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The H⁺ ions that have been pumped into the intermembrane space move down the concentration gradient (from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration) through the ATP Synthase enzyme. As the H⁺ ions move through the enzyme is catalyses the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP (ATP is produced).

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At complex IV, oxygen (the final electron acceptor)  accepts the electrons as they reach the end of the ETC. Some of the released H⁺ ions bond to the oxygen and water is formed and released as a product of respiration.

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The electrons that have been released are transported from one complex to another, along the 'Electron Transport Chain' (ETC). As they are transported a small amount of energy is released. The energy is used to pump H⁺ protons out of the matrix, through the inner membrane, and into the intermembrane space. This produces a concentration gradient.

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Complex II: FADH2  temporarily binds to complex II, a hydrogen atom and an electron are released.

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Complex I: NADH temporarily binds to complex I, a hydrogen atom and an electron are released.

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The NADH & FADH2 that has been produced throughout the previous stages of respiration are oxidised during the final stage.
The hydrogen atoms and electrons the co-enzymes NAD and FAD previously accepted are released.

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More hydrogen atoms are removed by NAD the resulting compound is oxaloacetic acid which can then be used during another Krebs cycle.
Reduced NAD (NADH) is produced.

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The resulting 4 carbon compound is oxidised (electrons are removed) by the co-enzyme FAD which removes hydrogen atoms from the main compound.

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The resulting 5 carbon compound is again decarboxylated and dehydrogenated.
Another molecule of reduced NAD and 1 molecule of ATP is produced.

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Citric acid is decarboxylated (CO₂ is removed)
and dehydrogenated (hydrogen is removed).

The co-enzyme NAD+ is the electron acceptor. It becomes reduced NAD (NADH).

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1. CoA releases acetate and returns to be reused in another link reaction.

Acetate bonds to oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid.

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The 2 pyruvate molecules are dehydrogenated by NAD+ and decarboxylated, this converts them into 2 Acetate molecules.

Co-enzyme A (CoA) attaches to Acetate to form Acetyl CoA

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An enzyme catalyses the phosphorylation of ADP by removing the final phosphate group from the molecule.
This results in pyruvate and 1 molecule of ATP being produced.
Remember we have 2 molecules so in total 2 ATPs are produced and 2 molecules of pyruvate are produced.

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An enzyme catalyses the removal of the OH group from each of the molecules. The are released as water.

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An enzyme changes the structure of the resulting molecule.

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Four different enzymes are used to convert both 1,3 bisphosphate glycerate into pyruvate.

Two phosphate groups are removed. Each of the phosphate groups bonds to a molecule of ADP to form ATP.
There are two molecules of 1,3-bisphospho-glycerate, each has 1 phosphate group removed so a total of 2 ATP molecules are produced at this stage.

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6.  Dehydrogenation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

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6.  Dehydrogenation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

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Two hydrogen atoms are removed from each glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to produce two molecules of 1,3 bisphosphate glycerate.
This reaction is catalysed by an enzyme with the co-enzyme NAD⁺. NAD is an electron acceptor. It bonds with hydrogen atoms in order to remove them from the main molecule.

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5. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is produced.

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5. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is produced.

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The enzyme fructose diphosphate aldolase splits fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into two.
The enzyme triose phosphate isomerase isomerises these molecules to produce two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.

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4. Fructose 1,6-bispohosphate is produced.

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4. Fructose 1,6-bispohosphate is produced.

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Another molecule of ATP is hydrolysed and the phosphate ion that is released phosphorylates the fructose 6-phosphate molecule.

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An enzyme called glucose phosphate isomerase 'isomerises' (changes the shape of) glucose 6-phosphate, to create fructose 6-phosphate.

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The phosphate ion released by the hydrolysis of ATP bonds to a glucose molecule.

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ATP + H₂O -> ADP + PO₄ ³⁻