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Type of video: Awareness video
Virus chosen: Lentivirus
Disease caused: HIV

Ideas:
- look for interesting clips on youtube
- introduction to virus
- introduction to HIV
- symptoms
- how is it transmitted
- how to cure

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We plan to meet our groupmate's brother, Suba's brother.

Name : Krishnain A/L Balakrishnan
PhD Student,
Virology Laboratory,
Department of Veterinary Pathology & Microbiology,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Universiti Putra Malaysia,
43400, Serdang, Selangor.

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-From 1986-2010
Source: 🤬/STI Unit, Ministry of Health Malaysia

Prepare by: Resource Center. Malaysian 🤬 Council (MAC)

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source: Malaysia 🤬 Council

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Malaysia | AIDS data, AIDS Data Download, Malaysia Information, Malaysia Review, PDF, PPT

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Estimated as 81% of PLHIV in 2020. Actual value will depend on how epidemic evolves over time. Note: The Fast-Track infographic is based on last year HIV estimates. Country is still in progress of developing national Fast-Track target.

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UNICEF Malaysia - Challenging HIV and AIDS - AIDS in Malaysia

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Malaysia is home to one of the fastest growing AIDS epidemics in the East Asia and Pacific region, with an average of 10 new HIV cases notified daily in 2010. Gender inequity, silence, denial, stigma and ignorance fuel the country's epidemic.

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Global situation and trends: Since the beginning of the epidemic, more than 70 million people have been infected with the HIV virus and about 35 million people have died of HIV. Globally, 36.7 million [30.8-42.9 million] people were living with HIV at the end of 2016.

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Citation: Iwuji C, Newell M-L (2017) Towards control of the global HIV epidemic: Addressing the middle-90 challenge in the UNAIDS 90-90-90 target. PLoS Med 14(5): e1002293. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002293

Published: May 2, 2017

Copyright: © 2017 Iwuji, Newell. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.

Competing interests: I have read the journal's policy and have the following conflicts: CI received honoraria for consulting services rendered to Gilead Sciences. CI is also a co-investigator in the ANRS 12249 TasP trial. MLN is a principal investigator in the ANRS 12249 TasP trial and is a member of the Editorial Board of PLOS Medicine.

Abbreviations: ANRS, Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le Sida et les hépatites virales; ART, Antiretroviral treatment; BCPP, the Botswana Combination Prevention Project; CHiPs, Community HIV care Providers; SEARCH, Sustainable East Africa Research in Community Health; TasP, treatment as prevention; UNAIDS, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS; UTT, universal testing and treatment

Provenance: Commissioned; not externally peer reviewed

In 2016, just over 2 million people worldwide acquired HIV infection, mostly via heterosexual transmission and mostly in sub-Saharan Africa [ 1]. Antiretroviral treatment (ART) aims to suppress viral load to very low, or undetectable, levels, delaying HIV disease progression [ 2, 3] and reducing the risk of onward transmission [ 4]. Following the 2015 WHO guidelines recommending ART for all HIV-positive people regardless of CD4 count, WHO and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) issued the 90-90-90 target, aiming by 2020 to have 90% of infected people knowing their HIV status, 90% of HIV-positive people initiated on ART, and 90% of people treated with ART virally suppressed [ 5], so as to achieve containment of the HIV epidemic.

We commend Richard Hayes and colleagues for their success in navigating the complex logistic challenges in implementing a large-scale universal testing and treatment (UTT) intervention in sub-Saharan Africa, as described in their accompanying research article in PLOS Medicine [ 6]. They report how close they were able to come to reaching the first two stages of the 90-90-90 target in four communities in Zambia after one year of implementing their PopART intervention (comprising home-based HIV testing by Community HIV care Providers [CHiPs] with support for linkage to care, adherence, and retention). Among those consenting to the intervention, 6,197 HIV-positive individuals not on ART (most of whom had never been in care) were referred to care, 42% of whom initiated ART within six months and 53% by 12 months. Extrapolating to the entire population, the estimated percentage of HIV-positive adults who knew their status increased from 52% to 78% (men) and from 56% to 87% (women); percentages of known HIV-positive people on ART increased from 54% to 74% (men) and from 53% to 73% (women). The overall estimated percentage of HIV-positive adults on ART was 61% after 1 y of intervention implementation, compared to the WHO/UNAIDS target of 81% (90% of 90%). We note that many process indicators in the study were based on self-report and, apparently, data from the CHiPs electronic capture system were not verified with clinic data. Further, in this setting, in which nearly 50% of all HIV-positive individuals were ART-naive because they were newly diagnosed, it is likely that most of the 20% of people who migrated out of the area never linked to care or commenced ART. This 20% of people, no longer resident in the PopART communities, was not included in the denominator for the post-CHiPs evaluation at 12 months on linkage to care and ART initiation, which could have resulted in an overestimate of the change observed following the CHiPs intervention.

Hayes and colleagues' findings thus confirm the high acceptability of home-based HIV testing, and a less-than-optimal linkage to care, with initiation of ART rates suggesting that those who do link to care are willing to start ART; there is a substantial proportion of people identified as HIV positive who do not (yet) link to care, can therefore not be initiated on ART, and who may continue to transmit HIV. The Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le Sida et les hépatites virales (ANRS) 12249 Treatment as Prevention (TasP) trial, also evaluating a UTT intervention in rural South Africa, recently reported that 92% of HIV-positive individuals knew their status, 49% of those people initiated ART, and 93% achieved virological suppression on ART [ 7]. Higher rates of ART initiation were reported from Uganda and Kenya in the Sustainable East Africa Research in Community Health (SEARCH) trial, another UTT intervention study, with 97% of HIV-positive individuals knowing their status, 93% on ART, and 90% virologically suppressed at the end of year two [ 8]. Similarly, estimates from the Botswana Combination Prevention Project (BCPP) trial, a UTT intervention implemented in Botswana, reported that, overall, 70% of all HIV-positive individuals were virologically suppressed, close to the UNAIDS target of 73% (90% of 90% of 90%), with 83% of HIV-positive individuals diagnosed and 87% on ART, of whom 97% achieved virological suppression [ 9]. The different approaches to the estimation of percentages in the HIV care cascade in these trials hinder direct comparison of results; hence, we agree with Hayes and colleagues that approaches for estimating proportions of people at different stages in the HIV cascade need to be harmonised.

Hayes and colleagues report that it was challenging to find young men at home, again in line with experience elsewhere [ 10]. Slow linkage to care suggests that people will only attend facilities once they prioritise doing so, and this is especially pertinent before they are driven to do so by the development of HIV symptoms and signs. An earlier study in rural KwaZulu-Natal highlighted that linkage to care was significantly less likely in those who had never been in HIV care, students in education, and those further away from the clinic, while those who had positive experience of ART in friends or family were more likely to access the trial clinic [ 11]. Hayes and colleagues will address progress towards the third 90% target later in their trial, but evidence from other studies suggests that once people engage with ART care, they are likely to adhere, at least in the short term [ 7], and that early linkage to ART care is the main hurdle in the HIV care cascade.

The big question remains whether, in the global heterosexually-driven HIV epidemic, UTT will ultimately reduce HIV incidence to levels sufficient for containment. Findings from the ANRS 12249 TasP trial in South Africa showed little impact on HIV incidence [ 7], likely due to the slow linkage to care. Hayes and colleagues, although suggesting success of UTT in the first round of trial implementation, do not provide information about sustainability of either HIV test offer uptake or ART adherence, issues which may be especially important in settings with high migration movements.

Overall, these results would suggest that it is unlikely that the rather optimistic forecasts, based on statistical modelling [ 12], of an imminent end to the global HIV epidemic will be fulfilled. The current gloomy political environment, with uncertainty about the global will to continue to support the large-scale implementation of HIV treatment and care programmes worldwide [ 13], further adds to the already considerable challenges faced by public health programmes in many settings with a high HIV burden. Health care system requirements for a successful UTT programme are not negligible, even if a UTT approach is found to be cost-effective [ 14]. Substantial resources are needed to further scale up ART for all HIV-positive adults, and allocation of limited resources will need to be optimised on the basis of evidence of efficacy. Given extensive resource constraints, there may come a time to consider whether public programmes will need to focus on providing optimal health care and support for those people who engage with care at public facilities and who have thus indicated that they have prioritised access to health care in their lives.

References

1. 1. UNAIDS. Global AIDS Update 2016 2016 [cited 2016 7 Jan]. http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/global-AIDS-update-2016_en.pdf.

2. 5. UNAIDS. 90-90-90. An ambitious treatment target to help end the AIDS epidemic, 2014 [cited 2017, 14 March]. http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/90-90-90_en_0.pdf

3. 6. Hayes R, Floyd S, Schaap A, Shanaube K, Bock P, Sabapathy K, et al. A universal testing and treatment intervention to improve HIV control: One-year results from intervention communities in Zambia in the HPTN 071 (PopART) cluster-randomised trial. PLoS Med. 2017.

4. 7. Iwuji C, Orne-Gliemann J, Balestre E, Larmarange J, Thiebaut R, Tanser F, et al. The impact of universal test and treat on HIV incidence in a rural South African population: ANRS 12249 TasP trial, 2012-2016. International AIDS Conference; July 18-22; Durban, South Africa 2016.

5. 8. Petersen M, Balzer L, Kwarsiima D, Sang N, Chamie G, Ayieko J, et al. SEARCH test and treat study in Uganda and Kenya exceeds the UNAIDS 90-90-90 cascade target by achieving 81% population-level viral suppression after 2 years. International AIDS Conference; July 18-22, 2016; Durban, South Africa.

6. 13. Kates J, Wexler A, Lief E. Financing the response to HIV in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: International Assistance from Donor Governments in 2014. Washington: Kaiser Family Foundation & UNAIDS 2015 [cited 2017, 14 March]. http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/financing-the-response-to-HIV-in-low-and-middle-income-countries_en.pdf.

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Towards control of the global HIV epidemic: Addressing the middle-90 challenge in the UNAIDS 90-90-90 target

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Citation: Iwuji C, Newell M-L (2017) Towards control of the global HIV epidemic: Addressing the middle-90 challenge in the UNAIDS 90-90-90 target. PLoS Med 14(5): e1002293. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002293 Published: May 2, 2017 Copyright: © 2017 Iwuji, Newell.

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Since we are assigned to interview or take a video of a person who is doing research on Virus, therefore we come across a PhD candidate who is currently doing research on CMV , specifically RMCV .The article  was prepared by the student who come infront to help us.Credits goes to Mr.Krishnan Nair Balakrishnan.