# data[].attributes.body
- better roads were created by 1860
- canals were another improvement in cheap transportation
- more railroads were laid, mostly in the North

# data[].attributes.body
-- new ideas were brought to the North by merchants, manufacturers, wage earners, and new business owners
- religion and education were organized
- public education grew after the 1830s

# data[].attributes.body
- Northerners developed an economy based on a variety of industries
- agriculture was difficult
- economy was based on manufacturing, not agriculture

# data[].attributes.body
- centers of commerce and trade
- hubs of manufacturing
- crowded and dirty, but was eventually improved with sanitation systems
- became centers of art, culture, and education

# data[].attributes.body
- rapid population growth between 1800 and 1860
- rose from 5 million to 19 million because of immigrants

# data[].attributes.body
- rocky, hilly, and infertile land that made farming difficult
- forests for timber
- rivers, bays, and inlets

# data[].attributes.body
- warm summers
- snowy winters