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We learned that while GM foods may have some unintentional downsides during creation or as a product of their modifications, testing prevents the former and the latter will be ok if kept under check. On the other hand, GM foods are often "substantially equivalent", meaning that they are the same but have a modification that gives an economic/environmental advantage, or have significant increases in yield, climate resistance, etc. that allow for the feeding of a large population. They can even contain vital vitamins that can prevent blindness and theoretically other issues associated with nutrient deficiencies.

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According to Genetically modified foods: safety, risks and public concerns---a review, "The sugar produced from GM sugar beets is highly refined and contains no DNA or protein - it is just sucrose, same as sugar produced from non-GM sugar beets (Joana et al. 2010)."

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How this information helps your understanding of this topic

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What about your evidence makes it scientifically valid? 

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What about your evidence makes it scientifically valid? 

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We used evidence from peer reviewed articles that provided both sides of the argument on GMOs. They cited various scientific studies, and if there were any possible flaws or shortcomings of the methods of the studies, they pointed them out. "Genetically modified foods: safety, risks and public concerns—a review" was cited 124 times by other scientists/researchers.

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GM tomatoes are the same as their non-GM counterparts

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GM tomatoes are the same as their non-GM counterparts

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According to Genetically modified foods: safety, risks and public concerns---a review, "The GM tomatoes were produced by inserting kanr genes into a tomatoe by an 'antisense'
GM method (IRDC 1998). The results show that there were no significant alterations in total protein, vitamins, and mineral contents and in toxic glycoalkaloids (Redenbaugh et al. 1992). '

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It looks peer reviewed, multiple authors, trustworthy source, unbiased/independant, published in a respected scientific journal, blind/double-blind studies, fancy words, can't understand...

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Herbicide resistant soybeans are "substantially equivalent" to conventional soybeans

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Herbicide resistant soybeans are "substantially equivalent" to conventional soybeans

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Since the herbicide resistant soybeans are the same to eat as conventional soybeans, they are just better because they get the advantage of ease of weed control. However, they have the same drawbacks due to evolved resistance of the weeds to herbicides as stated above.

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GM tomatoes are the same as their non-GM counterparts

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GM tomatoes are the same as their non-GM counterparts

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These GM tomatoes have the same protein, vitamins, and mineral contents as their non modified counterparts. This means that while they get the environmental/economic advantage that they were genetically modified to get, they are nutritionally the same for consumers.

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These sugar beets produce the exact same sugar - so to the consumer, they are identical. However, they increase the yield of the field by allowing farmers to more easily get rid of competing weeds, thus saving money. The only problem that they pose is if some weeds survive and pass on their herbicide resistant genes, increasing the amount of herbicide necessary, and so on until environmental problems occur due to runoff, economic problems occur due to the price of the herbicide, or the herbicide must become so potent that it actually harms the crop being farmed.

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Herbicide resistant soybeans are "substantially equivalent" to conventional soybeans

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Herbicide resistant soybeans are "substantially equivalent" to conventional soybeans

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According to Genetically modified foods: safety, risks and public concerns---a review, "To make soybeans herbicide resistant, the gene of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase from Agrobacterium was used. Safety tests claim the GM variety to be "substantially equivalent" to conventional soybeans (Padgette et al. 1996)."

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Glyphosate-resistant soybean (GTS) has the same effects when fed to mice as non-GM soybean

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Glyphosate-resistant soybean (GTS) has the same effects when fed to mice as non-GM soybean

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According to Genetically modified foods: safety, risks and public concerns---a review, "In a separate study (Teshima et al. 2000), it was claimed that rats and mice which were fed 30% toasted GTS or non-GTS in their diet had no significant differences in nutritional performance, organ weights, histopathology and production of IgE and IgG antibodies."

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GM potatoes have the same effects on rats as non-GM potatoes

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GM potatoes have the same effects on rats as non-GM potatoes

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According to Genetically modified foods: safety, risks and public concerns---a review, "In a short feeding study to establish the safety of GM potatoes expressing the soybean glycinin gene, rats were daily force-fed with 2 g of Gm or control potatoes/kg body weight (Hashimoto et al. 1999b). No differences in growth, feed intake, blood cell count and composition and organ weights between the groups were found."

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May be allergenic, but doesn't get to market

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May be allergenic, but doesn't get to market

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"For example, bean plants that were genetically modified to increase cysteine and methionine content were discarded after the discovery that the expressed protein of the transgene was highly allergenic (Butler and Heichhardt 1999)."

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Glyphosate-resistant soybean (GTS) has the same effects when fed to mice as non-GM soybean

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Glyphosate-resistant soybean (GTS) has the same effects when fed to mice as non-GM soybean

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Once again, this soybean has the economic advantage of being Glyphosate-resistant, but would hypothetically be equivalent to it's non-GM counterpart nutritionally.

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Many GM crops have modifications but are "substantially equivalent" to their non-GM products, and are nutritionally equivalent and have the same effects on the body. Some GM crops have incredibly helpful modifications that can significantly increase food production and save people from hunger and poverty, and some have modifications that increase nutrients, which can save people from blindness (golden rice). While GMOs can have some downsides and may interfere with the balance of certain local ecosystems, the major advantages outweigh them.

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GM potatoes have the same effects on rats as non-GM potatoes

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GM potatoes have the same effects on rats as non-GM potatoes

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Like before, the GM potatoes have the economic advantage due to their resistance, while being the exact same when consumed, almost meaning that they are a direct upgrade except for the possible problems if there is overuse of herbicide.

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May be allergenic, but doesn't get to market

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May be allergenic, but doesn't get to market

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While some GM plants can contain protein that is highly allergenic, they are tested for causing an allergic response before being put to market (or at least should be), so they aren't a problem to the public. Basically, while GM foods can be harmful if the genetic transfer causes adverse affects, they can be screened to prevent any harm to consumers.

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GMOs with natural pest resistance may cause more problems than they solve

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GMOs with natural pest resistance may cause more problems than they solve

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Due to selective pressure in a large monoculture of pest resistant crops, pests could become resistant and cancel out the plant's resistance, and could spread to other fields and cause harm. This is an example of when certain GM traits could actually be inadvertently negative.

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Insect resistant plants could make minor pests a major problem

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Insect resistant plants could make minor pests a major problem

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If insect resistant plants lower competition and make minor pests more prevalent, a whole outbreak of negative effects could unleash. The pests may consume the crops and overpopulate, creating a sudden feeding disaster as well as another reaction to whatever eats that pest. Because ecosystems are so complex, this minor imbalance could cause widespread damage before stopped (and the method of stopping could cause more problems)

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Cold Tolerance Could Increase Fish Populations

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Cold Tolerance Could Increase Fish Populations

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This means that we could have more food in more places, which helps to relieve world hunger. This makes it cheaper to create aquaculture and increases the yield of the fish, which makes it easier on the producer of fish."

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GM Fish Could Escape and Breed With Native Species

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GM Fish Could Escape and Breed With Native Species

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GM Fish, especially fast growth/high yield fish, could be a big problem if they escaped. They would be very difficult to track down, and if they breed with native species. If they breed with native species, they could create a population explosion, and the offspring could have unpredictable and negative effects, causing possible ecosystem imbalance and damage.

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GM foods clearly have massive benefits if they are preventing blindness in vitamin A deficient areas. The advantage of them helping so many people likely outweighs the possible slight negative effects they may have (which would be tested for and hopefully prevented before they got to market).

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Norman Borlaug Saved Mexico's Food Supply

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Norman Borlaug Saved Mexico's Food Supply

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Borlaug managed to literally save lives with his GM wheat varieties. This is a case of GMOs clearly having more benefits. This wheat was a drastic improvement over the non GM wheat that didn't grow well in the area, and the GM wheat helped lower world hunger. This kind of regional genetic modification to create local commercial food sources is what could end world hunger.

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Norman Borlaug Saved Mexico's Food Supply

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Norman Borlaug Saved Mexico's Food Supply

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According to The World Food Prize, "It was on the research stations and farms' filed of Mexico that Dr. Borlaug developed successive generations of wheat varieties with broad and stable disease resistance, broad adaptation to growing conditions across many degrees latitude, and with exceedingly high yield potential".

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According to Campbell's Biology Ninth Edition, "Some 250,000 to 500,000 children go blind each year because of vitamin A deficiencies.....In response to this crisis, genetic engineers have created "Golden Rice," a transgenic variety supplemented with two daffodil genes that enable it to produce grain containing beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A".

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GM Fish Could Escape and Breed With Native Species

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GM Fish Could Escape and Breed With Native Species

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According to The threats and benefits of GM fish, "... GM fish, once escaped into the open ocean, are obviously much harder to control and can spread much faster than GM plants do on land".

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Cold Tolerance Could Increase Fish Populations

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Cold Tolerance Could Increase Fish Populations

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According to The threats and benefits of GM fish, "Cold tolerance would allow farmers to expand aquaculture into colder and less populated areas".

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Insect resistant plants could make minor pests a major problem

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Insect resistant plants could make minor pests a major problem

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According to Genetically modified foods: safety, risks and public concerns---a review, "It is also possible that if insect-resistant plants cause increased death in one particular pest, it may decrease competition and invite minor pests to become a major problem."

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GMOs with natural pest resistance may cause more problems than they solve

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GMOs with natural pest resistance may cause more problems than they solve

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According to Genetically modified foods: safety, risks and public concerns---a review, "Resistance can evolve whenever selective pressure is strong enough. If these cultivars are planted on a commercial scale, there will be strong selective pressure in that habitat, which could cause the evolution of resistant insects in a few years and nullify the effects of the transgenic."