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To write the background information, work through the points below.  Make sure you use correct scientific vocabulary:
1. Introduce the topic "forces" and give a definition. See pages 224-227 in the textbook.
2. Explain the importance of forces in our lives by giving some "real world" (everyday) examples of what they do and how we experience them.
3. Introduce the specific topic for your investigation.
4. Give a more detailed "real world" example relevant to your investigation.

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Add a column and label it with your name.  Then add the following information:
1. Hypothesis
2. Independent variable
3. Dependent variable
4. Control variables

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Summarise the important scientific knowledge supporting your hypothesis. Make sure you use correct unit vocabulary to do so

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Hypothesis:

I hypothesize that, the higher the suspended wooden block is let go from, the further the ball will travel. This is because when the mass is let go higher, there is more distance in between it and the ball for gravity to pull for a longer period of time, which makes the wooden block accelerate as much as possible, and therefore hitting the ball with the strongest possible force, exerting the amount of kinetic energy the mass generated by being let go as high as possible on the ball, which makes the ball travel as far as possible.

Variables:

Independent Variable:

Height the which the suspended wooden block is let go from

Dependant Variable:

Measuring the distance the ball travels when hit by a wooden block

Controlled Variables:

-        Surface on which the ball is propelled on (Forum surface) - Polyurethane

-        Type/Brand of tennis ball

-        Size of tennis ball

-        Size/Weight/Mass of wooden block

-        Type of wood

-        No force is being exerted from the hand to the wooden block

-        Same person letting go

-        Distance from the ground in which the mass hits the ball

-        Length of string

-        Type of string

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HYPOTHESIS
I hypothesise, that the larger and heavier the mass, then the faster it will sink to the bottom. But the smaller and lighter the mass is the then it will take longer to get to sink to the bottom of the pool .

BACKGROUND

When I was little I would jump in the pool and see how far I could get to reaching the bottom, my brother could easily get to the bottom without even swimming just jumping in. this is because he has more mass and is bigger than me. I have less mass and I am smaller than him.

VARIABLES

| i) State one independent variable which you are changing:
The mass (g)
ii)  State one dependent variable which you are measuring or observing:
How fast the mass takes to travel to the bottom of the pool.

iii) List the control variables which you must keep the same:
The pool length from bottom to top the height from which it will be dropped from

MANIPULATING VARIABLES

| ·        List the values and unit of the independent variable you will use I will use:
The 10g, 50g, 100g and the 150g masses ·

List the values and unit of each control variable you will use:
The pool length from bottom to top The height from which the mass will be dropped at. ·
State how the dependent variable will be measured with units:
It will be measured using seconds ·  State the number of trials to be completed:
To get an accurate answer I will do 3 trials.

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HYPOTHESIS:

I hypothesis that the brand of shoe that has the most rubber and grooves will have the most friction. I think this because the grooves have add a better grip when walking. Heavier shoes will also have more friction than light shoes as it is harder to push/pull heavier objects as they have more friction.

VARIABLES:

| The variable I’m changing is : the brand of shoe.

The variable I’m measuring/observing is: the amount of force used to drag a shoe across 30cm

My controlled variables are:
>  The distance the shoe is pulled
>  Surface the shoe is pulled on
>  Size of shoe
>  State of shoe

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| I hypothesize that the larger the parachutes surface area, the longer the time taken to fall because the bigger the surface area, the more air can get trapped inside of the parachute, increasing air resistance and drag, ultimately making the time taking to fall slower.

| Independent Variable |

The surface area of the parachute

Dependent Variable

which you are measuring or observing: time taken (S)

| Controlled Variable
the weight on the parachute
The thickness of the parachute
The material of the parachute
Height Dropped
Shape of parachute

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I hypothesis that, the larger the parachute becomes, the more air resistance effects. This is because the air particles become trapped inside the parachute when descending. Which will increases drag, and if strong enough, it will create an unbalanced force. Therefore, the time descending will greatly decrease compared to smaller surface areas.

Independent variables:

- Parachute surface area (6x6 8x8 10x10)

Dependent variables:

- Descending time (Seconds)

Controlled:

- Descend height (1m)

- Item weight (100 grams)

- Parachute material (paper)

- Parachute Structure (pins distance apart, strings distance etc)

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1) I hypothesize that the heavier the playdoh is, the faster it will to drop. Because the playdoh weighs more it will drop faster, because the weight drags it down. The lighter the playdoh is, the less the mass drags it down.

2) i) independent variable: Amount of playdoh used ii) dependent variable: time taken for playdoh to drop iii) control variables: height from which the playdoh drops. The same shape. Same playdoh.

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HYPOTHESIS
I hypothesize, that the heavier the mass, then the faster it will travel to the bottom of the pool. But the lighter the mass the longer it will take to travel to the bottom of the pool
BACKGROUND

When I was little I would jump in the pool and see how far I could get to reaching the bottom, my brother could easily get to the bottom without even swimming just jumping in. this is because he has more mass and is bigger than me. I have less mass and I am smaller than him.

VARIABLES

| i) State one independent variable which you are changing:
The mass (g)
ii)  State one dependent variable which you are measuring or observing:
How fast the mass takes to travel to the bottom of the pool.

iii) List the control variables which you must keep the same:
The pool length from bottom to top the height from which it will be dropped from

MANIPULATING VARIABLES

| ·        List the values and unit of the independent variable you will use I will use:
The 10g, 50g, 100g and the 150g masses ·

List the values and unit of each control variable you will use:
The pool length from bottom to top The height from which the mass will be dropped at. ·
State how the dependent variable will be measured with units:
It will be measured using seconds ·  State the number of trials to be completed:
To get an accurate answer I will do 3 trials.

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I hypothesise that the more balloons on the trolley, the further it is going to travel. I hypothesise this as it is the most logical, in addition to that I also think that the more air blowing/pushing it self away from the trolley, the more forces are going to push back on the trolley, thereby pushing it forward as the forces are then unbalanced. The more balloons that are in place, the more thrust is going to be put onto the trolley.

| i) My Independent variable is going to be how many balloons I am using.
ii) My dependent variable is going to be the distance travelled by the trolley.
iii) My control variables are going to be: The same trolley, the same surface, the same mass in trolley.

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Background: My experiment is about how far a bottle can go on a string using a balloon. The main topic which leads into my experiment is Forces. Force is a physical action. This means it is a push or a pull acting on an object. If there wasn't any forces the entire world could not move as we will just float up into the air as gravity is a force and if there wasn't any forces there wouldn't be any gravity which then we can not stand still or move any object. As we are going forward into this topic I have chose an experiment to see how forces will work. Hot air balloons uses heat to pump the big balloon and when this happens the balloon starts to rise. My experiment is just by using a balloon that is already pumped and then pushing the bottle along the string.

Hypothesis:  I hypothesis that the more air the balloon has that is attached to the bottle the further it will travel on the string.

Independent: I am going to change the amount of gas in the balloon.

Dependent:  I am going to measure the length of how far the balloon will travel.

Controlled: The same bottle, The same balloon, The same length of string.

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Hypothesis: I hypothesize that, the higher the suspended wooden block is let go from, the further the ball will travel. This is because when the mass is let go higher, there is more distance in between it and the ball for gravity to pull for a longer period of time, which makes the wooden block accelerate as much as possible, and therefore hitting the ball with the strongest possible force, exerting the amount of kinetic energy the mass generated by being let go as high as possible on the ball, which makes the ball travel as far as possible. Variables:                Independent Variable:     Height the which the suspended wooden block is let go from                       Dependant Variable: Measuring the distance the ball travels when hit by a wooden block Controlled Variables:                 -Surface on which the ball is propelled on (Forum surface)   - Polyurethane                             -Type/Brand of tennis ball         -Size of tennis ball                      -Size/Weight/Mass of wooden block                                             -Type of wood                             -No force is being exerted from the hand to the wooden block                                             -Same person letting go            -Distance from the ground in which the mass hits the ball     -Length of string                         -Type of string

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Hypothesis: I hypothesize that, the higher the suspended wooden block is let go from, the further the ball will travel. This is because when the mass is let go higher, there is more distance in between it and the ball for gravity to pull for a longer period of time, which makes the wooden block accelerate as much as possible, and therefore hitting the ball with the strongest possible force, exerting the amount of kinetic energy the mass generated by being let go as high as possible on the ball, which makes the ball travel as far as possible. Variables:                Independent Variable:     Height the which the suspended wooden block is let go from                       Dependant Variable: Measuring the distance the ball travels when hit by a wooden block Controlled Variables:                 -Surface on which the ball is propelled on (Forum surface)   - Polyurethane                             -Type/Brand of tennis ball         -Size of tennis ball                      -Size/Weight/Mass of wooden block                                             -Type of wood                             -No force is being exerted from the hand to the wooden block                                             -Same person letting go            -Distance from the ground in which the mass hits the ball     -Length of string                         -Type of string

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Background:

The topic of this experiment is forces. Forces are ideas that cannot be seen, yet are all around us, and without them, nothing would move, cars wouldn’t stop if they were moving, we wouldn’t be alive as the earth wouldn’t be revolving around the sun. This is why forces are so important to our everyday life.

Transport has been made much easier, with vehicles designed to cut through the air without much resistance, in other words, these cars and buses have been made more aerodynamic. Forces can be either contact forces or non-contact forces. Pushing someone is a contact force, because you are physically touching and making that person move. The force you exert is transferred to another object/person which makes that object/person move. Gravity is another example. Gravity is a non-contact force, which is a force that doesn’t actually touch you were you see it, but it touches you invisibly. That is why we are still standing on the earth. Gravity pulls us down, and if there was no gravity, we would fall of the earth. Of course, gravity or earth’s pull on us gets weaker and weaker as you travel further from the earth’s atmosphere. Forces can make us begin to move, speed up or slow down, stop moving altogether, keep the object still, change the object’s shape, and also change the direction the object is moving.

My experiment is to try and see how far a tennis ball goes depending on the height the suspended wooden block that hits it is let go from. The background to this experiment, or where we might utilise this experiment’s results in real life would be, for example, hitting a table tennis or tennis racquet against the ball to make it move over the net. These results would help the player understand at what height should he swing the racquet from to get the ball further into the opponents court of nearer to the net. Because I hypothesize that the higher the suspended wooden block is released from, the further the ball will go, this shows that, if I am correct in my reasoning, that, if the player wants to get the ball very far over, he should swing the racquet from a higher point in the air.

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Ashley Smart

HYPOTHESIS:

I hypothesis that the brand of shoe that has the most rubber and grooves will have the most friction. I think this because the grooves have add a better grip when walking. Heavier shoes will also have more friction than light shoes as it is harder to push/pull heavier objects as they have more friction.

VARIABLES:

| The variable I’m changing is : the brand of shoe.

The variable I’m measuring/observing is: the amount of force used to drag a shoe across 30cm

My controlled variables are:
>  The distance the shoe is pulled
>  Surface the shoe is pulled on
>  Size of shoe
>  State of shoe

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hypothesise that the larger the surface area of the parachute, the slower it will drop, as a larger surface area will increase drag and air resistance because it traps more air inside, slowing the payload down.

i) State one independent variable which you are changing:

Surface area of the parachute. (Cm (5x5, 10x10, 15x15, 20x20, 25x25))

ii) State one dependent variable which you are measuring or observing:

Time taken to fall. (Seconds)

iii) List the control variables which you must keep the same:

Weight of the payload you are dropping. (Grams)

Parachute material. (Plastic)

Thickness of the parachute. (Keep the same by using same bag)
Height from droppedf. (4m)

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I hypothesize that the larger the parachutes surface area, the longer the time taken to fall because the bigger the surface area, the more air can get trapped inside of the parachute, increasing air resistance and drag, ultimately making the time taking to fall slower.

| Independent Variable |

The surface area of the parachute

Dependent Variable

which you are measuring or observing: time taken (S)

| Controlled Variable
the weight on the parachute
The thickness of the parachute
The material of the parachute
Height Dropped
Shape of parachute

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In my experiment I will be investigating the newtons pulled back by dragging a shoe across different types of surface areas and to see the difference of the friction between teh surfaces and the shoe by comparing the newtons pulled back.
Hypothesis:

I hypothesize that if there is a lower amount of force that is used to drag the shoe and if the surface area is harder, bumpier and more sticky that means there is lots of friction between the shoe and the surface area. It also means that there will be more newtons pulled back and it would take the shoe longer to drag across. I basically think that if there is more force pulled back depending on the surface area, the friction is larger. If there is less force then that means that there is less friction. This is because more force is needed when the surface area is bumpy and rough as that creates more friction between the shoe and surface.

Independent Variable:
Surface are of where the shoe is being dragged across
Dependent Variable:
The friction that is caused by the different types of surface areas and the shoe itself
time taken for the shoe to drag across different surface areas from a fixed distance
Controlled Variable:
The shoe, the newton meter(N)

Background:
A force is a physical action. When objects have forces acting on them they may begin to move, speed up, slow down or stop moving, change direction of motion, change shape and remain still. If you want to see force work you must measure it. If you want to measure force you should use a spring balance/newton meter. The unit to measure these forces is called Newtons. Forces always involves two objects. The importance of forces is really strong. We need force in our everyday life. This experiment relates to reality because in reality if you have your trainers on and you are having a race against someone you need to know the difference between the different types of surfaces in order to see which surface is the best one to grip on, make you run faster and basically which one creates more friction. Lets say in our everyday life we walk on different types of surface areas and if you walk or run on those different types of surface areas you will realise the difference between those surfaces. If you are attending a race and the surface is

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I hypothesize, that the larger the parachute is, the longer it will take for the marble to fall. Gravity is pulling the marble down, but the parachute is slowing down the fall. The reason that the parachute slows down the marble, is that more air particles have to move around the parachute.  The air resistance is higher the faster the marble moves. A larger parachute has a larger surface area which contributes to more air resistance.

Independent variable:
Size of parachute (cm²)
Dependent variable:
Time taken for marble to fall (s)
Controlled variable:
Height of fall (cm)
Controlled Environment (N)
Weight of marbles (g)

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I hypothesis that, the larger the parachute becomes, the more air resistance effects. This is because the air particles become trapped inside the parachute when descending. Which will increases drag, and if strong enough, it will create an unbalanced force. Therefore, the time descending will greatly decrease compared to smaller surface areas.

Independent variables:

- Parachute surface area (6x6 8x8 10x10)

Dependent variables:

- Descending time (Seconds)

Controlled:

- Descend height (1m)

- Item weight (100 grams)

- Parachute material (paper)

- Parachute Structure (pins distance apart, strings distance etc)

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Hypothesis
| I believe that using a surface that has rubber, rough and uneven ground as a material would create a lot of friction as the grooves of the rubber ground would stick up and act like barriers in a way.  So it’s the deformation of the molecules in the rubber that creates friction and this is why I believe that dragging something across a rough, rubber and uneven ground would create the most friction.

Background
The word 'force' in science means a physical action. It is a push or pull acting upon an object as a result of its interaction with another object. Sometimes forces are easy to see, like the force of a person kicking a football, other forces are hard to see like the gravitational force.  When an object has force acting on them they would begin to move, speed up, slow down, stop moving, change shape, change direction or remain still. It is important to have forces in your life as when you are speeding down the hill on a bicycle then you need to break and to break you need friction. Another example would be when you are pushing a cupboard somewhere you need to push it and pushing is a force. So my investigation is finding out which material of ground has the most friction. How my investigation can help thus in everyday life is e.g. the road to avoid using the wrong material and then create friction with the cars, or the floor in the rooms to avoid using the wrong material and create too much or too little friction with the doors, and the sidewalk to avoid using the wrong material and create too much or too little friction with shoes.

Describe what your key variables are and how they are manipulated
i)State one independent variable which you are changing:
I am changing the material of the ground so I am not on the same ground all the time
ii)  State one dependent variable which you are measuring or observing:
The variable that I am measuring is the amount of force whilst dragging the block for 30 cm on different ground materials
iii) List the control variables which you must keep the same:
The distance the block is pulled which is 30 cm
What type and material of block I am using

Manipulating Variables

| ·  List the values and unit of the independent variable you will use The material of the ground. ·         List the values and unit of each control variable you will use The distance the block is pulled and the type and material of the block that is used. ·         State how the dependent variable will be measured, with units The force will be measured in Newtons. ·         State the number of trials to be completed I will be doing three trials and an average. ·         Show how you will do any necessary calculations I will

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Background
In this report
Hypothesis
I hypothesize that the balloon that is inflated the least will be pulled down with the least amount of force, and that as more and more air is added, the more forces will be needed to pull it down. This is because air floats upwards when put in water, and the more air, the harder it is to pull downwards.

Controlled Variables
Height from which I start pulling Same speed of pulling
Same newton meter

Same type of balloon

Independent Variable
I will be changing the circumference of the balloon, measuring in centimeters.

Dependent Variable
I will be measuring the amount of force taken to pull different sized balloons through water using a newton-meter (Newtons)

Method

1. Gather all materials

2. Inflate a balloon 10cm in circumference

3. Attach the balloon (somehow) to a newton meter

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Hypothesis:
i hypothesise, that the more air is inside of the balloon the further away it will go although there will be more air resistance, because the balloon is bigger after being filled up so much and then creates a bigger air resistance

Independent variable:
•i am changing the air inside of the balloon. im inserting more and more air so that there is more air resistance, but also so that there is more air coming out
•i am changing the straw after every time and as well as the balloon

Dependent variable:
i am measuring the distance the balloon travels

Controlled variables:
•i am always keeping the length of the thread  same
•ballon always is always made of the same material

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I hypothesis that the more mass added to the suspended swing block the further the tennis ball will travel further when it is hit. Since when mass is added to a swinging object there is more weight that will pull it down making the block travel with more force. The more force which the block hits the ball with the more force is transferred to the tennis ball causing it to travel with more speed which will increase the distance it will travel.

Independent: Adding mass to the swinging block

Dependent: Measuring the distance of which the tennis ball rolls

Controlled: The same surface (forum, Polyurethane), same tennis ball, Height which the suspended wooden block is released from, size of wooden block, distance from the ground in which the block hits the ball and same equipment.

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Hypothesis                                    I hypothesise that when the surface area of the parachute is bigger it will fall down slower than a parachute with a small surface area, because when the surface area is increased there will be more air resistance which then causes drag which will then make the payload fall slower to the ground and we Il measure the time of the fall in seconds. And  the data that I have to back me up is gravity, which pulls down objects closer to the ground and the air resistance goes against the gravity and that is why the payload falls slower to the ground.

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Hypothesis                                    I hypothesise that when the surface area of the parachute is bigger it will fall down slower than a parachute with a small surface area, because when the surface area is increased there will be more air resistance which then causes drag which will then make the payload fall slower to the ground and we Il measure the time of the fall in seconds. And  the data that I have to back me up is gravity, which pulls down objects closer to the ground and the air resistance goes against the gravity and that is why the payload falls slower to the ground.

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Background
The parachute is a device that is used in free falling or sky diving to slow a person or thing down when it is going through the sky. They are usually made out of fabric or silk and are pretty light, in fact they weigh 7-11 kg when if you really think about it it’s really not that heavy. It works first by opening at about 600-1200 feet in the air, and then since the parachute has a bigger surface area than the thing hanging off it and with gravity puling it down it will also need something causing drag and that is where the surface area comes in which intern causes the person/thing on it to go down to earth slowly. And I am investigating in to this topic because I want to find out the reliability of the parachute and I also want to see if we really have to waste a lot of material on a big parachute if the small ones also work just as good.
-Niko Hergge

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Hypothesis: I hypothesise that the shoe will need more Newtons to be dragged on surfaces that are more rough and bumpy as more force is needed to pull it rather than on a smooth and flat surface since there aren’t any bumps/grooves. If less force/newtons are needed to pull the shoe at a constant rate that means there is less friction between the shoe and the surface but if more force is needed to drag the shoe that means there is more friction between the shoe and surface.

Independent variable: In my experiment I will be changing the surface the shoe will be dragged on

Dependent variable: I'm measuring the amount of force/newtons needed to drag the shoe

Controlled variables: I will be using the same shoe, ruler and newton meter

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Backround:
| Forces are everywhere. Forces affect our daily lives from pouring water into your cup of coffee to a rocket ship zooming off to space. Forces can vary from the strong force holding the atom together to gravitational force pulling us down on earth. Over the thousands of years humans have found many ways to use forces to their own advantage from harnessing the wind to move a sail boat to using the gravitational force of earth to put satellites in orbit. Forces are something that make things happen. Forces can be balanced or imbalanced. For example, when the thrust force of a car is stronger than the resistant force of the air and the friction of the tyres on the ground the car will speed up and the forces are imbalanced because the thrust force is stronger than the resistant force. When the car brakes and slows down, the force of friction on the wheels is more than the force of the thrust which also means that the forces acting on the car are imbalanced. If the car is driving at a constant speed, the thrust force is equal to the resistant force, the forces acting on the car are balanced. For my experiment I will be dropping a parachute increasing the weight for every trial. This experiment could be helpful for designing different parachutes and understanding air resistance to gravitational pull ratio.

Hypothesis:
I hypothesize that the heavier the weights on the parachute, the faster the parachute will fall. This is because the heavier the weights I add to the parachute, the more mass there is, which means that gravity will have more mass to pull down making the pull force of gravity stronger than a parachute with less weights. When the parachute starts falling, it will speed up because the gravitational force is stronger than the air resistance (imbalanced force) At a certain point, the parachute gathers enough speed that the gravitational pull is even to the air resistance, keeping the parachute at a constant speed (balanced force). When this happens, the parachute has reached its final velocity. For heavier weights the final velocity is higher because the weights provide stronger gravitational force, which delays the point where it reaches its final velocity.

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Hypothesis
I predict that the rougher the surface that the shoe travels over, the more Newtons the shoe will create. This is because more force is needed when the surface is rough and bumpy. For example, rock has a rough surface, there are small bumps and indents in the material, which gives the shoe difficulty moving. On a rough surface there is more friction,
when there is more friction the amount of Newtons created increases compared to when there is less friction

Background
Forces are physical actions. They make things stretch, change shape, speed up, compress, change direction, slow down and stop. They are any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object. If you want to measure forces you measure it using a spring balance or a newton meter. Forces are measured in Newtons. Forces are really important in everyday life, they help us move around, lift things etc. Every motion is related to a force. Forces always include two or more objects.
When people move around
using shoes, they may have to travel across different surfaces, for example,
smooth roads, rough roads, sand and mud. The results of my experiment can help
decide which surface is the most efficient surface to travel over by foot to
get somewhere, for example, if you have a certain amount of time to get to your
destination, and you have to decide on which surface you should travel over
ensuring that you pick the surface that gets you to your destination in the
fastest time possible you’d know which surface to travel over because of my
results. In this experiment, I’m going to be looking at how different
surfaces affect the amount of Newtons a shoe can create.

Variables
independent variable
I am changing the surface the shoe is being dragged across               S dependent variable
=I am measuring the amount of Newtons a shoe can create when dragged across different surfaces control variables
= The shoe, the newton metre, the stopwatch, and the ruler.

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I hypothesise that as the grain size of the sand paper increases, the amount of force applied to move the shoe/friction will increase. This is because the larger and fewer contacts points increase the coefficient of friction (the resistance an object encounters in moving over another-OED) however this only occurs up to an extent where the size of the contact points make the quantity of contact points to few to create much resistance.

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I hypothesise that as the grain size of the sand paper increases, the amount of force applied to move the shoe/friction will increase. This is because the larger and fewer contacts points increase the coefficient of friction (the resistance an object encounters in moving over another-OED) however this only occurs up to an extent where the size of the contact points make the quantity of contact points to few to create much resistance.

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Background

| For this experiment I will be looking more specifically at the force friction. I shall test how much force is required to move a running shoe across sand paper at different corsnesses, to determine the ideal coarsness of a running surface. Running is a widely and commonly practiced sport. Tracks have evolved to improve and better meet the optimum coefficient of friction, to allow runners to run as fast as possible. For example running tracks were originally grass which created to much friction so they have developed into solid polyurethane (a synthetic material made by casting polyurethane and rubber granules). This experiment is intended to help the beginner/ametuer runner that doesn’t practice on the track, and is looking for a better surface to run on.

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I hypothesize that the heavier the weights on the parachute, the shorter the time for the parachute to fall. This is because the heavier the weights I add to the parachute, the more mass there is, which means that gravity will have more mass to pull down making the pull force of gravity stronger than a parachute with less weights. When the parachute starts falling, it will speed up because the gravitational force is stronger than the air resistance (imbalanced force) At a certain point, the parachute gathers enough speed that the gravitational pull is even to the air resistance, keeping the parachute at a constant speed (balanced force). When this happens, the parachute has reached its final velocity. For heavier weights the final velocity is higher because the weights provide stronger gravitational force, which delays the point where it reaches its final velocity, hence decreasing the time needed to reach the ground.