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1. >25C = Continental
<25C = Maritime

2. <1000mm annual preci. = cont.
>1000mm annual = maritime

3. Summer max precip. = cont.
Winter max precip. = Maritime

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Theories Behind Why Ice Age Occurs (Kris)

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Theories Behind Why Ice Age Occurs (Kris)

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- Change in Earth's orbit around the Sun
- Change in tilt of Earth's axis
- Changes in heat output from the Sun

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- Ice ages start when snow does not fully melt in the summer
- Amount of snow develops and becomes deeper over thousands of years
- Weight of the snow on top causes bottom layers to turn to ice

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• U-shaped valleys
- Shape was carved out by alpine glaciers moving from top to bottom of mountains
• Deeper basins of lakes
- Ice at bottom of lake gauged the ground, making it deeper from heavy weight
• Striations (scratches in bedrock)
- Ice sheets moved and carved out scratches on rock under the sheet
• Spillways (wide valleys)
- Glacial meltwater carved out valley

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when cold air front and hot air fronts combine.  Creates hurricanes.
-Sukhmani

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Weather is day to day conditions over a short period of time whereas climate are patterns noticed about the behaviours of an area

- Carmen

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don't know if you'll need this but just in case :)
stationary front: a zone between 2 air masses stuck in place
occluded front: zone where rapidly moving cold front overtakes a slower warm front
isobars: contour lines indicating pressure levels; when lines are closer, wind speeds are higher
cold front: zone where cold air mass is advancing to replace warmer air; in NA usually moves east to west
warm front: zone where warm air mass is advancing to replace cold air mass
degree days: calculation used by utility companies to determine how much energy is used for heating/cooling
- count one degree day for ever degree F below or above 65 degrees F
heat index: how temp might feel after accounting for other factors
surface winds: easterlies, westerlies, trade winds
- often described by which direction the winds originate from (i.e. easterlies go from east to west)

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double tap to enlarge :)

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Determining continental & maritime climate

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Determining continental & maritime climate

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Temperature range: Max temp (warmest) - (coldest). This indicates whether a place has a continental climate (large range) or a maritime climate (small range)

Large: over 25 degrees = continental

Small: below 25 degrees = maritime

Total precipitation: Add monthly precipitation totals

Below 1000mm = continental

Over 1000 mm = maritime

Seasonal distribution of precipitation:
Winter - add up precipitation totals for Oct, Nov, Dec, Jan, Feb, Mar.

Winter max = Maritime

(large difference between winter and summer = west coast)
Summer - Add precipitation totals for Apr, May, Jun, July, Aug, Sep
Summer max = Continental
- Aisha

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Convectional

- as the ground heats up, the air above it rises

- the rising air expands and cools, and the water vapour within it condenses to form the puffy white clouds

- storm clouds form by the continuous condensation of water vapour

- small, puffy clouds form as the moisture in updrafts of air condenses and the water droplets get larger and larger

- the weight of the water droplets or hailstones causes them to fall to the ground, often in violent downpours

- as they fall to the ground, the raindrops cool the air and drag some of it downward, creating down drafts

- the cooling effect of the rain on the ground stops more updrafts from forming

- Ex. Prairie provinces, Ontario, Quebec

1- Accumulation of moist air

2- Rise

3- Cools

4- Condensation

5- Precipitation

-Manar Zaky

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Cyclonic

- air masses that are different in moisture content and temperature do not mix easily

- instead, a boundary or front forms between them

- a cyclonic storm is a large low-pressure system that forms when a warm air mass and a cold air mass collide

- occurs under the polar-front jet stream which separates cold, dry arctic air from warm, moist tropical air

- the warm, less dense air is forced to rise above the colder dense air at two locations: the leading edge of the warm air (warm front) and the leading edge of the cold air (cold front)

- much of the relief precipitation of the West Coast develops out of cyclonic storms that blow in from the Pacific Ocean and rise over the Western mountains

- Ex. Prairies, Ontario, Quebec, and Atlantic Canada

1- Warm air rises

2- Warm air mass collides with cold air mass

3- Warm air mass forced over cold air mass

4- Condensation

5- Precipitation

-Manar Zaky

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Orographic
- moist air rises up the windward slope of a mountain range

- as air cools, the rate of evaporation decreases while the rate of condensation increases

- the result is an increase in the number of water droplets in the air; droplets can combine to form raindrops

- when they are too heavy to remain suspended in the atmosphere, they fall to the ground as rain

- as cool air descends on the protected leeward slope, it contracts and becomes warmer

- Ex. common in the Western Cordillera

1- Evaporation

2- Rise

3- Cools

4- Condensation

5- Precipitation

-Manar Zaky

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Jet streams are relatively narrow bands of strong wind in the upper levels of the atmosphere. The winds blows from west to east in jet streams
- Aisha

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- a wind that blows predominantly in one direction
- examples: easterlies, westerlies
good luck everyone!
-ashlyn

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Maritime Climate
- Found near large bodies of water
- Found near East coast (Atlantic Ocean) and West coast (Pacific Ocean)of Canada
-  Produces wet conditions - Moderate temperature throughout the year because the nearby waters (ocean currents) regulate the temperature

Continental Climate
- Found in the middle of the land
- Found in the prairies
- Produces dry continents and extreme temperatures
- Seasonal since there aren't any nearby large water bodies to regulate the temperature
- More precipitation in summer than winter

- Hongjoo A.

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Temperature is how hot or cold the atmosphere is, how many degrees it is above or below freezing. Temperature is a very important factor in determining the weather because it influences or controls other elements of the weather, such as precipitation, humidity, clouds and atmospheric pressure.

Humidity is the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere.

Precipitation is the product of a rapid condensation process (if this process is slow, it only causes cloudy skies). It may include snow, hail, sleet, drizzle and rain.

Atmospheric pressure (or air pressure) is the weight of air resting on the earth's surface.

Wind is the movement of air masses, especially on the Earth's surface.

sarah l

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1) Latitude: Distance from the equator a key factor in whether a region is hot/cold.
In relation to equator:
CLOSER: warm
FARTHER:  cool

2) Elevation and Relief: Relief is the differences of elevation.
As elevation from sea level:
INCREASES: temperature drops
WHY? because air expands as it rises due to low air pressure, hence losing heat.
DECREASES: temperature rises

3) Orientation:  When sun's rays fall  on a slope/house etc., the south side will receive more heat. The north side will not receive as much heat as the south side.

4) Moderating effect of water: Bodies of water have this effect on land temperatures.
- Large water bodies heat/cool much slower than lands.
-In summer, the water is cool and the winds flow over the land with cool air.
-In the winter, the winds blow OFF the water bodies.
-Maritime temperatures are moderate.

5) Ocean currents: Temperature of ocean currents affects the temperature of the air that passes over it.
-West Coast: Warm North Pacific currents heats the cool, moist air.
-East Coast: Cold Labrador Current, cools the coastal air of Newfoundland and Labrador.
- Where the air above two currents meets (Grand Banks, NFLD,) ,the weather is damp/foggy.

6) Air masses: Large volume of air with climate conditions of where it is formed. If originating over ocean (contains moisture) and passes over land: precipitation.
MARITIMES: more precipitation
INLAND: dry and less precipitation

-Khyathi

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GL guys!
-Joey

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Differentiating Continental & Maritime Climate

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Differentiating Continental & Maritime Climate

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1. Temperature range:
Greater than or equal to 25 degrees Celsius: Continental
Less than 25 degrees Celsius: Maritime

2. Total precipitation:
Less than 1000m: Continental
Greater than equal to 1000m: Maritime
- Smriti

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weather = day to day conditions of the atmosphere

measures:
- temperature: highs and lows
- precipitation: types (snow, rain, hail, etc.), amount
- winds: speed and direction
- pressure: highs and lows (measured by a barometer
- cloud cover: ceiling (height of the clouds above surface), % of cloud in the sky
- humidity: % of moisture in the air

ayana s.

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- where we live (90% of Canadians live within 300 km of Canada-US Border)

- what we grow/eat (climate doesn't let us grow bananas/oranges)

- clothes we wear (winter jackets, etc.)

- travel (we look to go South in winter to escape cold/snow)

- how we construct buildings (we have basements due to the cold)

- types of recreation (snowmobiling, skiing, skating, etc.)

ayana s.

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- what we wear (eg. rain gear on a rainy day)
- what sports we can play (eg. indoor or outdoor recreation)
- visibility (fog, clouds)
- emotions
- travel/transportation (road conditions)

ayana s.

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-A large body of air whose temperature and humidity are constant in any horizontal direction
-Uzair

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-Hot summers and cold winters
-Far away from oceans and water which results in milder climate in winter and cooler in summer
-This is because soil has a lower heat capacity than water, and therefore gain and lose heat quicker
-Continental climates are relatively dry
-Most of the moisture carried by air masses originating over ocean regions far away is lost as rainfall earlier
-Uzair