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Used in phychology, education and communication holds that portions of an individual's knowledge acquisition can be directly related to observing others, within the context of social interactions, experiences and outside media influences. Media provides models for a vast array of people in many different environmental settings. The internet offer a powerful tool to language teaching.

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Internet já é usada pela maioria dos professores do País - Jornal de Beltrão

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Pesquisa constatou que é usada em aulas expositivas, trabalhos sobre temas específicos e solução de dúvidas individuais.

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Community Language Learning is the name of a method developed by Charles A. Currran, is an approach to language to teaching that emphasizes interaction as both the means and the ultimate goal of study .
Focuses on semantics ; Lays emphasis on communication real. The primary goal of language teaching is enabling students to use the language to communicate. Students-centered (the teacher's mediator) and Group activities.

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Total Physical Response is a language teaching method  developed by James Asher. It is based on the coordination of language and physical movement. In this method the instructors give commands to students in the target language with body movements and the students responde with whole body actions. Teachers commandments; Listening comprehension comes first. Students will speak when they are ready. The lessons typically use a wide variety of realia, posters and props.

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The Silent Way is the name of a method devised by Caleb Gattegno. It is based on the premise that the teacher should be in silent as much as possible in the classroom and the learner should be encourage as much language as possible. Elements of Silent Way particularly the use of color charts and the colored cuisenaire rods. No use of the learner's native language. Focuses on students interaction rather than teacher interaction.

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The Silent Way is a language-teaching method created by Caleb Gattegno that makes extensive use of silence as a teaching method. Gattegno introduced the method in 1963, in his book Teaching Foreign Languages in Schools: The Silent Way.

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Developed by British applied linguists in 1930s. According to Situational Approach and to insure that the language that is being taught is realistic all the words and sentences must grow out some real situation or imagined real situation.
The theory includes the following principles: language learning is habit-formation; mistakes are bad and should be avoid, as they make bad habits; language skills are learning more effectively if they are presented orally first, then in written form.

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The Direct Method is sometimes called the Natural Method. In 1977 Tracy Terrell a teacher of Spanish in California, outline a proposal for a new philosophy of language teaching which he call the Natural Method.
In this method is not allowed translation. Only the target language is allowed  and emphasis on the oral language.
Gestures, illustration and mime are used to elicit questions and answers.

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Is based on behaviorism theory , this method advice the students be taught a language directly without using the student's native language to explain new words or grammar in the target language.
During the World War II the American government to develop foreign languages programs for military, the objectives was for students to attain conversational proficiency in a variety of foreign language.
Need memorize;
Errors to be avoided to counter  "wrong" habits.
Dialogues and drills form the basis of audiolingual classroom practices.

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The audio-lingual method consists of teaching a new language through reading a dialogue or text and carrying out drills associated with it. According to this method learning a language consists of getting to know its grammar and practicing its rules through different types of drills until habits in the new language are formed and speech becomes spontaneous. Through listening, imitating and performing controlled tasks, students acquire a new form of verbal behavior.

The essentials are: a) language learning is a process of habit formation, and good habits are formed by giving correct responses b) since language is basically oral, spoken form is presented before written form c) translation or use of the native tongue is discouraged d) students infer the rules of the language through practice, so the approach to the teaching of grammar is essentially inductive (as in the direct method).

Classroom Practice

Dialogues and drills form the basis of audiolingual classroom practices. Dialogues provide a context for the language and are used for repetition and memorization. After a dialogue has been presented, the teacher selects specific grammar patterns that become the focus of various kinds of drills. A typical audiolingual class consists of:

(1) Students listen to a dialogue and repeat its lines. (2) The dialogue is adapted to the students' interests through changing certain keywords or phrases. (3) Certain key structures from the dialogue are selected and used as the basis for pattern drills of different kinds. (4) The students refer to their textbook, and follow-up reading, writing or vocabulary activities based on the dialogue are introduced. As proficiency increases, students may write compositions on given topics.

Some examples of instructional material related to this method are vintage books like Access to English, English 900 or the Audio-Lingual Materials publications.
Criticism
Audio-lingualism is based on behaviorism, a theory that sees learners as passive receivers of information whose behavior is shaped through positive or negative reinforcement. A critic made to behaviorism came on the part of linguist Chomsky (1957), who claimed "How can children make mistakes if they simply repeat what they hear?" In Chomsky's view learners are credited with using their cognitive abilities in a creative way to work out hypothesis about the structure of the L2. His theory gave rise to cognitivism.

For behaviorists, learners were passive receivers of information whereas for cognitivists they are active processors. While the aim of behaviorism was to repeat until the habits were formed, cognitivists believed in problem-solving activities or tasks, which gave rise to communicative methods. Under a communicative approach learners need activities for meaningful learning so that they can use their innate and creative abilities to learn the rules of the language.

Photo Credit: Audio Guide

Related answers:
Sources
Chomsky, N. (1957). Syntactic Structures. The Hague: Mouton.

Richards, J. C., & Rodgers, T. S. (2001). Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching (2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press.

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The audio-lingual method - Language Journeys Blog

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The audio-lingual method consists of teaching a new language through reading a dialogue or text and carrying out drills associated with it. According to this method learning a language consists of getting to know its grammar and practicing its rules through different types of drills until habits in the new language are formed and speech becomes spontaneous.