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Explain photoperiodism. [8]
- photoperiodism is the response of the plant to light which detects the lengths of the day and night, causing the flowering in plants.
- light is detected by the phytochrome, which is a pigment in plant
- phytochrome exists in 2 forms, including the inactive form (Pr) and active form (Pfr)
- Pr absorbs red light while Pfr absorbs far red light
- Since there is more red light present during the day time, Pr absorbs red light and is converted to Pfr; whereas during night time, Pfr absorbs far red light and covert it back into Pr
- Since the conversion from Pfr to Pr is slower than

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Explain photoperiodism:
Photoperiodism is the response of the plant to light or dark periods, which are detected by phytochrome.
The active form of photoperiodism (Pfr) is converted in the presence of red light and eventually broken down into the inactive form of phytochrome (Pr)  in the presence of far red light. The process would be slower in the absence of light.
Plants can be classified as short day plants or long day plants. For all plants, the active form of photoperiodism (Pfr) is required for flowering to occur.
For short day plants, long periods of darkness is required. Pfr would inhibit flowering and hence low levels of Pfr is required.

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Photoperiodism

Is the response of plant towards the length of darkness.

-For all plants, during daytime, red light of 660nm wavelength is absorbed by phytochromes.
-this would result in the activation of inactive Pr to active Pfr
-During night time, Pfr will be inactivated back to Pr because a far red light of 725nm wavelength is absorbed.
-It is important to note that the activation process is much faster than the inactivation process
-There are two types of plants: short day plants and long day plants
-For short day plants, Pfr will inhibith growth.
-Because the activation of Pfr is much faster than inactivation, after 24 hours (12 hours of day and 12 hours of night), more Pfr would be present
-this would result in less growth
-this is why short day plants grow in its maximum rate when day time is shorter than night time
-thus, shortday plants experience max growth during winter time when day time is much shorter than night time
-For long day plants, Pfr would increase the rate of growth
-thus, it needs to be in a condition where day time is longer than night time as more Pfr would be present
-this is the reason behind why long day plants experience max growth during summer when day time is longer than night time

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photoperiodism is the response of  plant to the time length of light and darkness.

there are two types of photoperiodism :
Pr AND Pfr.

Pr is inactive photoperiodism, and Pfr is active photoperiodism.

During day time, where there is more red light,Pr is convert into Pfr.

During night time , where there is more far red light, Pfr is convert into Pr. The rate of Pfr convert into Pr is slower.

For short-day plants, Pfr inhibit the flowring, so the plants need more night time than day time to maintain Pr present.

Therefore,  short-day plants flowering in winter, when day is shorter.

For long-day plants,Pfr active flowering,so the plants need more day time than night to maintain Pfr [resent.

Therefore, long-day plants flowring in summer, when day is longer.

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Photoperiodism is a plant response to length of darkness which controls the flowering of the plant.

Light is detected by pigment, photochrome which is responsible for conversion of phytochrome red to phytochrome far red.

In darkness, Pfr is converted to Pr in a slower process.

In short day plant such as chrysanthemum, Pfr act as inhibitor of flowering in shoot apex.

In summer, the long time exposure to day light promote conversion from Pr to Pfr.

The high level of Pfr, which is greater than its critical value cause flowering to stop.

In winter, the long night allows conversion of Pfr to  Pr.

Pfr falls within critical value which cause flowering of the plant.

In long day plant, like canation, Pfr act as a transcriptional factor which expresses the gene in shoot apex controlling the flowering.

In summer, long time of day light converts Pr to Pfr, making Pfr higher than critical value, causing flowering.

In winter, the short time of exposure to day light does not allow enough conversion of Pfr to Pr, making Pfr lower than critical value, prevent flowering.

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Photoperiodism
- photoperiodism is the respond of plant to light and darkness which involve the use of phytochrome to detect the length of light and dark period.
- phytochrome can be active (Pfr) or inactive (Pr). Pfr absorbs far red light become inactive after the absorption, Pr absorb red light and become active after the absorption.
- The rate of Pr converting to Pfr is faster than the conversion of Pfr to Pr.
-   Depending on the type of plant, presence of Pfr can cause the plant to flower or inhibit flowering.
-For short day plants, Pfr inhibits flowering and for long day plants Pfr promotes flowering.
- Short day plant

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Photoperiodism is a response to light by plants. Pigments in the plant called phytochromes involves in the detection of light. It exists in 2 forms, active and non-active (Pr and Pfr)
The difference between Pr and Pfr is that Pr absorbs red light and Pfr absorbs far red light.

It is better to have a continuous source of light for a short while than segmented periods of light as it takes a while for the pigments to come online.

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Explain photoperiodism [8]
- Photoperiodism is a plant's response to light involving the lengths of day and night, which causes flowering in plants.
- In plants, phytochrome exist as a photoreceptor or a pigment that detects light.
- there are two forms of phytochrome: Pr (inactive) that absorbs red light and Pfr (active) which absorbs far red light.
- During daylight hours, red light is absorbed by Pr and is converted to Pfr.
- thus there is a high concentration of Pfr during the day.
- During night time, Pfr is converted back to Pr.
- For long-day plants, Pfr controls the flowering of the plants. Thus, during the day they are able to flower as there is a build-up of Pfr.
- For short-day plants. Pfr inhibits flowering. Thus, when red light is absorbed during the day and Pfr is accumulated, the plants won't flower.

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- Photoperiodism is the response a plant has towards light or darkness
- Phytochromes are leaf pigments in plants which detect light or darkness
- The conversion of inactive PC (Pr) to active PC (Pfr) occurs faster and at night
- The conversion of Pfr to Pr occurs slower and during the day
- Inactive PC absorbs red light wavelengths while active PC absorbs far red wavelengths
- Plants use phytochromes to detect when to flower and when not to flower for reproduction

In regions where daytime is shorter,
- Pfr inhibits the flowering of the plant
- More Pfr is converted to Pr
- The plant will not flower as frequently

In regions where daytime is longer,
- Pfr will activate the flowering of the plant
- More Pr is converted to Pfr
- The plant will flower regularly

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Explain photoperiodism

- photoperiodism is a repsonse of plants towards length of darkness periods
- short day plants require longer periods of darkness
-long day plants require periods of darkness to be shorter(winter periods )
- flowering is dependant on seasonal conditions, which is detected by the plant through the lengths of light and darkness periods during the day
- it is controlled by a leaf pigment called phytochrome, pigments (Pfr and Pr, which can be converted into each other)
-during the day red light is absorbed at 660nm(sunlight contains more red light)
-at night, far red light is absorbed at 725nm
- when Pr absorbs red light is it converted into Pfr
- when Pfr absorbs far red light, it converts to Pr

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Photoperiodism
- is a plants response to periods of darkness, by flowering
- there are long day plants and short day plants
- the process is caused by converting inactive phytochromes (Pr) into Activated phytochroms (Pfr) through use of short red light. and back through use of Far red light
- the conversion from Pr to Pfr is fast and occurs during the day
whereas the conversion of Pr to Pfr is slower and occurs at night
- Pfr initiates flowering in

# data[].attributes.body
- Photoperiodism is a plant's response to periods of darkness which causes flowering in plants involving the detection of light by a pigment in plants known as phytochromes.
- Phytochromes exist in 2 forms - inactive (Pr) and active (Pfr) where Pr absorbs red light and Pfr absorbs far red light.
- Pr is converted into Pfr when it absorbs red light, which is a faster process than when far red light is absorbed by Pfr and converted into Pr.
- Therefore, in the day, more Pfr is accumulated in the plant than Pr.
- At night, Pfr is then converted back into Pr.
- In long-day plants that require longer periods of sunlight, the presence of more Pfr allows flowering.
- In short-day plants that require longer periods of uninterrupted darkness, the presence of more Pr allows flowering.
- Therefore, photoperiodism enables long-day plants to flower in the summer while short-day plants tend to flower in the winter.

# data[].attributes.body
Explain photoperiodism
-Photoperiodism is the response of a plant to the length of day and night, which will then result in flowering in plants.

-There are two types of plants: short-day plant and long-day plant. This is controlled by the conversion of inactive phytochrome (Pr) to active phytochrome (Pfr) in the day time and active to inactive in the night time. In short-day plant, Pfr inhibits flowering while Pfr activates flowering in long-day plant.

Short-day plant
- Requires long periods of uninterrupted darkness
-more Pfr converted to Pr
-decreased Pfr result in flowering as Pfr inhibit flowering

Long-day plant
-Requires short periods of uninterrupted darkness
-less Pfr converted to Pr
-increased Pfr result in flowering  as Pfr activates flowering

# data[].attributes.body
- Photoperiodism is the plant's response to length of darkness, which determines flowering in short day and long day plants

- Phytochrome is the photoreceptor that plants use to detect light

- Phytochrome is sensitive to light in the red and far red region of visible light

- Pr absorbs red light while Pfr absorbs far red light

- During daylight, Pr absorbs red light it converts to Pfr and when Pfr absorbs far red light, it converts into Pr.

- During daylight, there is a buildup of Pfr and during night the Pfr is converted back into Pr.

- For short day plants, there is a requirement of longer periods of uninterrupted darkness therefore more Pfr is converted to Pr and there is an inhibition of flowering

- In long day plants, there are shorter periods of uninterrupted darkness so there is less Pfr converted to Pr and a greater amount of Pfr results in flowering.