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Artifact-an object made or used by people.
Prehistoric-before written history.
Ritual-relating to a ceremony such as a religious ceremony.

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Ancient history concerns the distant past, from the earlist humans through the first great civilation. The earliest people are cave men and with cave men theres drawings witch are called cave paintings. Cave painting like thosev at Lascaux, France, provid clues about what life was like in prehistoric times, before writing was invented.

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Anthropologis:a scientist who studies human development and culture.
Remains:a dead body.
Biped:a two-footed animal
Migrate:to move from one region to another.
Land Bridge:a piece of land connecting two continents.

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An anstralopithecus in Africa called the earlist known group of hominids Australopithecus, or "southern ape." Donald Johnson wanted to call the group that Lucy belonged to Australopithecus afarensis so that's what there called.

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The Leakeys were searching for edivence of early hominids in Africa when they discovered some hominids bones. The bones were all over place next to artifacts that looked like tools. The Leakeys then decided to name their discovery Homo Habilis.

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Homo Erectus is a third type of hominid witch was discovered in 1891 by a Dutchman named Eugene Dobois. He and his team were searching for artifacts on the island of Java, off the southern coast of Asia, when they found a new type of hominid skull.

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Neanderthal lived after Upright Man, from 230,000 to 30,000 years ago. They lived in Africa, the Near East, Europ, and parts of Asia. The way the skeleton looked that was found in Germany led people to imagine that Neanderthal walked hunched over, with their hands being dragged on the ground.

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Early humans left behind alot of stuff behind that we were able to discover. The main thing that was the best the best thing is that they left behind wall paintings. The first person to find one of the paintings was a eght-year-old Spanish girl named Maria. She found the first painting because she was exploring a cave with her father and when she found the was when she made an amazing discovery.

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Domesticate: to train a wild animal to be useful to humans.
Agriculture: the business of farming.
Trade: the business of buying or exchanging items.
Ore: a mineral for its uses.

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The Paleolithic lived about 2 million years ago and lasted about 8000  B.C.E.
They got their food from looking place to place, looking for animals to  hunt and plants to get food.
Most of the time they took shelter in caves just like the caves in chapter 1.

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The Neolithic age began around 8000 B.C.E and lasted until about 3000 B.C.E. They got their food by farming and planting their own crops. They learned that sense they can grow there own crops that they should just settle in one place at a time. Some decided to stay at the east Mediterranean Sea, where the land was fertile. There shelters were that they built towns and villages such as Jericho, Catal   Hoyuk and jarmo.

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People created a stable food supply by creating there own farms because there were close to the Mediterranean Sea. They also had huge land to grow as much as they can.

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Neolithic shelters were made of packed mud, which helped keep people warm in winter and cool in summer.

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Living in places let people to farm and with that farming allowed people to form larger communities. They gathered food for about 20 to 60 people. Living in Communites also let them to organize themselves more efficiently.

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Social structure: the way a civilization is organized.
Technology: the use of tools and other inventions for practical purposes.
Status: importance.
Chariot: a two-wheeled vehicle pulled by a horse.
Scribe: a person who writes.
Ziggurat: an ancient Mesopotamia temple tower.
Arch: an upside-down U- or V-shaped structure that supports weight above it, as in a doorway.
Cuneiform: writing that uses wedge-shaped characters.
Pictograph: a symbol that stands for an object.

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- A stable food supply, so that the people of a society have the food they need to survive.
- A scocial structure with different social levels and jobs.
- A system of government, so that life in the society is orderly.
- A religious system, which involves a set of beliefs and forms of workshop.
- A highly developed culture that includes arts such as painting, architecture, music, and literature.
- Advance in technology.
- A highly written language.

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The upper classes are priests, land oweners, and government officials. They had biggest and nicer houses. In the middle classes there were merchants and craftspeople. They made luxury iteams  for the upper classes. The common class includes farmers and fishermen lived in mud brick houses. They were also forced to join the army. The lowest class you could be in is social class. They were slaves and lived with their owners because they no home that was there own.

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The Sumerian people were ruled by kings they believed the kings were chosen by gods. The three things the king did were that they chose the laws, they built temples, and led their states armie. The army include both professional soldiers and citizen soldiers. Some soldiers drove chariots and others were on foot.

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A religious system is something that includes a set of beliefs, usually in a god or gods, together with forms of worship. Sumerians expressed their religious tower called ziggurats. It was the kings job to buil and maintain the ziggurats. The towers were made of mud bricks and located near temples. They were so bigged that you were able to see them from 20 miles away.

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I am selling weapoons and cups. For both it is $10 for 1 it is $5. So buy today before the prices go up.

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Capital: a city that is the center of government
Tribute: wealth sent from one country or ruler to another as a sign that the other is superior
Siege: a military blockade and attack on a city to force it to surrender
Aqueduct: a pipe or channel that brings water from distant places
Bas-relief: sculpture in which the image projects out from a flat surface
Astronomy: the study of stars and planets

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The Akkadian Empire took place in 2300 B.C.E. The ruler of the Akkadian Empire was Sargon for 56 years. Sargon is the type of leader that like to make different things. The Achievements they did was rule the Sumer but sumerians culture also lived on the Sumerians, Sumerians were used for techniques to farm. The empire became weaker and weaker. After 200 years, the Akkadian Empire fell to new invaders from the north.

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This empire took place in aboit 1750. The king was named Hammurabi. Hammurabi was known for his code of laws which he wrote from 1792 to 1750. The economy was like harsh under Hammurabi’s rules.

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This empire took place several hundred years ago. The ruler of this empire was still Hammurabi. People feared them because of there military. There achievements were their new great weapons. The empire eventually broke down because a group called the Medes plundered them.

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This empire started from 605 to 562 B.C.E. Nebuchadnezzar ruled this empire. The accomplishments of this empire were there hanging gardens and creating the first sundial. This empire lasted for about 200 years.

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Rules Ancient Egypt
Controls Egypt’s food supply
Declares himself a god

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-in charge of all religious ceremonies
-did embalming
1. Remove the brains w/a look
2.Remove organs excepts the heart
3. Body soaked in Natron
4. Wrapped inlinen
5. Placed in Sarcophagus

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Government officials assist the Pharaoh. They gave the Pharaoh advice. Government Officials served as judges and generals for the army.

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Lowest and largest class.
Unskilled laborers.
Diet very simple no meat.They ate berries and grains.

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Scribes are people who are official writers and record keepers. All scribes were boys because the priests only teach the boys how to write. Scribes wrote in hieroglyphics to record the food and the laws. All scribes used a type of paper called papyrus.

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The artisans are skilled labors and craftspeople. The artisans are the middle class, so they get a little more stuff than the pheasants. The artisans made a lot of art for the king or the officials or the priests. The stone carvers  made  statues for the temples.

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1. He ruled about 2551 to 2528 B.C.E
2. He built a pyramid
3. The pyramid was made of more than 2 million stone blocks no one know how it was made it took more than 20 years to make
4. The pharaoh buil magnificent pyramids built as tombs fir themselves and their families.

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He ruled from 1971 to 1926 B.C.E.
Crafts people thrived under senusret rule.
He made like fancy necklaces made out of gold,copper,and gems such as purple amethyst.
The white was a small temple it was made of alabaster a hard white stone.

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She ruled from about 1473 to 1458 B.C.E
Her greatest accomplishment was gaining power
She strengthened her postilion several ways

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she ruled from about 1290 to 1224 B.C.E
He is best known for hes military leadership and for building numerous monuments
His most impressive projects was the temple complex at Abu Simbel.

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~ Monsoon: A strong wind that brings heavy rain to Southern Asia in the summer.
~ Plateau: A flat area of land that is elevated, or raised, above the land around it.
~ Glacier: A huge mass of ice that slowly slides over a land area.

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The river begins in the Himalayas and rushes down the mountains to a valley. A monsoon causes the river to overflow and leave rich minerals. The Brahmaputra ricpver then joins the Ganges river and between the two rivers the land is perfect for farming.

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Plateau is elevated, or raised, area of land that is flatter than mountain . The Deccan has different kinds of land. In the flatter parts, large granite rocks formed by volcanoes cover the land. These rocks are among the world's oldest, dating back more than 600 million years.

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The land in the Eastern Ghats are different from the western Ghats. That’s because the Eastern are higher, steeper, and have more narrow valleys. The Western Ghats has a wet climate that helps food grow.

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The Ganges River flows across most of northern India, it starts at the Himalaya Mountains. The things that post the river are ice

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The Hindu Kush Mountain has a fierce barrier between India and present-day Afghanistan. the mountain range is not as tall as the mountain range are unlivable. Cause snow and ice permanently cover the steep slopes and peak.

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The soil around the Indus River is sediment from the mountain plains,
The sediment leaves the surrounding soil rich and fertile. the Indus River is compared to the Nile River because its a inportant piece of water just like the Nile river

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There is very little plants life except for grass and low, hardly shrubs. There are more than 45 kinds of lizards and snakes. Gazelles lope across the sand, birds include quail, ducks, and geese

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Mohenjodaro is located in the Indus River valley, in northern India. Mohenjodaro was a city were two great centers of this civilization. The Mohenjodaro was flourished for 800 years, from about 2700 B.C.E to 1900 B.C.E

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The Tibetan Plateau is cold and dry. Summer temperature average only 45 degrees Fahrenheit. Winters average out to 18 degrees. The annual precipitation is only 10 inches.

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There two main deserts the first one is the Taklamakan desert. The Taklamakan desert is considered one of the most dangerous deserts in the world. This desert can reach about up to 105,000 square miles. The second desert is the Gobi desert. This desert is one of the Largest deserts in the world. It stretches over 500,000 square miles. The Northeastern deserts are really hot the climate goes from sizzling hot in the summer to below freezing in the winter.

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This land is mostly grass and animals. The two major rivers flowing through are Liao and Sungari. The Liao is shallow and the Subgari is deep. There are short warm summers and cold in winter.

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The tempatures are cold in winter and hot in summer , again. The Geung He, a river, is filled with yellow silt. The Huang He is one of the longest/muddiest rivers. China plain is a good place to settle.

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The land in this area is wet. The Chang Jiang is even longer than the Heung He River. The climate is warm and wet. The Chang Jiang flows through three regions.

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Qin started to rule 221 B.C.E to 210 B.C.E. Qin Shinhuangdi was born in 259 B.C.E. Qin Shinhuangdi was crowned king in 221 B.C.E. Qin nickname was Tiger of Qin.One of the three philosophies that he used is legalism. He’s used it to ruler his emperor when he needed to.

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Standardize means to make the same. Emporor Qin standardized China by unifying the system laws. It was important to standardize money because it makes it easier to trade.

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Emperor Qin decided to build the Great Wall to protect the norther boarder. The wall took ten years to construct the Great Wall. The people who built the Great Wall were soldiers and peasants also some were teachers musicians writers and even artists. The conditions were very difficult it crossed high mountains and swamps even quicksand the weather was bitterly cold in the winter and blazing hot in the summer ten thousand men died and were buried inside the wall.

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Emporor Qin was unhappy because of all the executions. Qin died in 210 BCE. His tomb was huge and complex, followed by a group of sculptures. The Qin Dynasty was defeated 1974 BCE.

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A Chinese explorer named Zhang Qian is often called the father of the Silk Road.