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The each home should have a service panel,this panel controls the electricity of the whole house. You should know where your service panel is,its a grey metal box. Some older homes will have multiple sub panels, these are added to increase the amount of circuits. Opening it up there should be a row of circuit breakers with one on top. The top one is like a master breaker,it can turn and shut off power to the whole house. The line of circuit breakers each control a part of the house. They should be labeled but if not test each one or get an electrician to help you. You should always at least have all power cut off to the room or section your working on.

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Most electrical codes now require for for bathrooms, kitchens and other damp areas to have GFCI outlets instead of regular ones for safety. GFCI stands for ground fault circuit interpreter, when the circuit leaks or is otherwise unbalanced and could shock someone the GFCI outlet will shut it off. Its so accurate they will trip in the even of a ground fault of 0.005 ampere and in 1/40th of a second. For this reason its now standard code for houses to have them installed in bathrooms and kitchens. However many 20+ year old houses doesn't have this safety feature. Here is a step by step guide to installing a GFCI outlet.
1. Determine what outlet you want to work on and shut off its power at the service panel. If your not sure test it by plugging in a appliance, turning it on and then hitting fuses or breakers until one shuts it off or just test with a voltage tester pen.
2. After you have tested to make sure the outlet has shut off its power,remove the 2 screws holding it and take it out of the box. There should be 3 wires-a green or copper bare grounding wire, a neutral white wire and a "hot" black wire. If it has 2 pairs of white and black wires,it feeds power to other outlets in the circuit. You will have to figure out which pair of wires supply power from the service panel. Spread the wires out so they aren't touching each other or anything near by. Then turn power back on to the circuit and use a tester to figure out which circuit supply's power,mark that wire with masking tape. It should be noted,do this step CAREFULLY.
3. Now we install the GFCI outlet. Each GFCI outlet comes with a 2 sets of wires called "load" and "line". The line is like the hot wire, it supplies incoming power to the outlet. The load wire provides power and short circuit and shock prevention to other outlets on the circuit,so there's no need to install additional outlets. Connect the black wire with masking tape to the line wire and the white neutral wire to the load wire, always match black to black and white to white. Use wire nuts to secure the connection and tie them down with electrical tape. Attach the green bare grounding wire to the GFCI's green screw. Mount the GFCI and the face plate back into the panel just like with the last outlet.
5. Now to test the GFCI outlet. Plug in an appliance to see if powers on,then test the GFCI by pushing the black button,which should shut off power. If it all works the red button will pop up,press it to restore power. If this didn't happen,u messed up a step, your outlet has a problem or some other complication. Either way your not protected.

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At the base it has two metal contacts,these connect to a electrical wire. The electric current then flows threw the filament,an electric current is basically a conduit of electrons going from a positive are to a negative area. Then goes into a tungsten filament,where it hits other atoms, exciting them so they heat up and produce light. The filament is about 6.5 feet long but only 1/100 inches thick,its wound into a coil to fit it into the bulb. However at those high temperatures even tungsten will com-bust, so to avoid this old light bulbs were sucked of all oxygen,creating a vacuum. However the tungsten material eventually separates from the filament, darkening the light bulb. In modern day light bulbs we put inert gas,usually argon, in the bulb because chances are that a atom of tungsten will hit an argon atom and be put back into the filament.

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Imagine two plates,one negatively charged and the other positively charged. The plates are a little far apart,but they still generate an electric field. The field would be directed towards the negative plate,if you put a positive charge in between them then it would go to the negative plate. So the positive plate has high electric potential,the negative plate has low electric potential. This would occur naturally without work,thus reducing the potential energy of the charge. So the negative plate would be a low potential area and the positive plate would be a high potential area. Now imagine a metal wire connecting the plates,what would happen? The metal wire acts like a conduit for electricity. The charges from the positive plate would trickle down to the negative plate. So the positive plate would eventually lose its charges and the negative plate would have its negative charge cancelled out by gaining the positive charges,this slowly reduces the plates electrical potential. Eventually they will lose so much electric charge that you couldn't recognize the plates as once having any electric potential,making them dead effectively. But what if there were 2 wires connecting both plates or any other way we could carry the positive charges on the negative plate back to the positive plate? Then you would have a continuous loop,or circuit.  The loop would carry the positive charges through the whole wire and back to the source. So if we put an appliance say a light bulb in the circuit and set it up to receive the charges,we could power it.