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Four levels of protein structure (video) | Khan Academy

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Learn for free about math, art, computer programming, economics, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, finance, history, and more. Khan Academy is a nonprofit with the mission of providing a free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere.

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https://www.bbc.com/education/guides/z36mmp3/revision/1

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-molecular-genetics/hs-discovery-and-structure-of-dna/a/hs-dna-structure-and-replication-review

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Past Paper Questions Mitosis and the Cell Cycle

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Past Paper Questions Mitosis and the Cell Cycle

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ttp://pmt.physicsandmathstutor.com/download/Biology/A-level/Topic-Qs/Edexcel-A/3-Voice-of-the-Genome/Set-A/Mitosis%20and%20Cell%20Cycles.pdf

https://mathsmadeeasy.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Cell-Cycle-Questions-AQA-OCR-Edexcel-.pdf

https://www.thebiotutor.com/uploads/2/7/2/8/27287711/as_07_ques.pdf

https://mathsmadeeasy.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Cell-Structure-AS-Biology-Questions-OCR-AQA-Edexcel.pdf

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Protein Synthesis exam questions and mark schemes (SNAB)

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Revision:Transcription and translation | The Student Room

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DNA RNA Double stranded polymer Single stranded polymer Uses A G C T Uses A G C U Pentose sugar is dexoyribose Pentose sugar is ribose

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Topic 3: Voice of the Genome Unit 2 AS SNAB for Edexcel Biology Learn with flashcards, games, and more - for free.

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1. Toni - cell cycle and mitosis
2. Isaac - DNA structure and replication
3. Verona - Protein structure
4. Alice - Transcription and translation
5. Jay - Non-protein biological molecules
6. Thomas - Cell membrane structure and membrane proteins (incl. CFTR)
7. Emily - Genes and the environment, epigenetics and control of development

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The following factors must be present for DNA replication and transcription:

gene (DNA) to act as a template

supply of free RNA nucleotides

enzymes

ATP

The base sequence in a DNA molecule, represented by the letters A T C G, make up the genetic code.

The bases hydrogen bond together in a complementary manner between strands. A will always go with T (U in RNA) and G will always go with C.

This code determines the type of amino acids and the order in which they are joined together to make a specific protein. The sequence of amino acids in a protein determines its structure and function.

The DNA code is a [ triplet code triplet code: the genetic code made by a triplet of bases in the DNA chains: AAA; GCT; CAT etc] . Each triplet, a group of three bases, codes for a specific amino acid:

the triplet of bases on the DNA and mRNA is known as a codon

the triplet of bases on the tRNA is known as an anti-codon

The main stages of protein synthesis are transcription and translation.

The process of transcription

Transcription takes place in the nucleus:

the gene coding for the protein required untwists then unzips, the H-bonds between the strands break

free RNA nucleotides form complementary [ base pairs base pair: The pair of nitrogenous bases that connects the complementary strands of DNA.] with one strand of DNA bases

weak hydrogen bonds form between base pairs

sugar phosphate bonds form between RNA nucleotides

mRNA strand is synthesized

mRNA peels off the DNA and moves out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm

The process of translation

Translation takes place on the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, or found on the rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):

the ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis

the mRNA strand attaches to a ribosome

tRNA [ molecules molecules: a collection of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. The fundamental unit of compounds] transport specific amino acids to the ribosome

each mRNA codon codes for a specific amino acid

the anti-codons and codons match up and form complementary base pairs

peptide bonds form between the adjacent amino acids to form the polypeptide (protein)

It is important to note that the tRNA is reused and collects another specific amino acid. Once the protein has been synthesised mRNA may move to another ribosome to make a further protein or it can be broken down into free nucleotides to be reused.

Processing the proteins

After translation, the protein passes into the channels of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for transportation. The protein is then passed from the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus inside tiny fluid-filled sacs, called vesicles. The Golgi apparatus is a system of membranes, which are responsible for the modification, processing, and packaging of the proteins. The protein may have a carbohydrate added, to form a glycoprotein. The Golgi apparatus packages the protein in a secretory vesicle, which fuses with the cell membrane and releases the protein from the cell.

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BBC - Higher Bitesize Biology - RNA and protein synthesis : Revision, Page2

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The following factors must be present for DNA replication and transcription: gene (DNA) to act as a template supply of free RNA nucleotides enzymes ATP The base sequence in a DNA molecule, represented by the letters A T C G, make up the genetic code.

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revison notes for unit 1 and 2

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oefAI2x2CQM&vl=en
Who wants to try a for a 10 mark question on transcription and translation - at least 10 bullet points

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Edexcel Sulters-Nuffield A Level Biology: Topic 2

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Start studying Edexcel Sulters-Nuffield A Level Biology: Topic 2. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.

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Learn about mitosis and the cell cycle

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Unit 1: Lifestyle, Health & Risk Definitions Edexcel Biology A- Salters' -Nuffield (A Level Biology)

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Start studying Unit 1: Lifestyle, Health & Risk Definitions Edexcel Biology A- Salters' -Nuffield (A Level Biology). Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.

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Use this wall to add helpful comments and links for your classmates to help them revise for the end of year exam. You can also ask questions and answer those questions you know.