# data[].attributes.body
Beauchamp, M., Carron, A., Mccutcheon, S., & Harper, O. (2007). Older adults' preferences for exercising alone versus in groups: Considering contextual congruence. Annals Of Behavioral Medicine, 33(2), 200-206.

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Beauchamp, M. R., & Eys, M. A. (2014). Group dynamics in exercise and sport psychology: Contemporary themes. New York: Routledge.

# data[].attributes.headline
Exercise Motivation: The Role of Gender, Age, and Body Mass Index

# data[].attributes.subject
Exercise Motivation: The Role of Gender, Age, and Body Mass Index

# data[].attributes.body
"Men were more motivated to exercise for competition, while women had higher motivation to exercise for appearance and weight management" (Martinez, Gillespie, & Bale 2015).

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The influence of close others' exercise habits and perceived social support on exercise

# data[].attributes.subject
The influence of close others' exercise habits and perceived social support on exercise

# data[].attributes.body
American college students, age 18 to 26, were surveyed about exercise habits of their best friend and romantic partner as well as their own. The results dictated that "the perceived exercise habits of friends were associated with own exercise, but only when perceived support for exercise was at least above average" (Darlow & Xu, 2011).

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Insufficiently Active Australian College Students: Perceived Personal, Social, and Environmental Influences

# data[].attributes.subject
Insufficiently Active Australian College Students: Perceived Personal, Social, and Environmental Influences

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Counter Argument- In a survey of Australian college students, more females than males were found to be insufficiently active but both genders cited the same reasons for being inactive: "lower social support from family and friends [and] lower enjoyment of activity" (Leslie et al. 1999).

# data[].attributes.headline
Insufficiently Active Australian College Students: Perceived Personal, Social, and Environmental Influences

# data[].attributes.subject
Insufficiently Active Australian College Students: Perceived Personal, Social, and Environmental Influences

# data[].attributes.body
"Males who reported low social support  [to exercise] from their family were 48% more likely to be insufficiently active than those who had high social support from family. Those with low social support from friends were 45% more likely to be insufficiently active than those with high social support from friends" (Leslie et al. 1999).

# data[].attributes.body
Darlow, & Xu. (2011). The influence of close others’ exercise habits and perceived social support on exercise. Psychology of Sport & Exercise,12(5), 575-578.

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Dawson, M. C. (2015). CrossFit: Fitness cult or reinventive institution? International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 52(3), 361-379. doi:10.1177/1012690215591793

# data[].attributes.headline
Exercise Motivation: The Role of Gender, Age, and Body Mass Index

# data[].attributes.subject
Exercise Motivation: The Role of Gender, Age, and Body Mass Index

# data[].attributes.body
"According to SDT, developing a sense of autonomy, competence, and relatedness are critical for helping a person internalize, self- regulate, and sustain a healthy exercise routine over time" (Martinez, Gillespie, & Bale 2015).

# data[].attributes.headline
Exercise Motivation: The Role of Gender, Age, and Body Mass Index

# data[].attributes.subject
Exercise Motivation: The Role of Gender, Age, and Body Mass Index

# data[].attributes.body
In a survey of 112 people, participants answered how much different variables affected their motivation to work out. "Social recognition" and "affiliation" were the lowest rated in influencing people to exercise. (Martinez, Gillespie, & Bale 2015).

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Group Dynamics in Exercise and Sport Psychology

# data[].attributes.subject
Group Dynamics in Exercise and Sport Psychology

# data[].attributes.body
Gender roles dictate different expectations for the appearances of men and women. Additionally, male sport is financially priviledged over female sport. “Appropriate female appearance includes being soft, sexy, clean, and toned. Prevailing social codes encourage males to be competitive, assertive, strong, and muscular.” This effects what kinds of exercises men an women choose to participate in. Additionally, male sport is financially and socially privileged over female sport. “In the USA, approximately 60 percent of all school related sporting opportunities are designated for males and ⅔ of sport budgets are allocated for male sport teams.” (Beauchamp & Eys 2014).

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Gillespie, K., Teranishi Martinez, C., & Bale, S. (2015). Exercise Motivation. The International Journal of Health, Wellness, and Society,4(2), 55-66.

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CrossFit: Fitness Cult or Reinventive Institution

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CrossFit: Fitness Cult or Reinventive Institution

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"Community and social connected-ness are arguably as essential to Crossfit's efficacy and popularity as are the fitness tenets and methodologies it adheres to" (Dawson 2017) Dawson also cites CrossFit lingo, apparel, specific diet, and even CrossFit tattoos all as symbols of membership for crossfitters.

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Gonzalez-Cutre, David, & Sicilia, Alvaro. (2012). Motivation and Exercise Dependence: A Study Based on Self-Determination Theory. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 83(2), 318-329.

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Kanamori, S., Takamiya, T., Inoue, S., Kai, Y., Kawachi, I., & Kondo, K. (2016). Exercising alone versus with others and associations with subjective health status in older Japanese: The JAGES Cohort Study. Scientific Reports,6(1). doi:10.1038/srep39151

# data[].attributes.body
Leslie, E., Owen, N., Salmon, J., Bauman, A., Sallis, J. F., & Lo, S. K. (1999). Insufficiently Active Australian College Students: Perceived Personal, Social, and Environmental Influences. Preventive Medicine, 28(1), 20-27. doi:10.1006/pmed.1998.0375

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Motivation and Exercise Dependence: A Study Based on Self Determination Theory

# data[].attributes.subject
Motivation and Exercise Dependence: A Study Based on Self Determination Theory

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Counter Argument- This study found correlation between external motivational factors and exercise dependence. "These results demonstrate the likelihood that exercise dependence will develop in a climate in which comparison between exercisers prevails, as compared to a climate focused on effort and personal improvement" The study also shows that "regarding different types of motivation, the highest scores were in intrinsic regulation and identified regulation, and the lowest scores in nonself- determined forms of motivation" meaning that internal motivators are stronger than external motivators. (Gonzalez-Cutre & Sicilia 2012).

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Resistance to Exercise: A Social Analysis of Inactivity

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Resistance to Exercise: A Social Analysis of Inactivity

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“Many men recalled the feeling that staying involved in sports was the only way to receive attention from their fathers. As boys, they yearned to receive attention from their fathers, but they found that the bonds they developed through sport did not carry over into non sport settings” (McElroy 2002).

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McElroy, M. (2002). Resistance to exercise: A social analysis of inactivity. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

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Resistance to Exercise: A Social Analysis of Inactivity

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Resistance to Exercise: A Social Analysis of Inactivity

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33 percent of males and 36 percent of females between 65 and 74 reported no physical activity. This only increased in ages 75+. Women ages 70 and older, when asked about their reservations in participating in certain exercise activities reported physical vulnerability and uncertainty of risks as the reasons they did not participate in the exercises. (McElroy 2002).

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Group Dynamics in Exercise and Sport Psychology

# data[].attributes.subject
Group Dynamics in Exercise and Sport Psychology

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Counter Argument- “Past work conducted in sport and PE settings has documented a positive and direct association between perceptions of a task involving climate and self determined forms of motivation. In contrast, an ego involving climate has been shown to be directly associated with external regulation and unrelated to self determined forms of motivation” (Beauchamp & Eys 2014)

# data[].attributes.headline
Exercising alone versus with others and associations with subjective health status in older Japanese: The JAGES Cohort Study.

# data[].attributes.subject
Exercising alone versus with others and associations with subjective health status in older Japanese: The JAGES Cohort Study.

# data[].attributes.body
In a survey of seniors on their activity levels, only 13% of non-exercisers reported living alone. Versus 81.3% reported living with others. (Kanamori et al 2016).

# data[].attributes.headline
Older adults' preference for exercising alone versus in groups: considering contextual congruence.

# data[].attributes.subject
Older adults' preference for exercising alone versus in groups: considering contextual congruence.

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19% of individuals in their 30's reported being regularly active and 12% reported physical limitation. Whereas 10% of individuals 70+ reported being regularly active, but 42% reported physical limitation. (Beauchamp, Carron, McCutcheon, & Harper 2007) .

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Older Adults Preference for Exercising Alone Versus in Groups: COn

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Older Adults Preference for Exercising Alone Versus in Groups: COn

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"The WHO recently estimated that in the year 2000 inactivity accounted for approximately $75 billion in medical costs in the United States, and that in Canada 6% of total health care costs were due to inactivity" (Beauchamp, Carron, McCutcheon, & Harper 2007).