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notes how the usage of blackface promotes the idea of a person as an item or object, rather than a real human being.

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notes how the usage of blackface promotes the idea of a person as an item or object, rather than a real human being.

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5.  People being set on fire are killed surrounded by flame. The punishments of those who are caught in theft or raid or other crimes are believed to be more pleasing to the immortal gods. But when the forces of his class break loose, the punishments even fall upon the innocents.

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quibus succensis circumventi flamma exanimantur homines. Supplica eorum qui in furto aut in latrocinio aut aliqua noxia sint comprehensi gratiora dis immortalibus esse arbitrantur; sed, cum eius generis copia defecit, etiam ad innocentium supplicia descendunt.

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quibus succensis circumventi flamma exanimantur homines. Supplica eorum qui in furto aut in latrocinio aut aliqua noxia sint comprehensi gratiora dis immortalibus esse arbitrantur; sed, cum eius generis copia defecit, etiam ad innocentium supplicia descendunt.

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with them being set on fire, the men engulfed in flame, were killed.  They consider the punishment of those who were seized in theft or in raids or in  some other guilty crimes,  more pleasing to the gods; but, when they lack this  type of force RESOURCE OF THIS TYPE, still they stoop to punishMENT of the innocent.

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An 18th century illustration of a wicker man, the form of execution that Caesar claimed the druids used for human sacrifice. From an edition of Caesar's Commentaries published in 1753.

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 quibus succēnsīs circumventī flammā exanimantur hominēs. 5 Supplicia eōrum quī in fūrtō aut in latrōciniō aut aliquā noxiā sint comprehēnsī grātiōra dīs immortālibus esse arbitrantur; sed, cum ēius generis cōpia dēfēcit, etiam ad innocentium supplicia dēscendunt.

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 quibus succēnsīs circumventī flammā exanimantur hominēs. 5 Supplicia eōrum quī in fūrtō aut in latrōciniō aut aliquā noxiā sint comprehēnsī grātiōra dīs immortālibus esse arbitrantur; sed, cum ēius generis cōpia dēfēcit, etiam ad innocentium supplicia dēscendunt.

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With them being set in fire, the men engulfed by flame were killed.

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3 nōn posse deōrum immortālium nūmen plācārī arbitrantur, pūblicēque ēiusdem generis habent īnstitūta sacrificia. Aliī immānī magnitūdine simulācra habent, 4 quōrum contexta vīminibus membra vīvīs hominibus complent;

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3 nōn posse deōrum immortālium nūmen plācārī arbitrantur, pūblicēque ēiusdem generis habent īnstitūta sacrificia. Aliī immānī magnitūdine simulācra habent, 4 quōrum contexta vīminibus membra vīvīs hominibus complent;

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TheY CONSIDER THAT the will of the immortal gods is impossible to be appeased, and In the name of the public the institutions of his people have sacrifices. The rest have effigies of huge size, the limbs of which, WOVEN WITH BRANCHES, they fill up with living people.

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[16] 1 Nātiō est omnis Gallōrum admodum dēdita religiōnibus, 2 atque ob eam causam, quī sunt adfectī graviōribus morbīs et quī in proeliīs perīculīsque versantur, aut prō victimīs hominēs immolant aut sē immolātūrōs vovent administrīsque ad ea sacrificia druidibus ūtuntur.

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[16] 1 Nātiō est omnis Gallōrum admodum dēdita religiōnibus, 2 atque ob eam causam, quī sunt adfectī graviōribus morbīs et quī in proeliīs perīculīsque versantur, aut prō victimīs hominēs immolant aut sē immolātūrōs vovent administrīsque ad ea sacrificia druidibus ūtuntur.

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The whole nation of Gaul is particularly devoted to religion, and on account of this reason, (people) who are endowed with more serious diseaseS and who move about/live in battleS and dangerS, EITHER on behalf of victims sacrifice people IN PLACE OF SACRIFICIAL ANIMALS (i.e. "victims") or will vow to sacrifice themselves and make use of the Druids, the assistants for THESE sacrifices.

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3 Magnum ibi numerum versuum ēdiscere dīcuntur. Itaque annōs nōnnūllī vīcēnōs in disciplīnā permanent. 4 Neque fās esse exīstimant ea litterīs mandāre, cum in reliquīs ferē rēbus, pūblicīs prīvātīsque ratiōnibus Graecīs litterīs ūtantur. 

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3 Magnum ibi numerum versuum ēdiscere dīcuntur. Itaque annōs nōnnūllī vīcēnōs in disciplīnā permanent. 4 Neque fās esse exīstimant ea litterīs mandāre, cum in reliquīs ferē rēbus, pūblicīs prīvātīsque ratiōnibus Graecīs litterīs ūtantur. 

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There they were told to learn thoroughly a great number of verses. And so not without adolescence through 20 years they remained in discipleship. And they think that it is not divine law to transmit these things by letters (i.e. in writing), although nearly in ALL OTHER things MATTERS, they use Greek letters in public and private ACCOUNTS.

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[14] 1 Druidēs ā bellō abesse cōnsuērunt neque tribūta ūna cum reliquīs pendunt; mīlitiae vacātiōnem omniumque rērum habent immūnitātem. 2 Tantīs excitātī praemiīs et suā sponte multī in disciplīnam conveniunt et ā parentibus propinquīsque mittuntur. 

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[14] 1 Druidēs ā bellō abesse cōnsuērunt neque tribūta ūna cum reliquīs pendunt; mīlitiae vacātiōnem omniumque rērum habent immūnitātem. 2 Tantīs excitātī praemiīs et suā sponte multī in disciplīnam conveniunt et ā parentibus propinquīsque mittuntur. 

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Druids ARE accustomed to be absent from war, and they don’t pay taxes/tribute like everyone else; they have a respite from soldiering (again saying that they don’t fight), and they have immunity in all affairs. Some people, greatly excited by these rewards, and many of their own will, go INto the discipline, and others are sent by their parents and neighbors.

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After si, nisi, num, and ne ALL THE "ali's" fall away.
Therefore si quod facinus = si aliquod facinus

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[1.1] 1 Gallia est omnis dīvīsa in partēs trēs, quārum ūnam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquītānī, tertiam quī ipsōrum linguā Celtae, nostrā Gallī appellantur. 2 Hī omnēs linguā, īnstitūtīs, lēgibus inter sē differunt.

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[1.1] 1 Gallia est omnis dīvīsa in partēs trēs, quārum ūnam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquītānī, tertiam quī ipsōrum linguā Celtae, nostrā Gallī appellantur. 2 Hī omnēs linguā, īnstitūtīs, lēgibus inter sē differunt.

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All Gaul is divided into three parts. Of these the Belgians inhabit one (part), the Aquitani another, and the third those who are called in their own language "Celts" but we call "Gauls" in our (language). All these differ between themselves (i.e. from each other) in respect to their language, institutions, and laws.

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(#7) sī quī aut prīvātus aut populus eōrum dēcrētō nōn stetit, sacrificiīs interdīcunt. Haec poena apud eōs est gravissima.

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(#7) sī quī aut prīvātus aut populus eōrum dēcrētō nōn stetit, sacrificiīs interdīcunt. Haec poena apud eōs est gravissima.

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If which either private or public has not submitted to their decree, they forbid him from the sacrifices. This among them is the most grave punishment.

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(#6)  Nam ferē dē omnibus contrōversiīs pūblicīs prīvātīsque cōnstituunt, et, 6 sī quod est admissum facinus, sī caedēs facta, sī dē hērēditāte, dē fīnibus contrōversia est, idem dēcernunt, praemia poenāsque cōnstituunt; 

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(#6)  Nam ferē dē omnibus contrōversiīs pūblicīs prīvātīsque cōnstituunt, et, 6 sī quod est admissum facinus, sī caedēs facta, sī dē hērēditāte, dē fīnibus contrōversia est, idem dēcernunt, praemia poenāsque cōnstituunt; 

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For they decided almost all of the public and private debates, and, if SOME CRIME was admitted, if SOME MURDER HAPPENED, if THERE WAS SOME CONTROVERSY about inheritance, about BOUNDARIES, they decided the same, they decided the prize and the punishment.

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(#5) ad hōs magnus adulēscentium numerus disciplīnae causā concurrit, magnōque hī sunt apud eōs honōre. 

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(#5) ad hōs magnus adulēscentium numerus disciplīnae causā concurrit, magnōque hī sunt apud eōs honōre. 

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A great number of adolescents assembles (rushes?) to them for the sake of instruction/disclipline (SING). And they are of great honor among them. (The youths hold the druids in great honor).

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(#4) Sed dē hīs duōbus generibus alterum est druidum, alterum equitum. 4 Illī rēbus dīvīnīs intersunt, sacrificia pūblica ac prīvāta prōcūrant, religiōnēs interpretantur: 

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(#4) Sed dē hīs duōbus generibus alterum est druidum, alterum equitum. 4 Illī rēbus dīvīnīs intersunt, sacrificia pūblica ac prīvāta prōcūrant, religiōnēs interpretantur: 

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But of these two classes, one is OF THE DruidS, the other is OF THE KnightS. They(Druid) deal with divine things, care for public and private sacrifices, interpret religious things

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(#3) Plērīque, cum aut aere aliēnō aut magnitūdine tribūtōrum aut iniūriā potentiōrum premuntur, sēsē in servitūtem dīcant nōbilibus: in hōs eadem omnia sunt iūra, quae dominīs in servōs. 

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(#3) Plērīque, cum aut aere aliēnō aut magnitūdine tribūtōrum aut iniūriā potentiōrum premuntur, sēsē in servitūtem dīcant nōbilibus: in hōs eadem omnia sunt iūra, quae dominīs in servōs. 

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Very many, when pressed by foreign money (i.e. DEBT) , or  the size of tribute, or injustice / injury of / by the powerful, they dedicate themselves into servitude for the nobles (i.e. the Druids and Knights): against these the nobles have all the same rights as owners over slaves.

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(#2) Nam plēbēs paene servōrum habētur locō, quae nihil audet per sē, nūllō adhibētur cōnsiliō. 

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(#2) Nam plēbēs paene servōrum habētur locō, quae nihil audet per sē, nūllō adhibētur cōnsiliō. 

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For the plebs often have the place of servants, (the plebs) who dare nothing for themselves, are not consulted about plans. [i.e. they have no voice in politics]

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(#1) 1 In omnī Galliā eōrum hominum, quī aliquō sunt numerō atque honōre, genera sunt duo. 

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(#1) 1 In omnī Galliā eōrum hominum, quī aliquō sunt numerō atque honōre, genera sunt duo. 

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Of the men in all of Gaul, there are two types who count (who matter) and have honor/respect.

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'An Arch Druid in His Judicial Habit', from The Costume of the Original Inhabitants of the British Islands (1815).