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Functions:
undigested and absorbed food material is acted upon by bacteria in the large intestine to produce vitamin k which is required for blood clotting and production of vitamin B complex.

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Food is mixed with gastric juices and churned by peristalsis contractions in the stomach. 

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Food is mixed with gastric juices and churned by peristalsis contractions in the stomach. 

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Here is where chemical digestion begins as the salivary glands begin secreting a watery fluid called the saliva and this secretion is triggered by a nerve reflex. Enzymes such as amylase is responsible for the chemical breakdown of starches. It is also where mucin is secreted, a substance which lubricates the food making swallowing and the dissolving of food easier.

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This is where ingestion takes place and it contains organs which aid in both chemical and mechanical digestion such as the teeth, tongue and the salivary gland ducts.

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Food is initially broken down in the mouth by the grinding action of teeth
The tongue pushes the food down to the esophagus by a reflex action. Bolus then enters the esophagus where waves of muscular contractions called peristalsis takes place. The esophagus is a long thin tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach. It is an important piece of the gastrointestinal tract which allows food and liquid to enter the stomach where digestion can continue. Skeletal muscles are found in the superior region of the esophagus and this aids in the swallowing reflex while the smooth muscle in the inferior esophagus pushes bolus towards the stomach via peristalsis.

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Partial digestion of food takes place here The stomach releases acids and enzymes for the chemical breakdown of food. This is where the enzyme pepsin breaks down protein.

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Accessory organs of the stomach include, teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder an pancreas. 

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Accessory organs of the stomach include, teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder an pancreas. 

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Ridges of the muscle tissue called rugae line the stomach. The stomach muscles contract periodically, churning food to enhance digestion.

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Chief cells are found within the gastric pits of the stomach, produce 2 digestive enzymes - pepsinogen and gastric lipase. Pepsin is a digesting enzyme.

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The stomach is a muscular sac that is located on the left side of the abdominal cavity, just inferior to the diaphragm. In an average person, the stomach is about the size of their two fists placed next to each other. This major organ acts as a storage tank for food so that the body has time to digest large meals properly. The stomach also contains hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes that continue the digestion of food that began in the mouth.

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Structure:
The large intestine is made up of the colon and the rectum. It is about 5 feet long and about 3 inches in diameter and is shorter than the small intestine in length however the large intestine is considerably thicker in diameter.

Function:
The major function of the large intestine is to absorb water from the remaining indigestible food matter and transmit the useless waste material from the body.

·         The large intestine also helps in absorption of vitamins made by bacteria that normally live in the large intestine.

·         The mucosa of the large intestine also secretes bicarbonates to neutralise the increased acidity resulting from the formation of these fatty acids and other digestive components at earlier parts of the intestines.

·         The large intestine is joined together by several lymphoid tissues which play a vital role in immunity. The lymphoid tissues help in the production of antibodies and cross reactive antibodies. These antibodies are produced by the immune system against the normal commensal bacteria but may also be active against related harmful bacteria and thus prevent infections.

The large intestine produces no digestive enzymes. Chemical digestion is completed in the small intestine before the chyme reaches the large intestine.