# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Bryd One Brere - Middle English song (live) Anglo-Saxon Lyre & Voice

# data[].attributes.body
20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. (n. d.) Without title [gif]. https://giphy.com/explore/the-books

Abels, R. (2013). Alfred the Great: War, Kingship and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England [E-book]. Routledge. https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=MCUuAgAAQBAJ&dq=Alfred+the+great&source=gbs_navlinks_s

Anonymous. [Medieval Tales in Performance]. Cædmon’s Hymn (Sung in Old English) [Video file]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lg4mg7q4bSQ

Baz Battles. [BazBattles]. (2017, January 7). La batalla de Hastings 1066 DC [video file]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FW4RKp23Z4M

Callum, A. (2019). What is Middle English and Why are its Literary
Works so Important? Callum Ashley. https://medium.com/@callum_ashley/what-is-middle-english-and-why-are-its-literary-works-so-important-5f3a14a23c09

CNN. [CNN]. (2014, February 4). Alfred the Great reamins found? [video file]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w5rn4Ek_-Tk

Crystal, D. (2018). Middle English. Discovering Literature: Medieval. https://www.bl.uk/medieval-literature/articles/middle-english

Douglas, D. (1977). William the Conqueror: The Norman Impact Upon England [E-book]. University of California Press.
https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=zSJnMdalm1cC&dq=william+the+conqueror&source=gbs_navlinks_s

France 24 English. [FRANCE 24 English]. (2016, October 14). William the Conqueror, the man who dared to invade England [video file]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_L5PR5TlTso

Freepik. (2019). Diseño de mapa de reino unido vector gratuito [illustration]. https://www.freepik.es/vector-gratis/diseno-mapa-reino-unido_2189708.htm#page=1&query=England%20map&position=37

Freepik. (2020). Conjunto de símbolos mediavales cascos de batalla para caballetos o reyes, vintage, dibujado a mano grabado en boceto o oestilo corte de madera [illustration]. https://www.freepik.es/vector-premium/conjunto-simbolos-medievales-cascos-batalla-caballeros-o-reyes-vintage-dibujado-mano-grabado-boceto-o-estilo-corte-madera-antiguo-aspecto-retro-romano_9274028.htm#page=1&query=kings%20battle&position=5

Freepik. (2020). Vista interior de una iglesia con iconos religiosos en las paredes y ventanas [photo]. https://www.freepik.es/foto-gratis/vista-interior-iglesia-iconos-religiosos-paredes-ventanas_9654593.htm#page=1&query=church&position=17

Horobin, S. (2002). An Introduction to Middle English [E-book]. Oxford University Press. https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=LDBF5TJZHzQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=History+of+middle+english&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjr-7vN6_nuAhXDFjQIHZPDDWgQ6AEwAnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&q=History%20of%20middle%20english&f=false

Kay, B. [Brian Kay Official]. Bryd One Brere –Middle English Song (live) Anglo-Saxon Lyre & Voice [video file]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ccDZb-Evg8w

Medieval Religion. (n.d.). English Heritage. https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/story-of-england/medieval/religion/

Turville-Petr, T. (2021). A Book of Middle English (1st ed.) [E-book]. John Wiley & Sons. https://books.google.es/books?id=xqcKEAAAQBAJ&dq=from+old+english+to+middle+english&lr=&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s

# data[].attributes.body
Middle English, which existed between the 12th century and the 14th century, is the successor of OE, and the ancestor of Modern English, I mean, the language we use nowadays. Also, even though we still make use of words from OE, ME is the improvement of English when talking about the grammar, vocabulary, and sounds of the language. On the other hand, the development of English emerged thanks to immigration, invasions, political and cultural changes, and literature written in the dialect of London. In other words, the language evolved to get adapted to the needs of the people.
Finally, it is necessary to say that today we have a huge and complete language rich in history, vocabulary, and works of literature that will always be part of the culture of every English speaker.

# data[].attributes.body
When talking about the literature of Middle English, we know that many important works have an unknown author, like Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, which is a poem, and Pearl Cleanness Patience. Also, in this era literature was inspired and influenced by Normans, and the English authors tried to imitate the type of literature wrote in French and Latin. In addition to what is said, the three main types of genre in literature were religious, courtly love, and arthurian, and some of these texts were based on romance in poetry, as French and Latin did.
On the other hand, it is necessary to mention Geoffrey Chaucer, who was known as the best writer at that moment, wrote in the London dialect in the second half of the 14th century, which help ME in taking over in England.
Important works in ME:

Ormulun, written by Orm in the 12th century.

The interpretation of the Bible.

The Owl and the Nightingale, by an anonymous author.

Brut, by Layamon's Brut in the 13th century.

Historia Regum Britanniae, written by Geoffrey of Monmouth between 1,100 - 1,155.

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, a poem written by an anonymous author in the 14th century.

Piers Plowman, by William Langland between 1,332 - 1,386.

Pearl Cleanness Patience, written by an anonymous author, too.

# data[].attributes.headline
Differences between Old and Middle English:

# data[].attributes.subject
Differences between Old and Middle English:

# data[].attributes.body
1. There were different letters in Old English, such as ð (eth), æ (ash), and Þ (thorn), that do not exist in Middle English.
2. The vocabulary of OE (Old English) was strongly related to Germanic languages and less related to any other language than the vocabulary of ME (Middle English), which, we can say, became a type of blend because it has more vocabulary from French and Latin.
3. The grammar structure is different, and that is because OE did not have prepositions and affixes.
4. ME integrated short and long vowels, in other words, in OE the following sounds did not exist: /eɪ/, /ə/, /ɔ:/, /ɪ/, among others.
5. Old English was spoken from 450 - 1,150.
6. And, Middle English was spoken from 1,150 - 1,500.

# data[].attributes.body
Born in 848, and died in 899.
King of the West Saxons and Anglo-Saxons.
Fought, for several years, against the Vikings to defend his kingdom.
Built schools and fomented education.
Improved the quality of his people.
Note: the educational service that he promoted was conducted in OE (Old English) instead of Latin.

# data[].attributes.headline
Linguistic aspects of English in ME (Middle English).

# data[].attributes.subject
Linguistic aspects of English in ME (Middle English).

# data[].attributes.body
In addition to what is mentioned before, with the invasion of Normans, the language spoken in that area changed, and people in the power began to use the Anglo-Norman language, which became the language of educated people, law, letter, and literature. Now, it is important to keep in mind that this language is more related to Modern French, and it was not Middle English.

On the other hand, the Anglo-Norman language helped in the development of ME, and that is because the London dialect was influenced by Old Norse. Also, Latin and French played an important role in the enrichment of the language.

Relevant characteristics of ME:

1. A simpler system of inflections. Most of them taken from Latin and French.

Subffixes: -tion, -ment, -able, -ancel, -entrrity, among others.

Prefixes: ex-, pre-,  en-, un-, con-, de-, dis-, pro-, trans-, among others.

2. The spell of some words changed based on the French language. E.g. Ou for U in words like bound, Gh for H in other words like sigh.

3. Progressive forms of the verb, and auxiliary verbs were added.

4. New phonemes emerged, such as:

/f/ vs /v/, and /s/ vs /z/.
5. Increased the dependency on prepositions and word-order.
Now, the reason why ME became important was that it was good for negotiation, and London, as the capital, was the center of businesses. Eventually, more people, even the loyalty, began to make use of it.

# data[].attributes.body
Born in 1028, and died in 1087.
William the Conqueror was a Norman duke who invaded England in 1066, being supported by the army of Britons, French, and of course Norman. After the great "Battle of Hastings", he took the position in the country.
Note: he did not speak English but his invasion helped with the evolution of the language.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
William the Conqueror, the man who dared to invade England

# data[].attributes.body
With the arrival of William the Conqueror, the church was reorganized, which means, new monasteries, new saints, and the celebrations of the days of these saints each Sunday. Also, the Norman church was in charge of the rituals related to birth and craving.
On the other hand, people who question the education provided by the church were seen as heretics, and they were not accepted by society.

# data[].attributes.headline
English language: from Old to Middle English.

# data[].attributes.subject
English language: from Old to Middle English.

# data[].attributes.body
England is a nation which suffered political, and cultural changes due to the invasions and immigration before and after the period of Anglo-Saxo and Old English. This brought with it the political division of the island into many kingdoms.
Now, before Middle English existed, there were many conflicts between the kings in Britain trying to reach power and gain territory, but a particular dispute came out when Harold Godwinson, king of the Wessex area, took over London, which was a place of interest to William the Conqueror.

# data[].attributes.body
English, like any other language, has endured changes in different aspects, from its vocabulary until its grammar structure. The reasons of these changes are invasions, immigration, and the cultural blend of it which took place in England from the invasion of Celts and Romans until the arrival of Normans in the middle ages. All these factors have influenced the English we speak nowadays.