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 | 1857 | Dred Scott v. Sanford (Denial of Basic Rights to Blacks)

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 | 1857 | Dred Scott v. Sanford (Denial of Basic Rights to Blacks)

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A major precursor to the Civil War, this controversial U.S. Supreme Court decision denied citizenship and basic rights to all blacks -- whether slave or free.

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President Abraham Lincoln's "Emancipation Proclamation" takes effect proclaiming freedom from slavery for African-Americans.

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The 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is passed, abolishing slavery in the United States.

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 | 1896 | Plessy v. Ferguson (Approval of "Separate but Equal" Facilities)

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 | 1896 | Plessy v. Ferguson (Approval of "Separate but Equal" Facilities)

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The U.S. Supreme Court "separate but equal" decision in Plessy v. Ferguson approved laws requiring racial segregation, as long as those laws did not allow for separate accommodations and facilities for blacks that were inferior to those for whites.

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 | 1909 | National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Founded

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 | 1909 | National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Founded

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 | 1954 | Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (De-Segregation in Education)

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 | 1954 | Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (De-Segregation in Education)

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The U.S. Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas ended legal racial segregation in public schools.

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African-American woman Rosa Parks's arrest after her refusal to move to the back of a bus triggers a citywide boycott of the bus system. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka II, Kansas (De-Segregation in Education)
The U.S. Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas II implements the anti-segregation provisions that had been mandated in Brown I, and orders that states comply with "all deliberate speed."

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 | 1963 | Martin Luther King, Jr.: "I Have a Dream"

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 | 1963 | Martin Luther King, Jr.: "I Have a Dream"

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Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivers the historic "I Have a Dream" speech. Equal Pay Act
Passing Congress in 1963, the Equal Pay Act is a federal law requiring that employers pay all employees equally for equal work, regardless of whether the employees are male or female.

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination in a number of settings: voting, public accommodations, public facilities, public education, federally-assisted programs, and employment and establishes the federal Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).

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Voting Rights Act of 1965
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 prohibits the denial or restriction of the right to vote, and forbids discriminatory voting practices nationwide.
Malcolm X Assassinated in New York City
Watts Riots in Los Angeles
Beginning as a community-wide reaction to the arrest of three African-Americans in central Los Angeles, the Watts Riots continue for six days and is a key precursor to the "Black Power" movement of the late 1960's.

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1968 Martin Luther King, Jr. Assassinated in Memphis

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1968 Martin Luther King, Jr. Assassinated in Memphis

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 | 1971 | Equal Rights Amendment Passes in Congress

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 | 1971 | Equal Rights Amendment Passes in Congress

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The proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was intended to explicitly guarantee equality to all persons, regardless of gender. After passing in Congress, the amendment did not receive enough votes for ratification by the individual states, and was never signed into law.