of failure

Procrastinators and fear of failure: an exploration of reasons for procrastination

METHOD: compare test scores with self‐attributions of reasons for procrastination
Finding: For some relatively homogeneous groups of students fear of failure is one of these reasons. Other groups of students do not attribute procrastination to fear of failure at all.
trait procrastination and fear of failure may interact and result in increased levels of actual procrastinatory behaviour.

# data[].attributes.headline
Q4 What are the outcomes of procrastination? (Praneet & Zoe) 

# data[].attributes.subject
Q4 What are the outcomes of procrastination? (Praneet & Zoe) 

# data[].attributes.body
Outcomes of procrastination: less preparedness, less time to study, lower examination grades,

Research Study:

Correlates and Consequences of Behavioral Procrastination: The Effects of Academic Procrastination, Self-Consciousness, Self-Esteem and Self-Handicapping

Beck, B L; Koons, S R; Milgrim, D L. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality; Corte Madera, CA Vol. 15, Iss. 5, (Jan 1, 2000): 3.

Authors Name: Beck, B L; Koons, S R; Milgrim, D L.

Authors Country: United States

Their research questions: Do people who are highly disposed to self-handicap (making decisions that allow us to avoid responsibility for potential failures that could damage self-esteem) procrastinate more? Do people with higher self-esteem & such a disposition procrastinate even more?

What did they do?: Used 2 studies to analyse exam preparation, academic results, procrastination levels & levels of self-handicapping.

What did they find?: People that are more likely to self-handicap studied less, delayed exam preparations and received lower grades. If one is more likely to self-handicap they will delay exam prep. If one has higher self-esteem they are more likely to delay exam preparation.

# data[].attributes.body
- extraversion and neuroticism are related to active procrastination.
- Active procrastination predicts GPA above and beyond passive procrastination.(Kim, Fernandez & Terrier, 2017)
- those who have no interest in the tasks and find the instructions from the instructor unclear (Ackerman & Gross, 2005)

# data[].attributes.headline
Q2 who are the procrastinators (Vanessa)

# data[].attributes.subject
Q2 who are the procrastinators (Vanessa)

# data[].attributes.body
Solomon & Rothblum (1984)    researching on the frequency of procrastination:
people with lower self esteem, higher tendency of depression, anxiety and lower assertiveness tend to procrastinate.
Ariely & Weternbroch (2002),  researching on the effects of self control on procrastination: people who have self control problems or without the pressure of external deadlines also tend to procrastinate

My Findings: female procrastinate more than male (obvious gender differences)
female having low confidence levels in planning out schedules for task completion and difficulty in initiating self-learning (Klassen et al., 2008) Relationship Of Gender Differences Procrastination And Academic Achievement Psychology Essay

# data[].attributes.body
Reasons of procrastination:
Aversiveness of task
Solomon & Rothblum (1984)
Factor analysis of the reasons of procrastination: they found fear of failure and aversiveness of task accounts for most of the variance

# data[].attributes.body
1. have a sense of aversion2. low self-efficacy 3.lack of interest in learning 4.low motivation to learn and difficulty in task.
The Situation and Cause Analysis of the Academic Procrastination of Pupils
Jin li , Leng ying,Zhang Zhiquan, China (2017)
The research investigated 1369 pupils who are in grades 4-6 from seven elementary schools in Nantong and Haimen city of Jiangsu province by using the questionnaires to analyze the current situation and the main reasons.

# data[].attributes.body
- unpleasant and imposition task
- academic tasks (term paper, weekly reading)/ retirement investment
- less self-binding deadlines
- 1.
Procrastination in preparing for retirement
(Ted O'Donoghue, Matthew Rabin

University of California-Berkeley Working Paper, 1998)

# data[].attributes.body
Unsatisfying academic outcomes and frustration (Fear of failure& Aversiveness of the task) when the deadline is approaching.

Rethinking Procrastination: Positive Effects of "Active" Procrastination Behavior on Attitudes and Performance. Hsin Chun Chu Angela , Jin Nam Choi (Korean) (2015)

Research Question:Positive Effects of "Active" Procrastination Behavior on Attitudes and Performance

When the society assumes all kinds of procrastination is self-handicapping and dysfunctional,the authors proposed that not all procrastination behaviors either are harmful or lead to negative consequences.

There are different type of procrastinators: Active and passive. Active procrastinators are more similar to non-procrastinators in terms of the   purposive use of time, control of time, self-efficacy belief, coping styles, and outcomes including academic performance . Passive being paralyzed by their indecision to act and fail to complete tasks on time Reevaluate its implications for outcomes of individuals.

# data[].attributes.body
<Everyone is a procrastinator , it just depends on their level of procrastination and the situation. If exam is approaching, people tend to delay less and increase their study behaviour.>
<From my research, I observe that everyone scores more than 30 out of 60 when the frequency of procrastination is measured. As my research only limit to undergraduate students, It shows that almost all university students demonstrate some behaviour of procrastination. >
< Affective, cognitive, and behavioral differences between high and low procrastinators. >
By Rothblum, Esther D.,Solomon, Laura J.,Murakami, Janice , USA
They examined the relation between academic procrastination and academically related trait measures among 379 university students
They found out the procrastination pattern of university students.
Examined the relation between academic procrastination and academically related trait measures among 379 university students

# data[].attributes.body
reasons to procrastinate from our questionaire:
1. laziness
2. aversiveness of the task
3. time management and difficult making decisions

L. J. Solomon & E. D. Rothblum. (1984). Academic Procrastination: Frequency and Cognitive-Behavioral Correlates.  From University of Vermont
Research through questionnaire and experiment
their study showed that the reasons to procrastination are:
1. fear of failure --> people do not want to fail others' expectations; afraid of meeting own standards; lack of self-confidence
2. aversiveness of task
3. laziness

# data[].attributes.body
<mental causes>

<The reason why students procrastinate is related to their mental health such as self confidence>

<Procrastination and Attention: Factor Analysis of Attention Deficit, Boredomness, Intelligence, Self-Esteem, and Task Delay Frequencies>

<Joseph R. Ferrari from DePaul University>

<What are the reasons of procrastination>

Survey (25-35 students)

No gender differences. The reasons of procrastination are boredom proneness, attention deficits and low self-esteem.

# data[].attributes.body
Article:Measuring procrastination at work and its associtated workplace aspects

(Metin, U. Baran ; Taris, Toon W. ; Peeters, Maria C.W.

Personality and Individual Differences, October 2016, Vol.101, pp.254-263）

- depends on the types of work,
－those people who work different jobs would have different level of procrastination:

-those whoes job or tasks are repeated and boring, require less attention, will procrastinate more

Drawing on data from 384 participants and using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, Study 1 revealed two subdimensions of the Procrastination at Work Scale (PAWS), namely soldiering and cyberslacking. Moreover, this study demonstrated that procrastination at work can empirically be distinguished from conceptually similar concepts such as counterproductive work behaviour, general procrastination and boredom. Study 2 further validated this instrument by examining its relations with other concepts. Structural equation analyses using data from participants from two culturally different countries

A generic scale for measuring procrastination at work was developed and validated.•Distinction of work procrastination from other similar concepts was supported.•An understimulating work environment was related to high levels of boredom.•Procrastination at work was related to boredom and CWB.•Differences across Dutch and Turkish samples were discussed.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Fear of Failure and Aversiveness of Task
2. Two of our groupmates found that Fear of Failure is the major reason of procrastination and it’s mean is higher than the another reason
3. The study investigated the frequency of college students’ procrastination on academic tasks and the reason for procrastination behaviour
4. Solomon and Rothbbulum/ US
5. (1)PASS to see prevalence of procrastination in 6 tasks; (2) Self-paced quizzes for behavioural index of procrastination; (3)Group assessment session to analyse the frequency of procrastination (4)Factor Analysis for reasons of procrastination
6. The reasons of procrastination are mainly because of Fear of Failure and Aversiveness of Tasks; In summary, majority of students always procrastinate on academic tasks rather than non-academic related tasks

# data[].attributes.body
<Results found less procrastination on assignments that were perceived as interesting, that required students to use a variety of skills, for which students perceived social norms and rewards for starting promptly, and for which the instructor provided clear instructions. Procrastination was not affected by fear, deadline pressure from other assignments, or the degree to which the task was perceived as difficult or time consuming.>
<David S. Ackeman and Barbara L. Gross>
<what characteristics of assignments can make students procrastinate>
<recruited >

# data[].attributes.headline
Question 4: What are the outcomes of procrastination (Tom and Joe)

# data[].attributes.subject
Question 4: What are the outcomes of procrastination (Tom and Joe)

# data[].attributes.body
- Lower marks and results of the assignments
- Distress
- Mental illness, such as depression
- More mistakes and errors, such as grammatical mistakes

Reference:
Robert M. KlassenLindsey L. Krawchuk Sukaina Rajani. (2007).
Academic procrastination of undergraduates: Low self-efficacy to self-regulate predicts higher levels of procrastination. 33(4):015-931.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0361476X07000264

- Exploring the academic procrastination of 456 undergraduates

- Examines academic and motivation characteristics of “negative procrastinators,” the undergraduates who are most adversely influenced by procrastination

- Whether low self-efficacy would lead to higher levels of procrastination

- The higher level of procrastination will lead to lower in the three aspects mentioned above

- Relationship between procrastination and academic result

# data[].attributes.body
1. Fear of failure
-Perfectionism:Self-oriented, others' oriented, socially prescribed
-perfectionism are driven more than by fear of failure then need of achievement
-anxiety, lack of self-confidence (self image)
-lack of time management
Anthony J. Onwuegbuzie (2000) (the United States)

2. Aversiveness of the task
-boredom, frustration and resentment emerge as PPA (Personal Projects Analysis) dimensions associated with task aversiveness at each stage of project development

# data[].attributes.body
Negative outcomes: lose precious time, lower self-esteem because easy to fail in tasks, make poor decisions, bad health (mental/ physical)

Positive outcomes: work faster (finding: some people prefer procrastinate so that they work under pressure in terms of time limit)

Finding: there are passive and active procrastinators

8 Ways Procrastination Can Destroy Your Life. Kirstin O´Donovan.

Rethinking : Positive Effects of "Active" Procrastination Behavior on Attitudes and Performance. Angela Hsin Chun Chu & Jin Nam Choi. (2010)

Research Question: :Positive
outcome of procrastination

What did they do: A two-step procedure was followed to categorise university students (N=125) as active procrastinators, passive procrastinators and non-procrastinators

What did they find: Not all procrastination are harmful nor lead to negative consequences

# data[].attributes.body
We found that writing a term paper, studying for exams and reading weekly assignments are the tasks that students tend to procrastinate. Our findings echo to that of Rothblum and Solomon (from the U.S), who also suggest these three tasks recored a high frequency of procrastination (p.505 and p.506). The researchers studied 342 university students who enrolled the selected psychology course with two methods, 1 self-report self procrastination and behavioural measures.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Laziness is the major reason of procrastination, Aversiveness of task comes second

2. According to our statistics, laziness in average scored 32 points, where aversiveness of task scored 31 and came second.

3.Solomon and Rothbbulum/US

5. The study point out that aversiveness of task is the factor of procrastination, where laziness is the reason

# data[].attributes.body
two groups of procrastinators exist: 1) people with high fear of failure 2) people with high aversiveness of task
1) they are highly perfectionistic, have evaluation anxiety, so they fear that their work will not be good enough and are too anxious to begin the task. 2) They are aversive to the task and find it tedious so they do not begin.
Research study: Soloman & Rothblum 1984: US
Research questions: frequency and reasons for procrastination
They analyzed the frequency of endorsement of reasons for procrastination
Findings: two groups of procrastinators: small but homogeneous group of people reporting procrastination due to fear of failure, and large but heterogeneous group of people reporting procrastination due to aversiveness of task

# data[].attributes.body
1. According to our statistics, laziness in average scored 32 points, where aversiveness of task scored 31 and came second.

2.  Aversiveness of task is one of the factors. It takes reasons including aversiveness of task and laziness into account.

3. Fear of failure is another factor. It includes evolution of anxiety and perfectionism.

4. According to our data, the mean of fear of failure is lower than the mean of aversiveness of task, indicating aversiveness of task Amy be a more signifiant factor

5. The reading states that time management is not an independent factor although it is highly endorse. Other cognitive, affective and behavioural reasons for procrastination simultaneously endorsed as well.

6.. Solomon and Rothabbulum

# data[].attributes.body
Our answer:

Findings and observation:
Time management, difficulty making decision and laziness are the three main reasons for procrastination in university students.

Eldest children tends to procrastinate more than youngest students

Research study:
1.
Schouwenburg (1992) Procrastinators and fear of failure: an exploration of reasons for procrastination

Research question

why is there a discrepancy between the observation of fear of failure as a reason for procrastination but test results that fail to find such a correlation?;
is fear of failure a reason for procrastination?

Methods
Students are required to answer a questionnaire that uses the Lay procrastination scale to investigate the subject's reasons for procrastination

Findings

Some homogenous subgroups of students procrastinate due to fear of failure; other students do not attribute procrastination to fear of failure at all

2.

Exploring academic procrastination among Turkish students: Possible gender differences in prevalence and reasons

Bilge Uzun Özer, Ayhan Demir, Joseph R Ferrari (2009)

Research questions:
Reasons for procrastination and whether there are gender differences

Methods
Responses by 203 Turkish undergraduate students to Turkish Procrastination  Assessment Scale -- Students

Findings
Yes, there are gender differences in reasons: more female students procrastinate more because of fear of failure and laziness, more male students reported rebellion against control and risk taking.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Year 1 students in HKU appear to be the greatest procrastinators.

2. Mean score  of 3.49 for year 1 students, as compared to 3.47 for year 2, 3.35 for year 3 and 2.8 for year 4.

From our findings, males also had a slightly higher tendency to procrastinate than females.

3. Academic Procrastination: Frequency and Cognitive-Behavioural Correlates. Solomon & Rothblum (1984)- United States

4. Aim: Determine the frequency of academic procrastination, and the reasons for procrastination. Compare self-report and behavioural measures of procrastination.

5. Administered surveys, including PASS survey, to university students, and compared results to behavioural measures based on 'self-paced quizzes', where students could decide when they took quizzes in a psychology course.

6. Procrastination involves a complex interaction between affective, cognitive and behavioural components, and research shows that self-reported characteristics of depression, low self-esteem and irrational cognitions were most correlated with procrastination

# data[].attributes.body
Answer
People tend to procrastinate on tasks which causes people to worry about invalidity.
Findings and Observations
People tend to procrastinate in tasks like "writing a term paper" and "studying for exams".
Research Study
- (Thompson, Naccarato, Parker & Moskowitz, 2001) Italy
- To investigate Personal Need for Structure and Personal Fear of Invalidity in knowledge acquisition.
- Asked participants to respond to the Personal Fear of Invalidity Scale which rates their fear of invalidity on a 5-point Likert scale. They then compiled the results to form a single Personal Fear of Invalidity index.
- Found out that Personal Fear of Invalidity concerns one's anxiety about making mistakes.

# data[].attributes.body
Our answer: the academic tasks: writing a term paper, keeping up with the weekly reading assignments and studying for exams
Our observation: the task that more people tends to procrastinate is to write a term paper.
Research study: Academic Procrastination:  Frequency and Cognitive - Behavioral Correlates
Author's name and country: Solomon and Rothblum; the U.S.
Research question: what kind of task do students procrastinate most?
Research method: PASS questionnaire
Their finding:  46% for writing a term paper; 30.1% for reading assignments; 27.6 for studying for exams

# data[].attributes.body
Our answer: Men procrastinate more than women.
Our findings: Regarding the mean score of procrastination among the two genders, men scored higher with 2.7 while women scored lower, 1.6.
Research study:

Putting off Until Tomorrow What is Better Done Today: Academic Procrastination as a Function of Motivation Toward College Work
Research method:
PASS Questionaire
Their findings: Despite the fact that women procrastinate due to perfectionism, they still procrastinated less with compensations provided by educators. Also, men who are often extrinsically motivated and dissatisfied are more likely to procrastinate more than women.

# data[].attributes.body
*Our answer: Procrastination is mainly explained by fear of failure, aversiveness of task, and The Temporal Motivation Theory

*Findings and observations: The ratio of fear of failure and aversiveness of task were the greatest factors in our self-reported surveys.

*Research study: Why Procrastinate: An Investigation of the Root Causes behind Procrastination; Neal Thakkar (2009)

*What did they do: Thakkar backs up his opinion with the

The Temporal Motivation Theory and backs up with other scholars' studies

*What did they find: Besides fear of failure and aversiveness of task, modern technology and permeated post-modern values also contribute to the increase in procrastination.

# data[].attributes.body
1.Course grade was not significantly correlated with procrastination. Depends on the type of exam.
2. Lower performance in term paper. Such tasks require stronger time arrangement and more deliberate time allocation
3.significantly lower GPA, lower motivation of learning, more negative study attitude. But can't determine the causal relationship (hard to manipulate in an experiment)
4. Depends on the type of procrastinators. Passive type (traditional procrastinator) has lower academic performance. Active type (prefer to work under pressure, make deliberate decisions to procrastinate) is more similar to non-procrastinators in terms of academic performance and many other aspects.

# data[].attributes.headline
Q3:reason for procrastination (Ariel & Janice)

# data[].attributes.subject
Q3:reason for procrastination (Ariel & Janice)

# data[].attributes.body
<Our answer>:
-fear of failure

<Observation>:
-fear of failure/
-aversiveness of the task and laziness

<Research study>:

Authors' name:
-solomon & rothblum (USA)

Research question:
-Academic procrastination: frequency and cognitive behavioural correlates

What did they do:
-target group: 342 university students who were enrolled in introductory psychology course
-questionnaire at an in-class assessment session

what they find:
49.9%: fear of failure
18%: aversiveness of the task and laziness

# data[].attributes.headline
Q1)  Aayushman Singh, John Chan, Helen Cheuk

# data[].attributes.subject
Q1)  Aayushman Singh, John Chan, Helen Cheuk

# data[].attributes.body
Procrastination is mostly correlated with three variables : fear of failure, lack of self confidence and performance anxiety. According to our findings through mini report 1, students tend to procrastinate on more on the basis of fear of failure. For example, low average scores forprocrastination were recorded for tasks like exams and assignments due to fear of failure and a high average score for procrastination for less important tasks like  planning to meet with someone. This shows that lesser the fear of failure of a particular task, greater is the tendency to procrastinate. In the 1st reference cited below, the method was very similar to our PASS questionnaire where they asked workers to decide between a task that could increase their salary versus a task which would not. Their majority decision towards the prior job showed their want to do the first task. [1]

Another factor for procrastination could be task aversiveness. It has been found that lethargy and boredom in tasks can cause students to procrastinate. For example, students tend to avoid difficult tasks as compared to easy ones due to faster satisfaction of completing the easy tasks. [2]

Reference:
1. Neal Thakkar.
Richmon, Virginia, USA.
Research question : Why procrastinate? An investigation on root causes for procrastination.
2. Allan Blunt.
Carleton University
Task aversiveness and procrastination.

# data[].attributes.body
year 1 students
From our research, it shows that almost all undergraduate students demonstrate some behaviour of procrastination, we observed that the most serious procrastination is writing term paper, since they don't have energy to begin the task and have averseness of tasks.

<procrastination,deadlines and performance , self control by precommitment >
By Dan Ariely and Klaus Wertenbrouch
France
are people willing to self-impose meaningful deadlines to overcome procrastination / is it effective in task performance ?

2 sets of students
1 : deadline given by professor
2: deadline set by themselves

findings : students are willing to set deadlines even if they are costly

# data[].attributes.headline
Q4 (Ella&Vivian) Outcomes of procrastination 

# data[].attributes.subject
Q4 (Ella&Vivian) Outcomes of procrastination 

# data[].attributes.body
Reasons: Fear of failure and aversiveness of tasks and laziness

Our findings/observations: The mean score of aversiveness of task(3.77)  is higher than that of the fear of failure(2.84), different from the research maybe because of the sample size is not large enough.

Research study:
authors' name:
solomon & rothblum (USA)

research questions:
academic procrastination

what did they do:
giving out questionnaires to the students who took the psychology introductory course

what they find:
FACTOR ANALYSIS
49.9%: fear of failure
18%: aversiveness of the task and laziness

# data[].attributes.headline
Ella & Vivian Q4 outcomes of procrastination 

# data[].attributes.subject
Ella & Vivian Q4 outcomes of procrastination 

# data[].attributes.body
-Poor academic results & raising fear of failure: Get used to procrstinating behaviours & higher risk to miss out deadlines
-develop anxiety & aversiveness of tasks
Research by Milgram&Toubiana 1999
Students were more anxious about academic assignments and that higher levels of academic anxiety led to higher levels of procrastination.

# data[].attributes.body
<our answer>
<our findings/observations>
<research study>
-authors’ names and country
-research questions
-what did they do
-what did they find

# data[].attributes.headline
Q3 (Yue Hiu Lam, Cheung Nai Yan and Lim Yan Xuan)

# data[].attributes.subject
Q3 (Yue Hiu Lam, Cheung Nai Yan and Lim Yan Xuan)

# data[].attributes.body
<our answer>
-fear of failure (low self-esteem, irrational conditions)
-aversiveness of tasks
-expectancy-value theory: subjective task value (attainment value, intrinsic value, utility value, cost)

<research study>
author's name and country
-Fan Wu & Weihua Fan, USA

research questions
-academic procrastination in linking motivation and achievement-related behaviours from the view of expectancy-value theory

methods
-students are required to conduct a survey to examine the academic self-efficacy and task value

results
-students who have low belief about their academic abilities are more likely to procrastinate on their academic tasks
-there are positive relations between cost and missing dead-line

# data[].attributes.body
<fear of failure>
<time management>

<observation>
-bad grades/side track of the task/low self-esteem towards academic performance due to previous task
-delay internal deadline for final paper or group projects
-tend to believe they cant finish the task within certain period

research study
L. J. Solomon & E. D. Rothblum. (1984). Academic Procrastination: Frequency and Cognitive-Behavioral Correlates.  From University of Vermont
-send questionnaires and obtain scale for procrastination towards several academic tasks/ rankings towards factors of procrastinantion

49% of respondents answered the fear of failure is their major concern --> perfectionism and achieve higher standard

# data[].attributes.body
- answer: writing a term paper
- observation: with highest motivation before the deadline of the days (some funny graphs in social media indicate that the motivation is 0 one week before the deadline, but it suddenly go up immediately the night before deadline)
- research study: 46% of the subjects reported that they nearly always procrastinate on writing a term paper.
- authors' names and country: Laura J.Solomon and Esther D. Rothblum. The US 1982
- research questions: PASS
1. prevalence of procrastination in six areas
a. writing term paper
b. studying for exam
c. weekly readings
d. administrative tasks
e.attending meetings
f. preparing academic tasks in general
2. the possible reasons for procrastination
-what did they do
- using 5 points Likert scale the degree
- 342 university college students participate
-what did they find
- 46%: writing essay
-27.6%: studying for exam
- 30.1%:reading weekly assignment

# data[].attributes.body
Who are the procrastinators?

- People who fear the failure (50%) and think the tasks are aversive (20%) for them are more likely to procrastinate on the tasks. (Psychological and mental , conceptual factors) . Our mini report matched this result too.

- People who are less determined to finish the tasks that are more likely to procrastinate. For instance, the "proofreading test" in the second reading, shown that people who procrastinated the task are less serious than others when doing the tasks (empirical evidence) .

- People have less motivations and plans for the future will procrastinate as they will prefer instant gratification instead of thinking the reward in the future (

theoretical hypothesis).

- Not only does it about the psychological status (depression) , but also related to time management skills , say, people who have poor time management skills are not able to priories the tasks and do the less important things first, making them delay the tasks .

- People who have more excuses to explain their procrastination will prefer to delay their tasks. As they think that they are justified to procrastinate.  In other words, they will not feel guilty when procrastinate (from hailey's research result) .

<research and studies>

- Ariely and Wertenbroch

-Midgley, Carol, Revathy Arunkumar, and Timothy C. Urdan (1996)

- Steel (2007)

- Our mini project

Solomon and Rothblum (1984)

# data[].attributes.body
The studt was carries by a group of researchers in Western Canada. The study explores the relationship among academic procrastination, self-regulation, academic self-efficiency, self- esteem, and self-efficacy for self-regulation.

Results reveal that although other self variables are related to procastination, self-efficacy for self-regulation is most predictive of procastination tendencies.

Possible outcomes of procastination are bad grades, poor time management, low self-esteem, fear of failure and poor temper...

# data[].attributes.body
-College students (with no particular gender) with high levels of fear of failure and aversiveness of task. This is illustrated in Solomon and Rothblum (1984) with 49.4% of the variance that reflect fear of failure about meeting others' expectations'.
-Perfectionists: pupils with high expectations on themselves and quality of work (Solomon and Rothblum, 1984)
-Lazy pupils (Solomon and Rothblum, 1984), with Laziness ranked as the second highest factor as a reason of procrastination
-Pupils with low self-confidence/ high tendency of depression tend to perform neurotic procrastination as a self-defence to protect a person's self-worth (Steel, 2016)
--pupils with irrational beliefs about self-worth (Ellis & Knaus, 1977)