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p. 159 #7

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Mientras que algunas tribus urbanas están presentes en todo el mundo, hay otras que solo se pueden encontrar en algunos países o zonas concretas. También hay casos donde según el país, una misma cultura urbana recibe nombres distintos, o tiene características propias.

A continuación tienes una lista de las tribus urbanas por países y continentes:

Tribus presentes en todo el mundo

Las siguientes tribus urbanas son las más conocidas y están presentes en todo el planeta. Puedes encontrar personas que se identifiquen con estas subculturas en muchos países distintos, en situaciones distintas y hablando idiomas diferentes, y sin embargo, en todos los casos estas culturas urbanas han permanecido durante muchos años inalterables:

Tribus urbanas de España y Europa

En España y Europa, las tribus urbanas tuvieron una especial repercusión en los años 80 y 90, sobre todo en países como Alemania, Gran Bretaña, Francia o Italia. Además de las tribus que están presentes en todo el planeta, algunas de las siguientes tribus están especialmente ligadas a España y al resto de Europa:

Tribus urbanas de Latinoamérica

En países como México, Colombia, Argentina, Venezuela, Chile, Ecuador, Perú, Costa Rica, Bolivia, República Dominicana, Paraguay... hay algunas tribus urbanas que tienen nombres distintos según cada zona. También hay tribus creadas en estos países que no están presentes fuera de Latinoamérica, especialmente algunas creadas desde los años 2000.
Aquí tienes las tribus características de estos países:

Otras: Gruperos, Hoperos, Scene, Rolingas, Hardcores / hardcoreros, Visuals....

Tribus urbanas de Asia (Japón, Corea, China....)

Recientemente, ha habido subculturas juveniles provenientes de Asia, especialmente de Japón y Corea, que se han extendido por todo el mundo. Estas tribus llevan muchos años tiendo famosas en Asia (China, Taiwan, etc), y además actualmente se han popularizado mucho y se pueden encontrar seguidores de ellas en el resto de los continentes:

Tribus urbanas de Estados Unidos

Algunas culturas urbanas son provenientes de Estados Unidos y Canadá. Aparte de todas las culturas urbanas ya nombradas anteriormente, aquí tienes una lista de las tribus más características de los EEUU:

Otros enlaces de interés:

Foro - Plantea aquí tus preguntas y conversa con otras personas.

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Mientras que algunas tribus urbanas están presentes en todo el mundo, hay otras que solo se pueden encontrar en algunos países o zonas concretas. También hay casos donde según el país, una misma cultura urbana recibe nombres distintos, o tiene características propias.

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La belleza y la estética - AP Spanish Language and Culture

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Aesthetics is the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature and appreciation of art, beauty, and perception; aesthetics is central to any exploration of art. In practice, aesthetic judgment refers to the sensory contemplation or appreciation of an object or a work of art.

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Oscars: moda y tendencias #infografia #infographic

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Barbas largas y recortadas con mimo, gafas de pasta, ropa extravagante, gusto por lo vintage, estilo de vida alternativo... Hay ciertos elementos estéticos que distinguen a la tribu urbana de los hipsters, al menos a grandes rasgos. Pero ¿qué es un hipster en realidad? ¿Cuáles son sus características? Te lo explicamos en los siguientes párrafos.

Hay que decir, ante todo, que la palabra hipster no es nueva, pues ya era utilizada en la década de los años 40 del siglo XX en Estados Unidos para definir a los aficionados al jazz y a otras expresiones culturales. El término fue resucitado a finales de los 90 y reivindicado por los jóvenes de clase media-alta aficionados al cine independiente y la música alternativa, entre otras cosas.

Estilo hipster

El estilo de vida de los hipster es más una actitud frente al mundo que una simple moda. A grandes rasgos, se puede decir que su objetivo es huir del mainstream, o dicho de otros modo de "lo que hace todo el mundo". Por eso buscan expresiones artísticas diferentes, visten con prendas de ropa de otras épocas, cultivan un look estrafalario, se desplazan por la ciudad en bicicleta, frecuentan cafés y locales alternativos (aunque no le hacen ascos al Starbucks) e incluso recuperan hábitos en desuso como, por ejemplo, fumar en pipa o escuchar música de viejos vinilos usando tocadiscos.

Este estilo de vida al margen de la sociedad de consumo hace a los hipsters habituales compradores de productos artesanos. Los encontrarás comprando en comercios locales, tiendas de arte y antigüedades, librerías de viejo y mercadillos urbanos. Muchos de ellos son veganos, aunque no se trata de una regla estricta. Todos son amantes del café y del té, aunque algunos también consumen alcohol, sobre todo cerveza artesanal. Una contradicción más del mundo hipster, donde el amor por lo vintage no está reñidocon su pasión por las nuevas tecnologías y su hiperactividad en las redes sociales.

No existe una "ideología hipster", ni se les asocia a ninguna tendencia política. Como mucho se declaran ecologistas, pero no son militantes. De hecho, una de las críticas más feroces que recibe esta tribu urbana es su superficialidad oculta bajo una capa de pretendida intelectualidad. Hay que decir en todo caso que los hipsters no se toman muy en serio estas opiniones. Ellos simplemente viven a su modo y dejan vivir.

Moda hipster

Sin duda, lo que más llama la atención del hipster es su estética. Puede gustar o no, pero lo que no se puede negar es que ésta no deja a nadie indiferente. No hay un modelo que dicte cómo debe vestir un hipster, aunque de existir una indumentaria oficial, en esta no faltarían los pantalones pitillo, calzado cómodo y prendas de vestir "pasadas de moda". Tanto vale el abrigo de la abuela como una pajarita, una bufanda o un sombrero viejo comprado en el mercadillo de segunda mano. La libertad es total, la única consigna es tener un look único y personal.

Las gafas de pasta ocupan un lugar destacado dentro del atuendo de cualquier hipster que se precie. En muchas ocasiones dichas gafas ni siquiera tienen cristales, pues llevarlas es una cuestión puramente estética. Y en el caso de los hombres, un elemento icónico es la barba hipster, llamada sí por cumplir con una serie de características que todos conocemos: ha de ser una barba larga, muy cuidada, aunque a veces se recorta intencionadamente para dar la impresión casual, y en ella debe destacar el bigote como un elemento con personalidad propia, a veces resaltando sus extremos en punta.

Pero ser hipster es algo más que dejarse crecer la barba, como se explica en este divertido vídeo:

Mujeres hipsters

Todo lo anterior es válido también para ellas, las mujeres hispters. Sin embargo, hay algunas diferencias notables en el apartado estético: en lugar de pantalones pitillo, las chicas optan por vestir mallas ( leggins) o medias, gorros de lana, prendas de cuadros, etc. No hay normas rígidas y tampoco hay problema en copiar o adoptar ideas estéticas o elementos de otras tribus urbanas.

En cuanto a la elección del tipo de peinado, que en el caso de los hombres se limita al típico corte undercut (rapado por los costados y por detrás, dejando una mata de pelo en al parte alta de la cabeza), ellas disponen de más opciones: moños, pelo más o menos largo teñido de colores chillones, etc.

Por último, aunque muchas chicas hipster rechazan el maquillaje, otras en cambio sí recurren a él para completar su imagen, generalmente dando color a las mejillas, resaltando las cejas y ocasionalmente poniendo un punto de color a los labios con lápices de tonos chillones.

Artículos relacionados

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¿Qué es un "hipster" y qué rasgos le diferencian?

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Barbas largas y recortadas con mimo, gafas de pasta, ropa extravagante, gusto por lo vintage, estilo de vida alternativo... Hay ciertos elementos estéticos que distinguen a la tribu urbana de los hipsters, al menos a grandes rasgos. Pero ¿qué es un hipster en realidad? ¿Cuáles son sus características?

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Lia Samantha - Colombia Moda 2014 con AfroEstilo

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Dressed in a white shirt and pegtop trousers, the fashion of the time for young males influenced by jazz culture, José Díaz headed to a friend's birthday party in rural Los Angeles. It was the summer of 1942, and 22-year-old Diaz, who was born in Mexico but raised in the United States, was scheduled to report for induction into the U.S. Army the next day. According to accounts, Díaz was excited about the U.S. entering World War II and looked forward to the opportunity to serve his country. Because he would be leaving home for boot camp, he decided at the last minute to attend the party, although he'd initially told his mother he didn't feel up to going. Toward the end of the night, a group of young people known for trouble showed up seeking revenge for an earlier altercation. A fight broke out, and many were injured. Díaz was left beaten and stabbed, and would later die in the hospital from a brain contusion.

Much like today, fear of the other had firmly permeated the American psyche.

The incident, which became known as The Sleepy Lagoon Murder, sparked widespread fears among white Angelenos over "dangerous, unruly," Mexican teens, mostly known as zoot suiters for their attire-ballooned pants and long coats. Then-Governor Cuthbert L. Olson used Díaz's death as a call to action. The Los Angeles police arrested more than 600 Mexican American youth. More than 20 indictments were issued in Díaz's death, and, in 1943, members of a group called the 38th Street Boys were convicted. One was sentenced to life in prison.

Within months, what became known as the Zoot Suit Riots would erupt.

In the throes of WWII, extreme patriotism reigned. Much like today, fear of the other had permeated the American psyche, and many working class whites were emboldened by a pervasive jingoism as the United States asserted its strength on the national stage, while disempowering its own citizens at home.

Japanese Americans were expelled into internment camps, Blacks migrated North in droves to escape racial hostility in the South, and The Bracero Program, the largest U.S. contract labor program, brought several thousand Mexican guest workers into Los Angeles. The "City of Angels" had a booming economy, but discriminatory policies in employment and housing kept people of color on the periphery.

Though about 350,000 Mexican Americans fought in WWII, (More than 500,000 Latinos-including 350,000 Mexican Americans and 53,000 Puerto Ricans served.), their very presence in urban areas was considered a threat.

It was Mexican youth who adopted the attire as an unofficial uniform of resistance .

Riots erupted in various cities across the nation, and the racial tension brewing in Los Angeles placed the Mexican American struggle front and center.

For first- and second-generation Mexican Angelenos, a sense of identity was necessary for survival. As they struggled to navigate older familial and generational values and widespread bigotry, fashion became an important form of cultural expression. For Mexican youth, who would call themselves Pachucos and Pachucas, the zoot suit did just that.

The flamboyant garb, inspired by the drape suits initially popularized by African American jazz musicians such as Cab Calloway, made its first appearances throughout nightclubs in Harlem and New Orleans. The long jackets with exaggerated padded shoulders, high-waisted ballooned trousers, and pork pie hats defined the look and also made it easy to jump, jive, and swing to the fast-paced jazz rhythms. Women wore their own versions too, subverting the status quo and testing established notions of womanhood and femininity. Working class whites, Blacks, and other youth of color, including future activists Malcolm X and Cesar Chavez, embraced the look in its early days. But Mexican youth adopted the attire as an unofficial uniform of resistance -much like young Black boys today who are profiled, criminalized, and murdered in their hoodies for embracing urban fashion and choosing not to conform.

In a national effort to preserve resources, the War Preparedness Board banned the production of wool, pleats, cuffs, and long jackets-key elements that helped define zoot-suiter style. The 1942 mandate had practical purposes, and to resist was dangerous. Bootleg tailors continued sales, and those who stood in defiance were branded unpatriotic when American patriotism was at an all-time high.

There was nothing explicitly Mexican about zoot suits, but boldly demanding to be seen was an affront to American identity.

But Pachucos and Pachucas were American, and in the innovative ways marginalized ethnic groups have always done, they explored ways to carve out an identity in a society that wanted them to disappear. In turn, Mexican youth-as well as Black and Filipino zoot suiters-were hunted, brutally beaten, and stripped of their suits. They then watched servicemen burn their clothes in the streets. Mobs of hundreds of white sailors and Marines poured into Mexican neighborhoods and local hangouts and brutalized them with impunity.

The same bigotry plagues the country today, evidenced by the Latinos, Muslims, Blacks, and Asians subjected to vicious hate crimes for the color of their skin or for wearing "ethnic" clothing. Young zoot suiters learned the very act of daring to assert themselves was, in the minds of many, un-American. Nothing about the zoot suits was explicitly Mexican, but boldly demanding to be seen was an affront to American identity.

As the riots made national news and anti-Mexican sentiment persisted, First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt expressed concern in her column, My Day:

"The question goes deeper than just [zoot] suits. It is a racial protest. I have been worried for a long time about the Mexican racial situation. It is a problem with roots going a long way back, and we do not always face these problems as we should."

The weeklong race riots ceased when servicemen were confined to their bases and more than 500 Mexican youth were arrested. Smaller clashes continued shortly thereafter, and the L.A. City Council made wearing a zoot suit on Los Angeles streets punishable by a 30-day jail sentence. The riots were arguably the first fashion movement to cause mass civil unrest in American history.

Still, the zoot suit had lasting influence and the riots were a pivotal moment in Mexican American history. Zoot suiters became leaders in the formation of the Chicano Movement during the Civil Rights Era; fought barriers to education, fair pay, and housing; coordinated walkouts and strikes; and formed countless organizations addressing everything from the plight of farmworkers to student activism on college campuses. What's more, they exposed a struggle that was uniquely Mexican, and helped to affirm Chicanos as a legitimate political force.

Zoot suiters demanded to be seen, and their suits embodied more than style.

The zoot suit spirit inspires urban Mexican style into the 21st century. Today, as inner-city youth continue to endure systemic racism, poverty, incarceration, police brutality, and gang violence, they still use fashion to reclaim their identity. The policing of Black and brown people who dare to challenge the status quo and embrace their own culture, often without a political agenda, continues to this day. Bans on Black hairstyles in the workplace, schools, and the military in recent years (twists were only approved in 2014, locs just this year), or attacks on hijab-wearing women, are modern examples of the ways in which cultural expression is continually silenced. But the pushback from white dominant culture has undeniably been the catalyst for politicizing cultural identity at various points throughout history.

After all, zoot suiters demanded to be seen, and their suits embodied more than style. They became a bold political statement in the face of bigotry, cultural oppression, and injustice.

Youth of color have always been at the forefront of history's key social movements: subverting cultural norms and giving the middle finger to white supremacy, police brutality, and gendered and racial violence by using fashion and self-expression as a means of not only coping with oppression and subjugation, but also of claiming space rightfully owed and deserved.

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Zoot Suits: A Fashion Movement that Sparked Mexican American Resistance - YES! Magazine

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Dressed in a white shirt and pegtop trousers, the fashion of the time for young males influenced by jazz culture, José Díaz headed to a friend's birthday party in rural Los Angeles. It was the summer of 1942, and 22-year-old Diaz, who was born in Mexico but raised in the United States, was scheduled to report for induction into the U.S.

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Un alebrije, a manera de traje típico y al mismo tiempo con un aspecto de vestido de noche, fue la acertada combinación cuya manufactura y diseño corrió a cargo de Avelino Roque Osorio, diseñador oriundo de Tuxtepec, Oaxaca. Su alebrije hizo lucir espectacular a la Miss Universo 2021, Andrea Meza, ingeniera chihuahuense, modelo y maquillista.

vía Instagram

Lee: La mexicana Andrea Meza es Miss Universo 2021

El diseño de alebrije de Avelino Roque

Fue confeccionado con colores llamativos:

Rosa

Morado

Verde

Azul

Amarillo

Rojo

Entre otros elementos, se compone de los siguientes:

Leotardo tipo jumpsuit transparente

Bordados

Pedrería

Cristales

Lentejuelas

Plumas

Alas (colocadas como mochila, aseguradas con arnés)

Botas

En total, el atuendo pesa 40 kilos. Y la elaboración le tomó un mes y medio a Avelino Roque, quien lo realizó de manera completamente artesanal.

"El alebrije siendo la fantasía, misticismo, cultura y tradición de nuestra tierra mexicana"

La expresión de emoción por el triunfo

¿Quién es Avelino Roque?

El diseño de alebrije de Avelino concursó con otros y ganó para que fuera usado por la recién coronada Miss Universo 2021 en el máximo certamen de belleza en Occidente. La participación de su diseño basado en la imaginería de los seres fantásticos que se han nutrido de las tonas y los nahuales, así como de la cartonería y de los mundialmente conocidos alebrijes lo llenó de alegría con la sola participación.

El oaxaqueño se ganó la oportunidad de colaborar con la ganadora después de competir con más diseñadores en el concurso de Mexicana Universal.

Anteriormente, Roque Osorio ganó en el 2020 el premio a mejor traje regional estilizado en el certamen de belleza femenino Mexicana Universal a cargo de Lupita Jones.

¡Enhorabuena!

México Desconocido Conoce México, sus tradiciones y costumbres, pueblos mágicos, zonas arqueológicas, playas y hasta la comida mexicana.

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El alebrije que portó la Miss Universo 2021 fue diseñado por el oaxaqueño Avelino Roque | México Desconocido

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Un alebrije, a manera de traje típico y al mismo tiempo con un aspecto de vestido de noche, fue la acertada combinación cuya manufactura y diseño corrió a cargo de Avelino Roque Osorio, diseñador oriundo de Tuxtepec, Oaxaca. Su alebrije hizo lucir espectacular a la Miss Universo 2021, Andrea Meza, ingeniera chihuahuense, modelo y maquillista.

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This Latina Won a $10k Scholarship For Making a Duct Tape Folklorico-Style Prom Dress

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Larissa Leon is displaying firsthand what ingenuity looks like. The 17-year-old from Sunnyside, Washington spent 163 hours making a stunning and elaborate Folkloricoprom dress. The catch? She made the Folklorico dress entirely out of duct tape. And she did it all to help realize her dream of becoming a dermatologist.

Latina teen Larissa Leon is the grand prize winner of Duct Tape's $10,000 "Stuck at Prom" scholarship contest.

The "Stuck at Prom" scholarship contest gives teens across the country the opportunity to win a $10,000 scholarship. In order to take away the grand prize, they have to create a dress or a tuxedo entirely out of duct tape. After that, Duck Tape chooses the most impressive dress and tuxedo as winners.

For Leon, this dream has been a long time coming. According to an interview she had with local radio station 107.3 KFFM, Leon had been planning on entering this contest for a while. Ever since she was a young girl, Leon would craft creations out of duct tape, including wallets, bags, hair accessories, and even a mermaid tail. "I've known [I would enter] since I was pretty young, probably when I started getting really obsessed with Duct Tape," she revealed. "And I was like, I'mma do that when I'm in high school."

In her entry statement to Duck Tape, Leon explained that her Mexican heritage inspired her to create a folklorico dress out of duct tape.

"I was inspired by the Folklorico-styled dresses that stem from both indigenous and Spanish practices," she wrote. "The dresses are decorated with ribbon, flowers, and include a full flowy skirt. So I created a ruffled off-the-shoulder colorful Folklorico flower gown."

The 20 pound-Folklorico gown is detailed with flowers, lace and ribbon- all made out of Duct Tape. "The gown was designed to honor my culture," she continued. She also explained that the gown helped her "pay homage to my roots...something that many of my friends and family thought to be impossible." Even Leon's purse and hair accessories were made out of Duct Tape.

On TikTok, she posted a video explaining that she wanted to win the contest to pursue her dream of becoming a dermatologist. She also regularly shared links to the contest page so her followers could vote for her.

Her efforts paid off. As Leon shared videos and pictures of her Duct Tape Folkorico dress, her posts began to wrack up views. Millions of views. Before the finalists were announced, she posted a TikTok video expressing her nervousness over the results. That video got 4 million likes.

Throughout the contest period, Leon had been sharing behind-the-scenes peeks at her dress-making process.

On June 2nd, Leon shared a time-lapse video of her making the prom dress. In the video, she shows the hard labor and hours she spent creating her masterpiece. In total, it took a whopping 47 Duct Tape rolls to assemble the dress.

On TikTok, she shared a video of herself attempting to perform a baile folklórico. She had a difficult time, however, because the dress was so heavy. "Okay, so I tried dancing in my 20-pound Duck Tape dress [crying emoji]" she wrote on the video. "As you can see I was struggling".

We hope that Larissa Leon continues to share her innovative, cultural creations with the world.

Notice any needed corrections? Please email us at corrections@wearemitu.com

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This Latina Won a $10k Scholarship For Making a Duct Tape Folklorico-Style Prom Dress

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Photo via Larissa Leon/Twitter Larissa Leon is displaying firsthand what ingenuity looks like. The 17-year-old from Sunnyside, Washington spent 163 hours making a stunning and elaborate Folklorico prom dress. The catch? She made the Folklorico dress entirely out of duct tape. And she did it all t