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Written works about Black culture and experiences
Use Christian symbolism and themes

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Intersectionality: the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender as they apply to a given individual or group, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage. An example of this is considering both race and class as it impacts social standing.

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Intersectionality: the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender as they apply to a given individual or group, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage. An example of this is considering both race and class as it impacts social standing.

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Negro domination and negro rule: the democratic party's largest concern was negro domination and negro rule, they therefore made their parties largest concern killing off black power

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Negro domination and negro rule: the democratic party's largest concern was negro domination and negro rule, they therefore made their parties largest concern killing off black power

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race riots, lynching, and "shotgun policy": race riots are the public outbreak of riots between two racial groups (in this time period it would be whites and African Americans). Lynching is the process of killing someone (usually hanging them) for an "alleged offense" without a legal trial. The shotgun policy was created as a way to stop blacks from voting, in which if they were able to work through the Jim Crow laws, they would either intimidate them with a shotgun or kill them, so that they were unable to vote and gain political control 

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race riots, lynching, and "shotgun policy": race riots are the public outbreak of riots between two racial groups (in this time period it would be whites and African Americans). Lynching is the process of killing someone (usually hanging them) for an "alleged offense" without a legal trial. The shotgun policy was created as a way to stop blacks from voting, in which if they were able to work through the Jim Crow laws, they would either intimidate them with a shotgun or kill them, so that they were unable to vote and gain political control 

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Born in West Africa and transported as a slave to Boston

"On Being Brought From Africa to America" describes religious redemption for slaves despite their persecution

Wrote many elegies dedicated to famous people; i.e., "To His Excellency, General Washington" is a praise of George Washington and his role in combatting the British

Common themes: Religious imagery, and similarities to classical (Greek and Roman) works in her writing

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an Afro-Atlantic literary-religious tradition that emerged out of the shared political and religious experiences of Africans from British colonies during the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

Israelites leave slavery in Egypt through the strength of God. Led by Moses they journey to the "Promised Land" in return for their faithfulness

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- Born 1818 into slavery
- played a big role in civil war by convincing Lincoln slaves mattered and should be able to fight/ defend their country
- "What To A Slave Is 4th of July"

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-Issued by Abraham Lincoln
- freed all slaves not under the union on the condition that if the states did not join the union before Jan 1st 1863 slaves would be set free

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economic/political theory of social organization that means the production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community. Black liberation (i.e. being freed from imprisonment, slavery, or oppression) is important when seeking socialism.

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-the white mind viewed the black image as one of incapacity and degradation
- In response to the ostracizing power of a racial discourse that focused on black degradation, African American elites sought to develop independent institutions that would enable free people of color to "uplift" themselves to conditions of respectability.
-The intrusion of the black body into white social space led to mythic discourses and mob violence.

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Ida B. Wells and antilynching campaign: 

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Ida B. Wells and antilynching campaign: 

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Ida B Wells:
-African American journalist, abolitionist, and feminist that led an anti-lynching crusade in the U.S. in the 1890's
-founded the Nation Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
Antilynching Campaign:
- civil rights movement that aimed to put an end to the practice of lynching
- After the lynching of 3 of Wells' friends, she condemned the lynchings in the newspapers Free Speech and Headlight, both owned by her.

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Thought that the Black people in America were powerful enough to unite and create their own separate nation within America
Thought seen to be represented by Malcom X's ideas
Stemmed from Frederick Douglass and the New Negro Movement

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-Emphasized reason and intelligence
-Enlightenment philosophy gave reasoning to slavery due to the thought that Black people were inferior

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The enlightenment movement was comprised with ideologies surrounding universal humanity and human rights. However, this occurs when there Africans are being increasingly imported into the U.S. One way the enlightenment movement can be significant to both the black vernacular and black literary tradition because it presents a contradiction within Christianity. Ultimately, that Christianity is failing to uphold human rights because of the institution of slavery. Therefore, this enlightenment thing is both important to apply this belief of "universal humanity" - but at the same time a critique (since during that time they were importing slaves from Africa). Writers to think about: Hammon, Wheatley, Walker, Truth and Douglass

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David Walker article
What does this empowerment reveal about the state of  African
American society during that time?

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- "we need the vision to see in this generation's ordeals the opportunity to transfigure both ourselves and American society" - MLK Jr.; dream of a new world
- surrealist concept; "advances to the creation of a free society in which everyone will be a poet - a society in which everyone will be able to develop his or her potentialities fully and freely"

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Movement that aims to encourage bonds of solidarity between people of African descent
Had huge support among African Diaspora in America
David Walker was an early example of this
Debois was an advocate of this thought

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Led a successful slave rebellion in Virginia in 1831. Was inspired by David Walker's appeal.

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First African-American poet to be published in America

Primarily a religious poet who evangelized through his works - drew from his background as a preacher

"An Evening Thought", his first published poem, is a religious praise poem: "Salvation comes by Jesus Christ alone"

"An Address to Miss Phillis Wheatley" urges Phillis Wheatley to turn her focus more fully to evangelist poetry

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The battle was the climatic successful defense of the Ethiopian Empire against Italy.

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- leader among African Americans in Charleston, SC
- one of the founders of an independent African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church in the city
- he was alleged to be the ringleader of a planned slave revolt in Charleston and was condemned to death for this

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Woods is primarily responding applying the Blues Epistemology to reflect upon the Reconstruction era when there is a moment of black self-determination and the emergence of blues music. He does not see the blues tradition and something linear, but rather a story of African American cultural production that emerges in the moment. Also, the blues tradition is primarily maintained by the black underclass and black working class. Finally, we can understand the cultural violence that African Americans have to live under as exemplified by the blues epistemology and maybe now even think about it in the context of hip hop music

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•abolitionist, advocated for feminist movements, fought for equal rights among gender and race
•made speech titled "Ar'n't I a Woman?"
•speech presented at Women's Rights Convention, Akron Ohio 1851
• anything men can do, women can do equally as well

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As African American soldiers saw the integrated units of foreign nations, they returned home discontent of the current situation they are in, in America.

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- French poet, author, and politician
- Born in Martinique (in Caribbean)

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1730s and 1740s

Evangelical Revival was a series of Christian revivals that swept Britain and its Thirteen Colonies

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The Haitian revolt was a revolt consisting of slaves against the French

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Born in the Igbo region of Nigeria and transported to England as a slave

Purchased his freedom and became an abolitionist

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- working-class African Americans in the Delta and Black Belt South constructed a system of explanation that informs their daily life, organizational activity, culture, religion, and social movements
- emerged among the 2 generations that witnessed the overthrow of slavery, 10 years of freedom, the overthrow of Reconstruction and the beginning of 95 years of "Second Slavery" (disenfranchisement, debt peonage, Jim Crow, and legally sanctioned official and private terrorism)
- in the face of the reality of America's practices of ethnic oppression and enforced poverty, the blues offer an unapologetic celebration of life, resistance, spiritual affirmation, community, social and humanity, and the highest levels of African American culture and philosophy

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•essayist, poet, feminist theorist
•wrote "Poetry is Not a Luxury"
•significan roles: civil rights, feminist, LGBT movement
•"I feel therefore I can be free"
•change and freedom
•dreams, new ideas are what set us free and create change in society

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Poet during Harlem Rene

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- the period following the Civil War when African American slaves gained their freedom

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- Renaissance man
- Multifacted, prolific, and influential scholar that black America has produced
- Eradication of many forms of bigotry and inequality
- Was involved in what was later the NACCP
- Espoused in unpopular notions of socialism and communism
- Turned to tradition literary forms
- Was a scholar and professor
- The Souls of Black Folk - personal exposition of collective experience
- A Litany of Atlanta - violence outbreak against blacks in Atlanta in September 1906
A Litany of Atlanta: The author questions the actions of white people and is praying to god or talking to god to repent or for answers.
Notes on the piece:
- Sinners = white people who do do devil like things
- Responsibility on who did these atrocities
The Souls of Black Folk
- 1750 the fire of African Freedom still was large
-  Talks about how Walker's appeal is against the trends and showed how the world was changing
- Washington's argument accepts inferiority
- Washington's argument shifted blame to African Americans