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The time of extreme violence and terrorism in Northern Ireland was known as "The Troubles." This period of violence broke out in 1969 with aggressive riots across Northern Ireland that August which led to the death of 8 people and the destruction of hundreds of homes. During this time period around 3500 people were killed in the sectarian violence between Protestant and Catholic factions in Northern Ireland. The Troubles did not end until 1994 with the IRA cease fire.

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In 1994 the IRA, or Irish Republican Army, promised to end its bombings and other acts of violence in a unilateral ceasefire. Following the ceasefire by the IRA other loyalist groups began to call for ceasefires.  The ceasefire ended in 1996 when the IRA bombed Canary Wharf in London following a disagreement in political talks to disarm the group. With the renewal of violence, peace talks between the Sinn Fein party and the UK ended. The IRA once more committed to a ceasefire in 1997 after a period of bombing and terrorism in Northern Ireland, and while the IRA has continued to hold the ceasefire in place since that time, there have still been small outbursts of violence in the interim.

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The Good Friday Agreement, also known as the Belfast Agreement, was signed on April 10, 1998 in Belfast. It was approved in 2 separate referendums in Northern Ireland. The agreement stated that Northern Ireland would remain as part of the UK so long as the people of Northern Ireland wished to remain, and that the UK and Irish governments would not stop Northern Ireland from unifying with the Republic of Ireland should the people wish to unify. The agreement also established the beginnings of a devolved government in Northern Ireland, which would allow the people of Northern Ireland more sovereignty than under prior British rule.

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"Oh, will it never end? Will it never fecking end? It fecking won't, d'you know!" (McDonagh 54)

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"Hasn't there been enough killing in this house for one day... will we leave the poor beggar alone" (McDonagh 55)

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Both of the quotes shown above demonstrate the feeling of hopelessness the Irish felt after decades of violence in which many innocent people lost their lives. The idea that the violence would never end between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland was quite popular during the early nineties when the play was set. As well, with the beginning of the peace talks many Irish people realized that they were tired of endless killing, and wanted to put an end to the violence. Martin McDonagh refutes these ideas in showing how Donny and Davey don't believe the violence and terrorism surrounding the INLA members will ever end, and how they were tired of killing after 4 men, including Padraic, had been killed in front of them. Adding another innocent life to the mounting death count was too much for the characters to bear.

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“Beaches.” Visit Aran Islands - Ferry - Accommodation, The Aran Islands, 2018, visitaranislands.com/beaches/.

Black, Rebecca. “Docklands Bomb: IRA Bombed Its Way to Talks Table with Canary Wharf, Claims Former US Congressman Bruce Morrison.” BelfastTelegraph.co.uk, BelfastTelegraph.co.uk, 6 Feb. 2016, www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/docklands-bomb-ira-bombed-its-way-to-talks-table-with-canary-wharf-claims-former-us-congressman-bruce-morrison-34428103.html.

Dorney, John. “The Northern Ireland Conflict 1968-1998 – An Overview.” The Irish Story, 16 Nov. 2017, www.theirishstory.com/2015/02/09/the-northern-ireland-conflict-1968-1998-an-overview/#.Wr2wW4jwbcc.

McDonagh, Martin. The Lieutenant of Inishmore. Dramatists Play Service, Inc, 2003.

Melaugh, Martin. “The Irish Peace Process.” CAIN: Irish Peace Process - Summary, 2 Feb. 2006, cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/peace/sum.htm.

“Northern Ireland Peace Process.” Politics.co.uk, 25 Sept. 2012, www.politics.co.uk/reference/northern-ireland-peace-process.

“The Peace Process.” Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, www.dfa.ie/our-role-policies/northern-ireland/the-peace-process/.

Sergie, Mohammed Aly. “The Northern Ireland Peace Process.” Council on Foreign Relations, Council on Foreign Relations, 3 Feb. 2014, www.cfr.org/backgrounder/northern-ireland-peace-process.