# data[].attributes.body
They include for example suppliers of specialized inputs such as components, machinery and services, and providers of specialized infrastructure.

-The California wine cluster: 680 commercial wineries and several thousand wine grape growers
-Pharmaceutical clusters of New Jersey and Pennsylvania
-Chemical clusters in Germany and german-speaking Switzerland
-Massachutess cluster of 400 companies, 39,000 high-paying jobs
-Logging operations
-Comnputer companies based in Silicon Valley and Austin, Texas
-Massachutes clusters originated from MIT and Harvard.
-The Dutch transportation cluster utilizing Hollands central location within Europe
- Minneapolis medical-device cluster
-MCI and America Online originated ICT cluster in Washington D.C
-Telemarketing cluster in Omaha, Nebraska originated through actions of the US military SAC (Strategic Air Command)
-Golf cluster in California
-New England cluster based on steel shafts, steel irons, and wooden-headed woods
- Detroit car manifacturing cluster (fell down due to rigidity)
-31 clusters in Portugal; divided by industries around the country
-United states telecommunications-equipment cluster
-Massachutes biotechnology cluster
-Engineering cluster in Boston area
-Dutch flower cluster
-Italian leather fashion cluster
In the US:
-Seattle
-Oregon
-Boise
-Las Vegas
-Phoenix
-Carlsbad
-Los Angeles
-Dallas
-Colorado
-Warsaw
-Cleveland
-Dalton
-Wisconsin
-Texas
-Hartford
-Boston
-Michigan
-Hollywood
Conclusion:
The clusters form around emerging technologies and companies that work in different stages of the same industry. These locations become attractive hubs of operation for companies in the industry.

# data[].attributes.body
California wine cluster:  680 commercial wineries as well as several thousand independent wine grape growers. Parties: suppliers of grape stock, irrigation and harvesting equipment, barrels, and labels; specialized public relations and advertising firms; and numerous wine publications aimed at consumer and trade audiences.
Italian leather fashio cluster: consists of several chains, which produce differernt types of leather boots and footwear. Imploy common marketing media, compete with similar customer segments and images
Pharmaccuticals cluster:
Chemical cluster: Germany, Switzerland.
Summary:  Clusters affect competition in three broad ways: first, by increasing the productivity of companies based in the area; second, by driving the direction and pace of innovation, which underpins future productivity growth; and third, by stimulating the formation of new businesses

# data[].attributes.body
Summary :

California wine cluster is a considerably sized business clusters consisting not only the 680 commercial wineries but also thousands of independent grape growers. There are several stages in the supply chain of wine production and creating a cluster of businesses in the area has significantly make the businesses operate more effectively.  Some operations carried out by the companies operating within the cluster
- Supplying seeds for farmers
- Machinery and equipment for farmers
- Barrels for storing end product
- Bottling equipment
- Lobbyists and PR people
- Advertising firms
In California there are also people working with lobbying for wine production and taking care of the PR side of things. The cluster is so strong that the wine producers even have representatives  in the senate which works as a further evidence to showcase the importance of clusters so that businesses can get legislation to work for their favor.Seen by Max, GiorgiChat Conversation End

Italian leather fashion cluster consists of very well known companies like Gucci and  Salvatore Ferragamo and specialized suppliers of footwear aspects like machinery, molds, designing services and tanned leather. This also has connection to other similar chain of industries and like companies who are producing different types of leather or different types of footwear. the common pattern for these industries is that they employ common marketing tools and have same image for customers. Also a Italian textile cluster which produces different kind of clothes and accessories have still common channels. the strength of Italian leather cluster is the multiple link ages and and synergies which unites the participating Italian businesses.

Clusters dividing line goes by the linkages and complementarities within the industry. However, there are cases of clusters fitting through the political boundaries, states or national boarders as well. As an example a pharmaceutical cluster of NJ and Pennsylvania can be brought which much like a chemical cluster that starts in Germany and crosses over German-speaking Switzerland territory.
Clusters do not always follow the industrial classification standards, that results in failure of capturing important actors and relationships in competition.In Massachusetts, 400 companies that represent 39 000 high paying jobs are involved in medical devices. Such clusters remained invisible although buried with larger and overlapping industry categories such as electronic equipment and plastic products.

# data[].attributes.body
California Wine Cluster: Includes 680 wineries + several thousand independent wine grape growers; Supporting both wine making and grape growing (Suppliers of grape stock, irrigation and harvesting equipment, barrels, labels, specialized public relations and advertising firms are also involved) There are also linkages to other California clusters in agriculture, food and restaurants, and wine-country tourism.

3 subgroups in the “California Wine Cluster”:

1. California agricultural cluster (grape stock, fertilizer/pesticides, grape harvesting, irrigation technology, but also growers and vineyards)

2. Tourism cluster (Wineries and processing facilities)

3. Food and restaurant cluster (Wineries and processing facilities)

Italian Leather fashion Cluster: Ferragamo and Gucci; Consists of several chains of related industries (producing different types of leather goods and footwear; also production of other clothing: scarves, accessories); Famous for fashion and design

Pharmaceuticals cluster in New Jersey and Pennsylvania

Chemicals cluster in Germany (+ German speaking Switzerland)

Hollywood’s entertainment cluster

Household-furnitre cluster: High Point, North Carolina

Golf equipment cluster: Carlsbad

California Optics cluster: Phoenix, Arizona

Hong Kong cluster: Hong Kong thrives as a source of fashion appare. Complementarities is benefits also for visiting buyer- they can see many vendors in single trip, one location provides alternative suppliers, they can diversity.

Computer companies cluster in Silicon Valley, Austin and Texas Sophisticated buyers are oftern part of the cluster, comapanies inside have better position on the mafket than isolated companies

Conclusion:

Members of cluster often profit from reputation, but also from variety of joint marketing mechanisms, such as company referrals, trade fairs, trade magazines, and marketing delegations.

Make trading and working easier, are good for mapping what do to, which businesses are important in a market

# data[].attributes.headline
Group 2: Nargiz, Kyrylo, Nikolay, Demi, Mariam

# data[].attributes.subject
Group 2: Nargiz, Kyrylo, Nikolay, Demi, Mariam

# data[].attributes.body
California wine is a cluster consisted of 680 commercial wineries, plus some other grape growers. Here are the operations hold by the cluster: Supplying seeds for farmers, Machinery and equipment for farmers, Packaging the bottles, Lobbying and Advertising. The cluster is quite strong and not competitive that’s why the wine producers have their own representatives.

Italian leather fashion has the most famous fashion brands like Gucci, Salvatore Ferragamo and other footwear designing services. This additionally has connection to different similar chain of industries and like businesses who are producing extraordinary types of leather-based or different forms of shoes. the not unusual pattern for those industries is that they employ common place advertising gear and feature same photograph for customers. additionally a Italian textile cluster which produces one-of-a-kind kind of garments and accessories have nonetheless commonplace channels. the power of Italian leather cluster is the couple of hyperlink a while and synergies which unites the taking part Italian agencies.

Clusters dividing line is going with the aid of the linkages and complementarities within the industry. however, there are instances of clusters fitting via the political boundaries, states or countrywide boarders as nicely. For example a pharmaceutical cluster of NJ and Pennsylvania can be added which much like a chemical cluster that starts off evolved in Germany and crosses over German-speak me Switzerland territory.
Clusters do now not constantly comply with the industrial classification requirements, that results in failure of shooting important actors and relationships in opposition. In Massachusetts clusters remained invisible despite the fact that buried with large and overlapping enterprise categories which includes digital equipment and plastic products.

# data[].attributes.body
Clusters promote both competition and cooperation.

Rivals compete intensely to win and retain  customers. Without vigorous competition, a cluster  will fail. Yet there is also cooperation, much of it  vertical, involving companies in related industries  and local institutions. Competition can coexist  with cooperation because they occur on different dimensions and among different players.

A well-developed cluster also provides an efficient means of obtaining other important inputs.

Such a cluster offers a deep and specialized supplier  base. Sourcing locally instead of from distant suppliers  lowers transaction costs. It minimizes the  need for inventory, eliminates importing costs and

delays, and – because local reputation is important

– lowers the risk that suppliers will overprice or  renege on commitments.

In addition to enhancing  productivity, clusters play a vital role in a company’s  ongoing ability to innovate. Some of the

same characteristics that enhance current productivity  have an even more dramatic effect on innovation

and productivity growth