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| After biofield treatment, the molecular analysis using by the 16S rDNA analysis showed that the sample was detected with 99% identity as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Follow the link, to know more.

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Peer Evaluation : Antibiogram, Biochemical Reactions, and Genotypic Pattern of Biofield Treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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Abstract : Introduction: Complementary and alternative medicine such as biofield energy therapies are highly popular in biomedical health care. The study evaluates the impact of Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) to evaluate its phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Methods: P.

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Mr. Trivedi’s Treatment |Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

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Mr. Trivedi’s Treatment |Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

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| Based on the overall research study, the result concluded that Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment has an impact in altering the sensitivity of antimicrobials in P. aeruginosa.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Antibiogram, Biochemical Reactions, and Genotypic Pattern of Biofield Treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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Introduction: Complementary and alternative medicine such as biofield energy therapies are highly popular in biomedical health care. The study evaluates the impact of Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) to evaluate its phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Methods: P.

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Unique Human Energy Treatment on P. aeruginosa

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Unique Human Energy Treatment on P. aeruginosa

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| Read here about how the unique human energy treatment has its impact on the antibiogram, biochemical reaction & genotypic pattern of pseudomonas aeruginosa.

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Journal of Tropical Diseases
Published October 07, 2015

Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Gangwar M, et al. (2015) Antibiogram, Biochemical Reactions, and Genotypic Pattern of Biofield Treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Trop Dis 4: 181. doi:10.4172/2329-891X.1000181

Antibiogram, Biochemical Reactions, and Genotypic Pattern of Biofield Treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Manuscript Link:
http://www.esciencecentral.org/journals/antibiogram-biochemical-reactions-and-genotypic-pattern-of-biofield-treated-pseudomonas-aeruginosa-2329-891X-1000181.php?aid=65292

Introduction: Complementary and alternative medicine such as biofield energy therapies are highly popular in biomedical health care. The study evaluates the impact of Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) to evaluate its phenotypic and genotypic characteristics.

Methods: P. aeruginosa ATCC 10145 (American Type Culture Collection) was procured from Bangalore Genei, in sealed pack and divided into control and treated groups. Treated group was subjected to biofield treatment and analyzed for antibiogram, biochemical reactions, and biotype number using automated MicroScan Walk-Away® system on day 10. The treated sample was evaluated for DNA polymorphism by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and 16S rDNA sequencing to establish the phylogenetic relationship, the epidemiological relatedness and genetic characteristics.

Results: Data showed altered sensitivity pattern in antibiotic cefotaxime from intermediate to decreased β-lactamases activity, with four-fold decreased minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), i.e. 32 to ≤8 µg/mL as compared to control. Similarly, cefotetan and extended-spectrum-β-lactamases (ESBL-b Scrn) showed decrease in MIC values as compared to the control group. Nitrate reported for negative biochemical reaction i.e. positive (+) to negative (-) after biofield treatment on P. aeruginosa. The biotyping showed a change in biotype number (02063722) as compared to the control (02063726), without altering the microorganism. RAPD analysis showed an average range of 30 to 50% of polymorphism, while 16S rDNA sequencing analyzed treated sample as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (GenBank Accession Number: EU090892) with 99% identity of gene sequencing data.

Conclusion: These results suggest that Mr. Trivedi's unique biofield energy treatment on P. aeruginosa has an impact to alter the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern and MIC values, thus it can be used as an alternate integrative approach of energy medicine in near future.

Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Biofield energy treatment;Antibiogram; Polymorphism; RAPD; 16S rDNA analysis

Abbreviations: NCCAM: National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine; NIH: National Institute of Health; CDC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; ATCC: American Type Culture Collection; DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid; MIC: Minimum inhibitory concentration; MEGA: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis; NBPC 30: Negative Breakpoint Combo Panel 30; NCBI: National Center for Biotechnology Information; RAPD: Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA; OTUs: Operational Taxonomic Units; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; RDP: Ribosomal Database Project
Introduction
The genus Pseudomonas is a Gram-negative, ubiquitous, rodshaped, versatile opportunistic pathogen associated with nosocomial infections and other health related complications [1]. Some species are reported as pathogenic to plants [2] as well as opportunistic to animals or humans [3]. However, some species were reported to be used as bio-control agent, due to its plant growth promoter and pathogen suppressing function [4]. The increased prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in health care settings and its associated infections [5], restrain the effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy, which causes life threatening conditions [6]. It is one of the major pathogen associated with the hospital-acquired infections especially in intensive care unit [7]. The mechanism behind resistance pattern is due to acquisition of resistance genes (β-lactamases) or because of amino-glycoside modifying enzymes [8], or due to the chromosomal genes mutation involved against antimicrobials [9]. Unfortunately, the antimicrobial therapy approach creates the underlying selection pressure, and lead to develop resistance. A paradigm is now shifted with respect to the treatment of infectious diseases with antibiotics, where appropriate alternatives to antibiotics ought to be considered [10]. Several non-antibiotic approaches and prevention of infection including complementary and alternate medicines (CAM) are now preferred against P. aeruginosa [11]. CAM includes several energy medicines, among which biofield therapy (or healing modalities) is one of the approach, which was reported to have several benefits to enhance both physical and emotional human wellness [12]. Researchers are trying to investigate the relationship between biophysical, biochemical, and psycho-physiological mechanisms of disease and healing modalities. However, National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) has funded to study the clinical application of biofield therapies in The Center for Frontier Medicine in Biofield Science (CFMBS), as a part of the National Institute of Health (NIH) [13]. Biofield is described as the endogenous energy field of the body, and defined as the electromagnetic field that permeates and surrounds living organisms [14]. Various internal physiological processes such as blood flow, brain, heart function, etc. that generate biofield. Biomagnetic fields around the human body can be measured using different techniques such as Kirlian photography, polycontrast interference photography (PIP) and resonance field imaging (RFI) [15]. Thus, it can be concluded that the human can harness the energy from the environment or universe and can transmit into any living or nonliving object(s) around the Universe. The objects always receive the energy and responding to the useful way that is called biofield energy treatment. Mr. Trivedi's unique biofield treatment is also known as The Trivedi Effect® . It has been studied in the field of materials and ceramic sciences research [16,17], agricultural science research [18,19], biotechnology research [20], and altering the activity of pharmaceutical compounds [21], antimicrobials sensitivity of pathogenic microbes [22,23]. After evaluating the increasing use of CAM and failure of antimicrobial drug therapy against P. aeruginosa, the present study was designed to evaluate the impact of Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment on P. aeruginosa with respect to antibiogram analysis. The genotyping was performed to identify the strain differentiation and distinctive polymorphism using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique of random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis (RAPD) and 16S rDNA sequencing.
Materials and Methods
P. aeruginosa ATCC 10145 (American Type Culture Collection) was procured from Bangalore Genei, in sealed pack, and stored as per the recommended storage conditions for further use. The antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical reactions, and biotype number were evaluated using MicroScan Walk-Away® (Dade Behring Inc., West Sacramento, CA) using Negative Breakpoint Combo 30 (NBPC 30) panel. DNA fingerprinting (RAPD) and the 16S rDNA sequencing studies were carried out using Ultrapure Genomic DNA Prep Kit; Cat KT 83 (Bangalore Genei, India). All the tested antimicrobials, biochemicals, and reagents were procured from Sigma-Aldrich, India.
Study design and biofield treatment
P. aeruginosa strain was divided into two groups; one was kept as a control sample while the other was subjected to Mr. Trivedi's unique biofield energy treatment and coded as treated group. The treated group was in sealed pack and handed over to Mr. Trivedi for biofield energy treatment under standard laboratory conditions. Mr. Trivedi provided the energy treatment through his energy transmission process that includes bioenergy emission of certain wavelength, which has the ability to do the changes in the microbes without touching the sample. Mr. Trivedi visited the laboratory individually over a period of treatment and for control experiments, nobody entered the experimental room during the treatment period. After treatment, control and treated groups were assessed on day 10 for antimicrobial susceptibility, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical reactions, biotype, and genotyping using RAPD and 16S rDNA sequencing analysis.
Investigation of antimicrobial susceptibility assay
Antimicrobial susceptibility assay of control and treated group of P. aeruginosa was carried out using MicroScan Walk-Away® using Negative Breakpoint Combo 30 (NBPC30) panel as per the manufacturer's instructions. The panel was allowed to equilibrate to room temperature prior to rehydration. The test was carried out on MicroScan, which was miniaturized of the broth dilution susceptibility test. Briefly, 100 μL of the standardized suspension of P. aeruginosa was pipetted into 25 mL of inoculum water using pluronic and inverted 8-10 times and inoculated, rehydrated, and then subjected to incubation for 16 hours at 35°C. Rehydration and inoculation were performed using the RENOK® system with inoculators-D (B1013-4). The detailed experimental procedures and conditions were followed as per the manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, after inoculation and rehydration with a standardized suspension of P. aeruginosa, it was incubated at 35°C for 16 hours. The MIC and a qualitative susceptibility like susceptible (S), intermediate (I), and inducible β-lactamases (IB) were determined by observing the lowest antimicrobial concentration showing growth inhibition [24].
Biochemical studies
The biochemical reactions of P. aeruginosa were determined by MicroScan Walk-Away® system, using photometric or fluorogenic reader. On the basis of nature of bacilli (Gram-negative or Grampositive), computerized reports were generated using conventional panels, which utilizes the photometric reader. Before commencing the experiment, the NBPC 30 panel was first incubated and read on the MicroScan Walkaway system. After evaluating the experimental reading on the Walkaway system, the NBPC 30 panel was removed from system and recorded on the Biomic system within 1 hour. Instrument consist of a database associated with collective information, which was required to identify the microbes with respect to group, genera, or species of the family. Detailed experimental procedure was followed as per manufacturer-recommended instructions [24].
Biotype number
The biotype number of P. aeruginosa was determined by MicroScan Walk-Away® processed panel data utilizing the data of biochemical reactions [24].
Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis
DNA fingerprinting was performed on three series of inoculum, using control and two treatment samples (A and B) prepared from P. aeruginosa. Two inoculums (A and B) were exposed with Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment. Further, the treated samples (A and B) were sub-cultured by taking 1% inoculum and inoculated to fresh 5 mL medium and labeled as treated A-1 and treated B-1. The samples were further incubated at 37°C with 160 rpm for 18 hour. Simultaneously, the cultures were spun down, and the genomic DNA was isolated for control and treated samples using Genomic DNA Prep Kit (Bangalore Genei, India). RAPD analysis was studied with all the samples of P. aeruginosa using standardised five RAPD primers, which were named as RBA8A, RBA13A, RBA20A, RBA23A, and RBA25A. The PCR mixture contained 2.5 μL of buffer, 4.0 mM of dNTP, 2.5 μM of primer, 5.0 μL of genomic DNA, 2U of Taq polymerase, 1.5 μL of MgCl2 and 9.5 μL of nuclease-free water in a total of 25 μL mixture. PCR amplification protocol followed with initial denaturation at 94ºC for 7 min, followed by 8 cycles of denaturation at 94ºC for 1 min, annealing at 35ºC for 1 min, and extension at 72ºC for 2 min; and 35 cycle of denaturation at 94ºC for 1 min, annealing at 38ºC for 1 min, and extension at 72ºC for 1.5 min; and the final extension at 72ºC for 7 min. The amplified PCR products (12 μL) from all samples (control and treated) were separated on 1% agarose gels at 75 volts, stained with ethidium bromide and visualized under UV illumination [25].

The percentage of polymorphism was calculated using following equation

Percent polymorphism = A/B×100;

Where, A = number of polymorphic bands in treated sample; and B = number of polymorphic bands in control.
Amplification and gene sequencing of 16S rDNA
Gene sequencing was performed by isolating the genomic DNA and purified from a treated group of P. aeruginosa cells using genomic purification Kit, according to the manufacturer's instructions. The PCR product was bi-directionally sequenced using the forward, reverse, and an internal primer. DNA 16S region amplification was performed using the primer set 16S forward and reverse primer [26]. 16S rDNA gene (~1.5 kb) was amplified by universal primers; forward primer (5ˊ-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3ˊ) and reverse primer (3ˊ-ACGGTCATACCTTGTTACGACTT-5ˊ). Amplification was carried out in a rapid cycler thermocontroller, with initial denaturation, annealing and extension temperature. Following amplification products were analyzed by gel electrophoresis at 100 V (in 1.0% agarose gel, 0.2 µg of ethidium bromide mL⁻¹) in tris-acetate buffer (TAE), and visualized under UV light in a gel documentation unit (BioRad Laboratories, USA). The amplified fragment of PCR was purified from the agarose gel by DNA Gel Extraction Kit. The sequencing of amplified product was carried out on a commercial basis from Bangalore Genei, India. The obtained 16S rDNA sequences data were aligned and compared with the sequences, available in GenBank database of National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) using the algorithm BLASTn program. The multiple sequence alignment/phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA 3.1 software using neighbor-joining method [27].
Results and Discussion Estimation of antimicrobial susceptibility
The effect of biofield treatment on P. aeruginosa with respect to the antimicrobials susceptibility pattern and MIC are summarized in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. The data were analyzed and compared with respect to the control. The results showed an alteration of antibiogram in cefotaxime, as it was converted from intermediate (I) to inducible β-lactamases (IB), while no change in sensitivity pattern was recorded in rest of the tested antimicrobials in biofield treated P. aeruginosa as compared to the control. Similarly, MIC results of control and treated groups are summarized in Table 2. Antimicrobials such as cefotaxime, cefotetan, and ESBL-b Scrn were reported for altered MIC values in biofield treated P. aeruginosa with respect to the control. Biofield treated P. aeruginosa showed the four fold decrease in MIC values of cefotaxime (i.e. 32 to ≤8 µg/mL) as compared to the control microbe. Decreased MIC values was also reported in cefotetan (i.e. >32 to 32 µg/mL) and ESBL-b Scrn (i.e. >1 to ≤1 µg/mL) as compared to the control value. Biofield treated on P. aeruginosa did not show any alteration in MIC values in rest of the tested antimicrobials with respect to the control. The results of antimicrobial sensitivity assay showed an alteration of sensitivity pattern in biofield treated P. aeruginosa. Although antimicrobial resistance against various antimicrobials in clinical isolates, have been reported world-wide [28] which leads to a serious therapeutic threat. P. aeruginosa was reported to cause tissue damage in diabetes patients with foot ulcer [29]. According to Sivanmaliappan et al. the antibiogram pattern of P. aeruginosa revealed that cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin retained high activity as anti-pseudomonal drugs as compared to other antimicrobials. Hence, ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime were the best drugs of choice for diabetes patients with foot ulcers [29]. Its unique multiplicity towards the resistance mechanisms renders this microbe to treat by antibiotic therapy [30]. Experimental results showed an improve sensitivity and decrease MIC value of cefotaxime by four folds after biofield energy treatment on P. aeruginosa. Increase resistant of antimicrobials for P. aeruginosa has become a challenge for clinicians to select appropriate anti-pseudomonal antimicrobials. Antimicrobial sensitivity of cefotetan was also reported for broad spectrum of activity against Gram-negative microbes [31], but cefotetan will be highly active and shows synergistic action if taken in combination with other β-lactam antibiotics [32]. Biofield treatment result showed a slight decrease in MIC value of cefotetan as compared to control. Resistance mechanisms involved in P. aeruginosa includes aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, efflux pumps, porin loss, and various target site modifications [33]. P. aeruginosa has been reported for acquired resistance by the production of plasmid mediated AmpC- β-lactamase, ESBL and metallo β-lactamase enzymes [34]. Biofield treatment has showed decreased MIC value of ESBL-b Scrn among the tested antimicrobials as compared to the control. The alterations might affect the β-lactamases production, which may lead to decrease the MIC, which is required to inhibit the growth of P. aeruginosa. Biofield energy treatment might act on the enzymatic or genetic level, which might affect the resistance mechanism, and lead to decrease the MIC value.

IB: Inducible β-lactamases; Resistant; I: Intermediate; S: Susceptible; ESBL: Suspected extended-spectrum β-lactamases; Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in control and treated groups were evaluated using automated MicroScan WalkAway® system using NBPC30 panel.
Table 1: Effect of biofield treatment on multidrug resistant lab isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to antimicrobial susceptibility

MIC values are presented in µg/mL; ESBL: Suspected extended-spectrum β-lactamases a, b screen; MIC values in control and treated groups were evaluated using automated MicroScan Walk-Away® system using NBPC30 panel.
Table 2: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tested antimicrobials against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Organism identification by biochemical reactions and biotype number
The biochemical reactions of P. aeruginosa are presented in Table 3. Biofield energy treatment on P. aeruginosa showed an alteration of nitrate i.e. from positive (+) to negative (-) reaction as compared to the control. The rest of the thirty-two biochemicals did not show any change in the reaction pattern after biofield energy treatment. P. aeruginosa is a glucose non-fermenter, motile organism, shows oxidase positive, glucose negative, and Voges-Proskauer negative reactions as a characteristic feature. Biochemical reactions of control sample of P. aeruginosa were well supported with literature data [35]. P. aeruginosa was identified based on a variety of conventional biochemical characters and biotyping. After analyzing the results of the biochemical reactions, biotype number of P. aeruginosa was evaluated using automated Microscan system, which helps to identify the microorganism. In this experiment, biotyping was performed, and the results found a change in biotype number (02063722) in treated group as compared to the control (02063726). Organism identified in both the groups was same as P. aeruginosa. Biotype number alteration was based on the biochemical characteristics. Our research group recently reported the alterations in biochemical reactions followed by the change in biotype number [22,23].

-: negative; +: positive; Biochemical reactions in control and treated groups were evaluated using automated MicroScan Walk-Away® system using NBPC30 panel
Table 3: Effect of biofield treatment on multidrug resistant lab isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to the vital processes occurring in living organisms.
DNA fingerprinting by RAPD analysis
Biofield energy treatment on P. aeruginosa was given to treated samples to determine the epidemiological relatedness and genetic characteristics. RAPD analysis was performed to study the correlation based on genetic similarity or mutations between the biofield treated samples and the control sample. RAPD analysis uses a short nucleotide primers, which were unrelated to known DNA sequences of the target organism [36]. DNA polymorphism can be efficiently detected using PCR primers and identify interstrain variations among species in treated samples. The degree of relatedness and genetic mapping can be correlated between similar or different treated sample species [37]. Random amplified polymorphic-DNA fragment patterns of P. aeruginosa control, and treated samples were generated using five RAPD primers and shown in Figure 1, with 100 base pair DNA ladder. The polymorphic bands in control and treated samples were marked by arrows. The RAPD patterns of treated samples showed some unique and dissimilar bands among control and treated samples. DNA polymorphism analyzed by RAPD analysis, a total number of bands, common, and unique bands are summarized in Table 4. The level of polymorphism in terms of percentage values between control and treated samples (A, A1, B, and B1) are presented in Table 5. The level of polymorphism was found with an average range of 30 to 50% in treated samples as compared to control, while 16 to 28% among treated samples of P. aeruginosa after the biofield treatment. The highest change in DNA sequence was observed in treated groups with RBA 23A primer as compared to control; however no change was found in treated group (control and A1, B, and B1; B and B1, A1 and B1) with RBA 20A primer as compared to control. RAPD also explain the relevant degree of genetic diversity. However, this technique has the potential to detected polymorphism throughout the entire genome

Figure 1: Phylogenetic tree of the partial 16S rDNA gene sequencing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofield using MEGA 3.1 software by Neighbor joining method.

TSA: treated sample A; TSA-1: treated sample A-1; TSB: treated sample B; TSB-1: treated sample B-1
Table 4: DNA polymorphism of treated biofield Pseudomonas aeruginosa analyzed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis.

C: control; TSA: treated sample A; TSA-1: treated sample A-1; TSB: treated sample B; TSB-1: treated sample B-1
Table 5: Level of polymorphism between control and biofield energy treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa samples.
16S rDNA genotyping
The molecular PCR assay based on 16S rDNA amplification protocol using standard forward and reverse 16S universal primers have been commonly used as a taxonomic "gold standard" in identification and determining the phylogenies of bacterial species [38]. 16S rDNA sequencing was performed in biofield treated P. aeruginosa to identify the other closely related species of treated sample. The alignment and comparison of the gene sequences were performed with the sequences stored in Gen Bank database available from NCBI using the algorithm BLASTn program. Based on nucleotides homology and phylogenetic analysis the microbe coded as sample 7A was closely detected as Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain R285 (GenBank Accession Number: EU090892) with 99% identity. The closest sequences of P. aeruginosa obtained from sequence alignment using NCBI GenBank and ribosomal database project (RDP) were presented in Table 6. Distance matrix based on nucleotide sequence homology (Using Kimura-2 Parameter) indicated nucleotide similarity and distance identities between sample '7A' and other ten closest homologs microbe of P. aeruginosa was calculated and shown in Table 7. Phylogenetic tree of the partial 16S rDNA gene sequencing using MEGA 3.1 software by neighbor joining method are presented in Figure 2. The ten closely related bacterial species as Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) in order to investigate the phylogenetic relationship of P. aeruginosa among other ten other bacterial species were studied. There were 1500 base nucleotides of 16S rDNA gene sequences that were analyzed and multiple alignment were constructed using ClustalW in MEGA 3.1 software [27]. According to the data in Table 7, the lowest value of the genetic distance from P. aeruginosa was 0.006 base substitutions per site. All pairwise distance analysis was carried out using the p-distance method in MEGA 3.1. The proportion of remarked distance is also called p-distance and showed as the number of nucleotide distances site. Values in Table 7 were programmed into Figure 2 with optimal bootstrap consensus tree. In the phylogram, there were eleven OTUs. According to U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), approximately 34% of adults in US used some kind of complementary health approach, among which healing therapies, therapeutic touch, and biofield energy treatment are some of the main approaches in energy medicine. Biofield therapies include Reiki, Qigong or non-contact therapeutic touch, which claims to reduce the pain, anxiety and promote the human wellbeing. Mechanism behind these healing modalities is based on modulating the patient-environment energy field along with healer's biofield. Use of complementary and alternate medicine has several advantages instead of the current preferred treatment approach. National Institute of Health (NIH) defined this specialty as biofield in 1994, and it was accepted by US National Library of Medicine as a medical subject heading [39]. Bioelectromagnetic-based therapies and biofield therapies are energy therapies that use or manipulate the energy fields to promote health and healing. These energy therapies are well described under energy medicine by National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NIH/NCCAM) [40]. The study was designed to demonstrate the impact of Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment on The results suggest that Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment has an impact on P. aeruginosa strain, which resulted in altered antimicrobial sensitivity. Further, molecular methods were performed which showed the genetic alterations and similarities using RAPD and 16S rDNA sequencing methods

Figure 2: Random amplified polymorphic-DNA fragment patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa generated using five RAPD primers, RBA 8A, RBA 13A, RBA 20A, RBA 23A, and RBA 25A. 1: Control; 2: Treated A; 3: Treated A-1; 4: Treated B; 5: Treated B-1; M: 100 bp DNA Ladder.

Alignment results and sequence description has been obtained from the blast results of GenBank database of National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) using the algorithm BLASTn program. AN: Accession number
Table 6: The closest sequences of P. aeruginosa from sequence alignment using NCBI GenBank and ribosomal database project (RDP)

AN: Accession number; Total 1500 base nucleotide of 16S rDNA gene sequences were analyzed by multiple alignments using ClustalW program. Pairwise distance (lower left) and number of nucleotide difference (upper-right) for 16S forward and reverse primer was presented using Kimura-2 Parameters
Table 7: Distance matrix based on nucleotide sequence homology (Using Kimura-2 Parameter) indicates nucleotide similarity (above diagonal) and distance (below diagonal) identities between the studied sample '7A' and ten other closest homologs microbe.
Conclusions
Based on the study results, it was found that the cefotaxime sensitivity was changed, while decrease in MIC value was reported in case of cefotaxime (i.e. 32 to ≤ 8 µg/mL), cefotetan (i.e. >32 to 32 µg/mL) and ESBL-b Scrn (i.e. >1 to ≤1 µg/mL) as compared with the control. The biochemical reaction of nitrate was altered followed by a change in biotype number (02063722) in treated group as compared to the control biotype number (02063726). Using five RAPD markers, the sample was characterized and showed 30 to 50% interspecific polymorphic relationship with P. aeruginosa after biofield treatment as compared to the control. After biofield treatment, molecular analysis using 16S rDNA analysis showed that the sample was detected as Pseudomonas aeruginosa with 99% identity. So, it can be concluded that Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment on P. aeruginosa has an impact in altering the sensitivity of antimicrobials, which might be used as an alternative therapy (healing treatment) in future.
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by Trivedi Science™, Trivedi Master Wellness™ and Trivedi Testimonials. Authors acknowledge the generosity and cooperation of all participating members from PD Hinduja National Hospital and MRC, Mumbai, Microbiology Lab for conduction antimicrobial studies. Authors grateful to Bangalore Genei Private Limited, for conducting RAPD and 16S rDNA sequencing analysis.
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32. Kubo M, Kato Y, Inamori Y (1985) Studies on the combination action of sisomicin, gentamicin and cefmenoxime, ceftizoxime, cefoperazone, cefotetan against Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Jpn J Antibiot 38: 3487-3496.
33. Zavascki AP, Carvalhaes CG, Picao RC, Gales AC (2010) Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii: Resistance mechanisms and implications for therapy. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 8: 71-93.
34. Aggarwal R, Chaudhary U, Bala K (2008) Detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 51: 222-224.
35. Arai T, Otake M, Enomoto S, Goto S, Kuwahara S (1970) Determination of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by biochemical test methods. II. Acylamidase test, a modified biochemical test for the identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Jpn J Microbiol 14: 279-284.
36. Williams JG, Kubelik AR, Livak KJ, Rafalski JA, Tingey SV (1990) DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucleic Acids Res 18: 6531-6535.
37. Williams JG, Hanafey MK, Rafalski JA, Tingey SV (1993) Genetic analysis using random amplified polymorphic DNA markers. Methods Enzymol 218: 704-740.
38. Woese CR (1987) Bacterial evolution. Microbiol Rev 51: 221-271.
39. Rubik B (2002) The biofield hypothesis: its biophysical basis and role in medicine. J Altern Complement Med 8: 703-717.
40. Clarke TC, Black LI, Stussman BJ, Barnes PM, Nahin RL (2015) Trends in the use of complementary health approaches among adults: United States, 20022012. Natl Health Stat Report : 1-16.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Antibiogram, Biochemical Reactions, and Genotypic Pattern of Biofield Treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Trivedi Science

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Journal of Tropical Diseases Published October 07, 2015 Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Gangwar M, et al. (2015) Antibiogram, Biochemical Reactions, and Genotypic Pattern of Biofield Treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Trop Dis 4: 181.

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Genotypic Pattern of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

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Genotypic Pattern of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

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| Follow the link to know about how the unique biofield energy treatment has its impact on the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Antibiogram, Biochemical Reactions, and Genotypic Pattern of Biofield Treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Introduction: Complementary and alternative medicine such as biofield energy therapies are highly popular in biomedical health care. The study evaluates the impact of Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) to evaluate its phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Methods: P.

# data[].attributes.body
| In the current research, the level of polymorphism was found in the range of 30 to 50% in treated samples as compared to control.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Antibiogram, Biochemical Reactions, and Genotypic Pattern of Biofield Treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Mahendra Trivedi | Alice Branton | Dahryn Trivedi | Gopal Nayak | Academic Room

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Results: Data showed altered sensitivity pattern in antibiotic cefotaxime from intermediate to decreased β-lactamases activity, with four-fold decreased minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), i.e. 32 to ≤8 µg/mL as compared to control. Similarly, cefotetan and extended-spectrum-β-lactamases (ESBL-b Scrn) showed decrease in MIC values as compared to the control group.

# data[].attributes.body
| DNA polymorphism of P. aeruginosa was analyzed by RAPD analysis & the result shows highest change in DNA sequence in treated groups as compared to the control.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
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Volume 4 * Issue 1 * 1000181

ISSN: 2329-891X JTD, an open access journal

Research ArticleOpen Access

Trivedi et al.,J Trop Dis 2015, 4:1

http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000181

Research ArticleOpen Access

Journal of Tropical Diseases

Antibiogram, Biochemical Reactions, and Genotypic Pattern of Biofield

Mahendra Kumar Trivedi1 , Alice Branton1 , Dahryn Trivedi1, Gopal Nayak1, Mayank Gangwar2 and Snehasis Jana2*

1Trivedi Global Inc., 10624 S Eastern Avenue Suite A-969, Henderson, NV 89052, USA

2Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd., Bhopal- 462026 Madhya Pradesh, India

*Corresponding author: Snehasis Jana, Trivedi Science Research Laboratory

Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd., Bhopal-

ReceivedSeptember 10, 2015; Accepted September 30, 2015; PublishedS: October

Antibiogram, Biochemical Reactions, and Genotypic Pattern of Bioeld Treated

Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Trop Dis 4: 181. doi:10.4172/2329-891X.1000181

Copyright: © 2015 Trivedi MK, et al.This is an open-access article distributed under

the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted

use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and

Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; Bioeld energy treatment;

Antibiogram; Polymorphism; RAPD; 16S rDNA analysis

Abbreviations: NCCAM: National Center for Complementary and

Alternative Medicine; NIH: National Institute of Health; CDC: Centers

for Disease Control and Prevention; ATCC: American Type Culture

Collection; DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid; MIC: Minimum inhibitory

concentration; MEGA: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis;

NBPC 30: Negative Breakpoint Combo Panel 30; NCBI: National

Center for Biotechnology Information; RAPD: Random Amplied

Polymorphic DNA; OTUs: Operational Taxonomic Units; PCR:

Polymerase Chain Reaction; RDP: Ribosomal Database Project

e genus Pseudomonas is a Gram-negative, ubiquitous, rod-

shaped, versatile opportunistic pathogen associated with nosocomial

infections and other health related complications [1]. Some species are

reported as pathogenic to plants [2] as well as opportunistic to animals

or humans [3]. However, some species were reported to be used as

bio-control agent, due to its plant growth promoter and pathogen

suppressing function [4]. e increased prevalence of Pseudomonas

aeruginosa in health care settings and its associated infections [5],

restrain the eectiveness of antimicrobial therapy, which causes life

threatening conditions [6]. It is one of the major pathogen associated

with the hospital-acquired infections especially in intensive care unit

[7]. e mechanism behind resistance pattern is due to acquisition

of resistance genes (β-lactamases) or because of amino-glycoside

modifying enzymes [8], or due to the chromosomal genes mutation

involved against antimicrobials [9]. Unfortunately, the antimicrobial

therapy approach creates the underlying selection pressure, and lead

to develop resistance. A paradigm is now shied with respect to the

treatment of infectious diseases with antibiotics, where appropriate

alternatives to antibiotics ought to be considered [10]. Several

non-antibiotic approaches and prevention of infection including

complementary and alternate medicines (CAM) are now preferred

against P. aeruginosa [11]. CAM includes several energy medicines,

among which bioeld therapy (or healing modalities) is one of the

approach, which was reported to have several benets to enhance

both physical and emotional human wellness [12]. Researchers

are trying to investigate the relationship between biophysical,

biochemical, and psycho-physiological mechanisms of disease and

healing modalities. However, National Center for Complementary

and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) has funded to study the clinical

application of bioeld therapies in e Center for Frontier Medicine

in Bioeld Science (CFMBS), as a part of the National Institute of

Introduction: Complementary and alternative medicine such as bioeld energy therapies are highly popular in

biomedical health care. The study evaluates the impact of Mr. Trivedi's bioeld energy treatment on Pseudomonas

in sealed pack and divided into control and treated groups. Treated group was subjected to bioeld treatment and

analyzed for antibiogram, biochemical reactions, and biotype number using automated MicroScan Walk-Away® system

on day 10. The treated sample was evaluated for DNA polymorphism by Random Amplied Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)

and 16S rDNA sequencing to establish the phylogenetic relationship, the epidemiological relatedness and genetic

Results: Data showed altered sensitivity pattern in antibiotic cefotaxime from intermediate to decreased

β-lactamases activity, with four-fold decreased minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), i.e. 32 to ≤8 µg/mL as

compared to control. Similarly, cefotetan and extended-spectrum-β-lactamases (ESBL-b Scrn) showed decrease in

MIC values as compared to the control group. Nitrate reported for negative biochemical reaction i.e. positive (+) to

negative (-) after bioeld treatment on P. aeruginosa. The biotyping showed a change in biotype number (02063722)

as compared to the control (02063726), without altering the microorganism. RAPD analysis showed an average range

of 30 to 50% of polymorphism, while 16S rDNA sequencing analyzed treated sample as Pseudomonas aeruginosa

(GenBank Accession Number: EU090892) with 99% identity of gene sequencing data.

impact to alter the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern and MIC values, thus it can be used as an alternate integrative

approach of energy medicine in near future.

Treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Trop Dis 4: 181. doi:10.4172/2329-891X.1000181

Volume 4 * Issue 1 * 1000181

ISSN: 2329-891X JTD, an open access journal

Health (NIH) [13]. Bioeld is described as the endogenous energy eld

of the body, and dened as the electromagnetic eld that permeates

and surrounds living organisms [14]. Various internal physiological

processes such as blood ow, brain, heart function, etc. that generate

bioeld. Biomagnetic elds around the human body can be measured

using dierent techniques such as Kirlian photography, polycontrast

interference photography (PIP) and resonance eld imaging (RFI)

[15]. us, it can be concluded that the human can harness the energy

from the environment or universe and can transmit into any living or

nonliving object(s) around the Universe. e objects always receive the

energy and responding to the useful way that is called bioeld energy

treatment. Mr. Trivedi's unique bioeld treatment is also known as

e Trivedi Eect® . It has been studied in the eld of materials and

ceramic sciences research [16,17], agricultural science research [18,19],

biotechnology research [20], and altering the activity of pharmaceutical

compounds [21], antimicrobials sensitivity of pathogenic microbes

[22,23]. Aer evaluating the increasing use of CAM and failure of

antimicrobial drug therapy against P. aeruginosa, the present study

was designed to evaluate the impact of Mr. Trivedi's bioeld energy

treatment on P. aeruginosa with respect to antibiogram analysis. e

genotyping was performed to identify the strain dierentiation and

distinctive polymorphism using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

technique of random amplied polymorphic DNA analysis (RAPD)

P. aeruginosa ATCC 10145 (American Type Culture Collection)

was procured from Bangalore Genei, in sealed pack, and stored as per

the recommended storage conditions for further use. e antimicrobial

susceptibility, biochemical reactions, and biotype number were

evaluated using MicroScan Walk-Away® (Dade Behring Inc., West

Sacramento, CA) using Negative Breakpoint Combo 30 (NBPC 30)

panel. DNA ngerprinting (RAPD) and the 16S rDNA sequencing

studies were carried out using Ultrapure Genomic DNA Prep Kit;

Cat KT 83 (Bangalore Genei, India). All the tested antimicrobials,

biochemicals, and reagents were procured from Sigma-Aldrich, India.

Study design and bioeld treatment

P. aeruginosa strain was divided into two groups; one was kept as

a control sample while the other was subjected to Mr. Trivedi's unique

bioeld energy treatment and coded as treated group. e treated group

was in sealed pack and handed over to Mr. Trivedi for bioeld energy

treatment under standard laboratory conditions. Mr. Trivedi provided

the energy treatment through his energy transmission process that

includes bioenergy emission of certain wavelength, which has the ability

to do the changes in the microbes without touching the sample. Mr.

Trivedi visited the laboratory individually over a period of treatment and

for control experiments, nobody entered the experimental room during

the treatment period. Aer treatment, control and treated groups were

assessed on day 10 for antimicrobial susceptibility, minimum inhibitory

concentration (MIC), biochemical reactions, biotype, and genotyping

using RAPD and 16S rDNA sequencing analysis.

Investigation of antimicrobial susceptibility assay

Antimicrobial susceptibility assay of control and treated group of P.

aeruginosa was carried out using MicroScan Walk-Away® using Negative

Breakpoint Combo 30 (NBPC30) panel as per the manufacturer's

instructions. e panel was allowed to equilibrate to room temperature

prior to rehydration. e test was carried out on MicroScan, which was

miniaturized of the broth dilution susceptibility test. Briey, 100 μL of

the standardized suspension of P. aeruginosa was pipetted into 25 mL of

inoculum water using pluronic and inverted 8-10 times and inoculated,

rehydrated, and then subjected to incubation for 16 hours at 35°C.

Rehydration and inoculation were performed using the RENOK® system

with inoculators-D (B1013-4). e detailed experimental procedures

and conditions were followed as per the manufacturer's instructions.

Briey, aer inoculation and rehydration with a standardized

suspension of P. aeruginosa, it was incubated at 35°C for 16 hours. e

MIC and a qualitative susceptibility like susceptible (S), intermediate

(I), and inducible β-lactamases (IB) were determined by observing the

lowest antimicrobial concentration showing growth inhibition [24].

e biochemical reactions of P. aeruginosa were determined by

MicroScan Walk-Away® system, using photometric or uorogenic

reader. On the basis of nature of bacilli (Gram-negative or Gram-

positive), computerized reports were generated using conventional

panels, which utilizes the photometric reader. Before commencing

the experiment, the NBPC 30 panel was rst incubated and read on

the MicroScan Walkaway system. Aer evaluating the experimental

reading on the Walkaway system, the NBPC 30 panel was removed from

system and recorded on the Biomic system within 1 hour. Instrument

consist of a database associated with collective information, which was

required to identify the microbes with respect to group, genera, or

species of the family. Detailed experimental procedure was followed as

per manufacturer-recommended instructions [24].

e biotype number of P. aeruginosa was determined by MicroScan

Walk-Away® processed panel data utilizing the data of biochemical

Random Amplied Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis

DNA ngerprinting was performed on three series of inoculum,

using control and two treatment samples (A and B) prepared from P.

aeruginosa. Two inoculums (A and B) were exposed with Mr. Trivedi's

bioeld energy treatment. Further, the treated samples (A and B) were

sub-cultured by taking 1% inoculum and inoculated to fresh 5 mL

medium and labeled as treated A-1 and treated B-1. e samples were

further incubated at 37°C with 160 rpm for 18 hour. Simultaneously,

the cultures were spun down, and the genomic DNA was isolated for

control and treated samples using Genomic DNA Prep Kit (Bangalore

Genei, India). RAPD analysis was studied with all the samples of P.

aeruginosa using standardised ve RAPD primers, which were named

as RBA8A, RBA13A, RBA20A, RBA23A, and RBA25A. e PCR

mixture contained 2.5 μL of buer, 4.0 mM of dNTP, 2.5 μM of primer,

5.0 μL of genomic DNA, 2U of Taq polymerase, 1.5 μL of MgCl2 and 9.5

μL of nuclease-free water in a total of 25 μL mixture. PCR amplication

protocol followed with initial denaturation at 94ºC for 7 min, followed

by 8 cycles of denaturation at 94ºC for 1 min, annealing at 35ºC for 1

min, and extension at 72ºC for 2 min; and 35 cycle of denaturation at

94ºC for 1 min, annealing at 38ºC for 1 min, and extension at 72ºC for

1.5 min; and the nal extension at 72ºC for 7 min. e amplied PCR

products (12 μL) from all samples (control and treated) were separated

on 1% agarose gels at 75 volts, stained with ethidium bromide and

visualized under UV illumination [25].

e percentage of polymorphism was calculated using following

Percent polymorphism = A/B×100;

Treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Trop Dis 4: 181. doi:10.4172/2329-891X.1000181

Volume 4 * Issue 1 * 1000181

ISSN: 2329-891X JTD, an open access journal

by four folds aer bioeld energy treatment on P. aeruginosa. Increase

resistant of antimicrobials for P. aeruginosa has become a challenge

for clinicians to select appropriate anti-pseudomonal antimicrobials.

Antimicrobial sensitivity of cefotetan was also reported for broad

spectrum of activity against Gram-negative microbes [31], but

cefotetan will be highly active and shows synergistic action if taken in

combination with other β-lactam antibiotics [32]. Bioeld treatment

result showed a slight decrease in MIC value of cefotetan as compared

to control. Resistance mechanisms involved in P. aeruginosa includes

aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, eux pumps, porin loss, and

various target site modications [33]. P. aeruginosa has been reported

for acquired resistance by the production of plasmid mediated AmpC-

β-lactamase, ESBL and metallo β-lactamase enzymes [34]. Bioeld

treatment has showed decreased MIC value of ESBL-b Scrn among the

tested antimicrobials as compared to the control. e alterations might

aect the β-lactamases production, which may lead to decrease the

MIC, which is required to inhibit the growth of P. aeruginosa. Bioeld

energy treatment might act on the enzymatic or genetic level, which

might aect the resistance mechanism, and lead to decrease the MIC

value.

Organism identication by biochemical reactions and

e biochemical reactions of P. aeruginosa are presented in Table

3. Bioeld energy treatment on P. aeruginosa showed an alteration

of nitrate i.e. from positive (+) to negative (-) reaction as compared

to the control. e rest of the thirty-two biochemicals did not show

any change in the reaction pattern aer bioeld energy treatment. P.

aeruginosa is a glucose non-fermenter, motile organism, shows oxidase

positive, glucose negative, and Voges-Proskauer negative reactions as

a characteristic feature. Biochemical reactions of control sample of P.

aeruginosa were well supported with literature data [35]. P. aeruginosa

was identied based on a variety of conventional biochemical characters

and biotyping. Aer analyzing the results of the biochemical reactions,

biotype number of P. aeruginosa was evaluated using automated

Microscan system, which helps to identify the microorganism. In

this experiment, biotyping was performed, and the results found a

Where,A = number of polymorphic bands in treated sample; and B

= number of polymorphic bands in control.

Amplication and gene sequencing of 16S rDNA

Gene sequencing was performed by isolating the genomic DNA

and puried from a treated group of P. aeruginosa cells using genomic

purication Kit, according to the manufacturer's instructions. e

PCR product was bi-directionally sequenced using the forward,

reverse, and an internal primer. DNA 16S region amplication was

performed using the primer set 16S forward and reverse primer [26].

16S rDNA gene (~1.5 kb) was amplied by universal primers; forward

carried out in a rapid cycler thermocontroller, with initial denaturation,

annealing and extension temperature. Following amplication products

were analyzed by gel electrophoresis at 100 V (in 1.0% agarose gel, 0.2 µg

of ethidium bromide mL-1 ) in tris-acetate buer (TAE), and visualized

under UV light in a gel documentation unit (BioRad Laboratories,

USA). e amplied fragment of PCR was puried from the agarose

gel by DNA Gel Extraction Kit. e sequencing of amplied product

was carried out on a commercial basis from Bangalore Genei, India.

e obtained 16S rDNA sequences data were aligned and compared

with the sequences, available in GenBank database of National Center

for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) using the algorithm BLASTn

program. e multiple sequence alignment/phylogenetic tree was

constructed using MEGA 3.1 soware using neighbor-joining method

Estimation of antimicrobial susceptibility

e eect of bioeld treatment on P. aeruginosa with respect to

the antimicrobials susceptibility pattern and MIC are summarized in

Tables 1 and 2, respectively. e data were analyzed and compared with

respect to the control. e results showed an alteration of antibiogram

in cefotaxime, as it was converted from intermediate (I) to inducible

β-lactamases (IB), while no change in sensitivity pattern was recorded

in rest of the tested antimicrobials in bioeld treated P. aeruginosa as

compared to the control. Similarly, MIC results of control and treated

groups are summarized in Table 2. Antimicrobials such as cefotaxime,

cefotetan, and ESBL-b Scrn were reported for altered MIC values in

bioeld treated P. aeruginosa with respect to the control. Bioeld treated

P. aeruginosa showed the four fold decrease in MIC values of cefotaxime

(i.e. 32 to ≤8 µg/mL) as compared to the control microbe. Decreased

MIC values was also reported in cefotetan (i.e. >32 to 32 µg/mL) and

ESBL-b Scrn (i.e. >1 to ≤1 µg/mL) as compared to the control value.

Bioeld treated on P. aeruginosa did not show any alteration in MIC

values in rest of the tested antimicrobials with respect to the control.

e results of antimicrobial sensitivity assay showed an alteration

of sensitivity pattern in bioeld treated P. aeruginosa. Although

antimicrobial resistance against various antimicrobials in clinical

isolates, have been reported world-wide [28] which leads to a serious

therapeutic threat. P. aeruginosawas reported to cause tissue damage

in diabetes patients with foot ulcer [29]. According to Sivanmaliappan

and ciprooxacin retained high activity as anti-pseudomonal drugs as

compared to other antimicrobials. Hence, ciprooxacin and cefotaxime

were the best drugs of choice for diabetes patients with foot ulcers [29].

Its unique multiplicity towards the resistance mechanisms renders

this microbe to treat by antibiotic therapy [30]. Experimental results

showed an improve sensitivity and decrease MIC value of cefotaxime

12Piperacillin/tazobactamIB IB

14Ticarcillin/k-clavulanateIB IB

IB: Inducible β-lactamases; Resistant; I: Intermediate; S: Susceptible; ESBL:

Suspected extended-spectrum β-lactamases; Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern

in control and treated groups were evaluated using automated MicroScan Walk-

Away® system using NBPC30 panel.

Table 1: Effect of bioeld treatment on multidrug resistant lab isolates of

Pseudomonas aeruginosa to antimicrobial susceptibility.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Antibiogram, Biochemical Reactions, and Genotypic Pattern of Biofield Treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa - PdfSR.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Introduction: Complementary and alternative medicine such as biofield energy therapies are highly popular in biomedical health care. The study evaluates the impact of Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) to evaluate its phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Methods: P.

# data[].attributes.body
| From the research study the result showed an alteration in the biochemical reaction in the treated sample of P. aeruginosa. Get to know more, from the link given below.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
"Antibiogram, Biochemical Reactions, and Genotypic Pattern of Biofield Treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa" by Mahendra Trivedi

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Introduction: Complementary and alternative medicine such as biofield energy therapies are highly popular in biomedical health care. The study evaluates the impact of Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) to evaluate its phenotypic and genotypic characteristics.Methods: P.

# data[].attributes.headline
Energy Healing Treatment | P. aeruginosa

# data[].attributes.subject
Energy Healing Treatment | P. aeruginosa

# data[].attributes.body
| The result of the overall research study suggest that the unique energy healing treatment has its impact on P. aeruginosa to alter the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern & MIC values of the same.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
pseudomonas aeruginosa - biofield treatment - mahendra trivedi - trivedi effect - antibiogram of pseudomonas aeruginosa - biochemical reactions of pseudomonas aeruginosa - genotypic pattern of pseudomonas aeruginosa - p. aeruginosa phenotypic characteristics - antimicrobial sensitivity of p. aeruginosa

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Antibiogram, Biochemical Reactions, and Genotypic Pattern of B...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Introduction: Complementary and alternative medicine such as biofield energy therapies are highly popular in biomedical health care. The study evaluates the impact of Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) to evaluate its phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Methods: P.

# data[].attributes.body
| The study outcomes suggest that the unique energy treatment used in this research study has its impact in altering the MIC values of the treated sample w.r.t the untreated sample.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Antibiogram, Biochemical Reactions, and Genotypic Pattern of Biofield Treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Introduction: Complementary and alternative medicine such as biofield energy therapies are highly popular in biomedical health care. The study evaluates the impact of Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) to evaluate its phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Methods: P.

# data[].attributes.body
| The RAPD analysis of P. aeruginosa was performed to study the correlation based on genetic similarity or mutations between the biofield treated samples and the control sample. Follow the link to read about the results.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Antibiogram, Biochemical Reactions, and Genotypic Pattern of Biofield Treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Introduction: Complementary and alternative medicine such as biofield energy therapies are highly popular in biomedical health care. The study evaluates the impact of Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa)

# data[].attributes.headline
Biotyping Analysis on Pseudomonas aeruginosa

# data[].attributes.subject
Biotyping Analysis on Pseudomonas aeruginosa

# data[].attributes.body
| After a unique energy healing treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the biotyping analysis of the sample showed a change in biotype number as compared to the control, without altering the microorganism. Follow the link for the more details.

# data[].attributes.headline
Antimicrobial Sensitivity Assay of P. aeruginosa

# data[].attributes.subject
Antimicrobial Sensitivity Assay of P. aeruginosa

# data[].attributes.body
| In the present research, the sensitivity pattern was altered significantly in the treated sample of P. aeruginosa as compared to the untreated sample.

# data[].attributes.headline
Evaluation of Biofield | Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

# data[].attributes.subject
Evaluation of Biofield | Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

# data[].attributes.body
| The aim of the current research was to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. For more details, follow the link.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Antibiogram, Biochemical Reactions, and Genotypic Pattern of Biofield Treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Introduction: Complementary and alternative medicine such as biofield energy therapies are highly popular in biomedical health care. The study evaluates the impact of Mr. Trivedi&r..

# data[].attributes.headline
Biofield Evaluation | Molybdenum Dioxide

# data[].attributes.subject
Biofield Evaluation | Molybdenum Dioxide

# data[].attributes.body
| The study suggest that the biofield energy treatment has significant impact on the properties of MoO2 powder and the biofield treated Molybdenum Dioxide could be more useful in catalytic action.

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| Read here, about how the spiritual energy healing treatment could alter the characteristics of treated molybdenum dioxide w.r.t the untreated sample.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Analysis of Physical, Thermal, and Structural Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Molybdenum Dioxide

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Molybdenum dioxide (MoO2) is known for its catalytic activity toward reforming hydrocarbons. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on physical, thermal, and structural properties in MoO2.

# data[].attributes.body
| Based on the study, the data concluded that the biofield energy treatment has significant impact on the physical, thermal, and structural properties of MoO2 powder.

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International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
Published November 9, 2015

Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Rama Mohan Tallapragada, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Omprakash Latiyal, Snehasis Jana. Analysis of Physical, Thermal, and Structural Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Molybdenum Dioxide. International Journal of Materials Science and Applications. Vol. 4, No. 5, 2015, pp. 354-359. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20150405.21

Analysis of Physical, Thermal, and Structural Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Molybdenum Dioxide

Manuscript Link:
http://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmsa.20150405.21.pdf

Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Rama Mohan Tallapragada, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Omprakash Latiyal, Snehasis Jana

DOI: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20150405.21 ISSN: 2327-2635 (Print)2327-2643 (Online)
Citation
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Rama Mohan Tallapragada, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Omprakash Latiyal, Snehasis Jana. Analysis of Physical, Thermal, and Structural Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Molybdenum Dioxide. International Journal of Materials Science and Applications. Vol. 4, No. 5, 2015, pp. 354-359. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20150405.21
Abstract
Molybdenum dioxide (MoO ₂) is known for its catalytic activity toward reforming hydrocarbons. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on physical, thermal, and structural properties in MoO ₂. The MoO ₂ powder sample was divided into two parts, one part was remained as untreated, called as control, while the other part was subjected to Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment and called as treated. Both control and treated samples were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The XRD data exhibited that the biofield treatment has altered the lattice parameters, unit cell volume, density and molecular weight of the treated sample as compared to the control. The TGA study revealed that the onset temperature of thermal degradation of MoO ₂ was reduced from 702.87°C to 691.92°C. Besides, the FT-IR spectra exhibited that the absorption band corresponding to Mo=O stretching vibration was shifted to lower wavenumber i.e. 975 cm⁻¹ (control) to 970 cm⁻¹ in treated sample. Hence, above results suggested that biofield energy treatment has altered the physical, thermal, and structural properties in MoO ₂ powder. Therefore, the biofield treatment could be applied to modify the catalytic properties of MoO ₂ in pharmaceutical industries.

Keywords: Molybdenum Dioxide, Biofield Energy Treatment, X-ray Diffraction, Thermogravimetric Analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
1. Introduction
Molybdenum is a well-known element, around 80% is utilized in steel industries to improve the corrosion resistance [1]. The molybdenum compounds have long been use for numerous applications. Molybdenum has oxidation states varying from +2 to +6, among them, oxides exist in two forms i.e. molybdenum (IV) and molybdenum (VI) oxide. Molybdenum (IV) oxide (MoO ₂) has high electrical conductivity like metals due to presence of delocalized electrons in its valence band [2]. Due to this, MoO ₂ is used in rechargeable lithium ion batteries as anode material [3]. In addition, it is also used in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) as anode material because it has high fuel flexibility and electrical conductivity [4, 5]. Recently, MoO ₂ has gained significant attention due to its catalytic activity towards reforming hydrocarbons. The catalytic action of MoO ₂ is governed by metallic site i.e. Mo⁺⁴ . It was reported that the metallic site dissociates the hydrogen (H ²) and produce active hydrogen atoms. After that, the active hydrogen atoms binds with the surface oxygen and form Bronsted acid functional groups [6]. For industrial applications, the physical, thermal, and morphological properties of MoO ₂ plays a crucial role. Currently, the physical and thermal properties of MoO ₂ are controlled via various processes such as reduction of MoO ₃ [7], hydrothermal process [8], and thermal evaporation [9], etc. All these process are either require costly equipment setup or high temperature conditions to obtain the desired properties. Thus, it is important to search an alternative approach which can modify the physical and thermal properties of MoO ₂ powder.

The energy exists in various forms and there are several ways to transfer the energy from one place to another such as electrochemical, electrical and thermal etc. Similarly, the human nervous system consists of neurons, which have the ability to transmit information and energy in the form of electrical signals. Due to this, a human has the ability to harness the energy from environment/universe and can transmit it to any object (living or non-living) around the Globe. The object(s) always receive the energy and responded into useful way that is called biofield energy. This process is termed as biofield energy treatment. The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) has considered the biofield treatment (or healing therapy) under subcategory of energy therapies [10]. Mr. Trivedi's unique biofield energy treatment is known as The Trivedi Effect®. Recently, Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment is known to alter the atomic, physical and thermal characteristics in several metals [11-13] and ceramics [14-16] in material science field. After considering the outstanding consequences with biofield energy treatment on ceramics and metals, this work was designed to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment on the physical, thermal, and structural properties of the MoO ₂ using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy.
2. Materials and Methods
The MoO ₂ powder was purchased from Sigma Aldrich, USA. The procured powder was equally divided into two parts. One part was remained untreated, called as control. While, other part was in sealed pack, handed over to Mr. Trivedi for biofield energy treatment under standard laboratory conditions. Mr. Trivedi provided the treatment through his energy transmission process to the treated sample without touching the sample and this part was coded as treated. After that, the control and treated samples were characterized using XRD, TGA, and FT-IR techniques.
2.1. XRD Study
The XRD analysis of control and treated MoO ₂ samples was accomplished on Phillips, Holland PW 1710 X-ray diffractometer system. The X-ray of wavelength 1.54056 ×10⁻¹⁰ m was used. From the XRD diffractogram, the peak intensity counts, d value (Å), full width half maximum (FWHM) (θ°), relative intensity (%) values were obtained. The PowderX software was used to compute the lattice parameter and unit cell volume of the control and treated MoO ₂ samples. The Scherrer equation was used to compute the crystallite size (D) as following:

D = kλ/(bCosθ)

Here, b is full width half maximum (FWHM) of XRD peaks, k=0.94, and λ =1.54056 Å.

The percentage change in crystallite size was calculated using following formula:

% change in crystallite size = [(D t-D c)/D c] × 100

Where, D c and D t are crystallite size of control and treated powder samples respectively.
2.2. Thermal Analysis
The thermal analysis of MoO ₂ powder was done using TGA-DTG. For that, Mettler Toledo simultaneous TGADTG instrument was used. The samples were heated from room temperature to 900ºC with a heating rate of 10ºC/min under nitrogen atmosphere.
2.3. FT-IR Spectroscopy
The FT-IR analysis of control and treated MoO ₂ samples were carried out on Shimadzu's FT-IR (Japan) with frequency range of 4000-500 cm⁻¹. The analysis was accomplished to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment on dipole moment, force constant and bond strength in chemical structure.
3. Results and Discussion 3.1. XRD Study
The XRD technique is a quantitative and non-destructive technique, which have been widely used to study the crystal structure and its parameters for a given compound. The XRD pattern of control and treated MoO ₂ is given in Fig 1. Ths XRD pattern of control sample showed the crystalline peaks at Bragg angle (2θ) 26.02°, 36.97°, 53.51°, 60.25, and 66.67°. The peaks were fitted well with the monoclinic crystal structure according to Joint committee on powder diffraction standards (JCPDS file no. 65-5758 with a space group of P21/c [17]. Furthermore, the treated sample showed the peaks at 2θ 26.04°, 37.00°, 53.55°, 60.29, and 66.68°. It indicated that all XRD peaks were slightly shifted toward higher angles in the treated sample as compared to the control, after biofield energy treatment. In order to study the crystal structure parameters, the PowderX software was used and lattice parameters, unit cell volume, density, and molecular weight were computed. The results are presented in Table 1. The data showed that the lattice parameters "a" and "c" of treated sample were decreased from 5.649 Å (control) to 5.643 Å and 5.650 Å (control) to 5.645 Å, respectively. Also, the reduction in lattice parameters led to decrease the unit cell volume from 13.292×10⁻²³ cm ³ (control) to 13.268 ×10⁻²³ cm ³. Schwertmann et al. reported that the reduction in lattice parameter of unit cell led to shift the XRD peaks toward higher angles [18]. It was also reported that the XRD peaks can shift to the higher side if larger radii atoms are replaced by smaller radii atoms [19]. The decrease in lattice parameter and unit cell volume were supported by shifting of XRD peaks toward higher angles. Thus, based on the shifting of XRD peaks and reduction in the lattice parameters "a" and "c", it is presumed that the biofield treatment might induce compressive stress in treated MoO ₂. Due to this, an internal strain might induce in treated MoO ₂ after biofield treatment and that possibly resulted in alteration of lattice parameters and unit cell volume. Nevertheless, the crystallite size was found to be same in control and treated sample as 70.8 nm. Besides, the reduction in unit cell volume caused an increase in density from 6.450 g/cc (control) to 6.462 g/cc in treated sample.On the contrary, the molecular weight of the treated MoO ₂ powder was decreased from 129.10 to 128.87g/mol. Hence, the XRD data suggested that biofield energy treatment has altered the physical properties of MoO ₂.

Table 1. X-ray diffraction analysis of molybdenum dioxide powder.

Fig. 1. X-ray diffractogram of molybdenum dioxide powder.
3.2. Thermal Analysis
Thermal analysis of MoO ₂ was accomplished using TGADTG system. The TGA curve of control and treated MoO ₂ is shown in Fig 2. The control TGA showed that the sample started to gain the weight around 336.5°C, and continues till 444.5°C. In this process, the weight of control sample was increased by approximately 9.5% as compared to its initial weight. Naouel et al. reported that the weight gain by MoO ₃ sample in TGA was due to its oxidation [20] Zhang et al. reported that the theoretical weight gain during oxidation of MoO ₂ to MoO ₃ is 12.5% [21].

Nevertheless, the treated sample started to gain the weight at around 386.6 °C and continue to gain till 657.4 °C. In this process the weight of the treated sample was increased by 7.6% with respect to its weight at 306.6°C. It suggested that the onset temperature for oxidation of treated sample was decreased by 8.8% as compared to the control. It could be due to decrease in thermal stability of treated MoO ₂ sample after biofield energy treatment. It is assumed that the energy absorbed by the treated sample through biofield energy treatment, probably alter the bond strength of M=O. Due to which, the treated MoO ₂ may convert into MoO ₃ at lower temperature. Nevertheless, the data also showed that the control sample started to lose its weight at onset temperature 702.87°C and ended at temperature 825°C. The weight loss at this temperature could be due to sublimation of the MoO ₃ compound [22,23]. Furthermore, the treated sample showed the onset and endset temperature at 691.92°C and 825°C respectively. The data suggested that the onset temperature of treated sample was reduced as compared to the control. Thus,it is assumed that the intermolecular interaction of the treated sample may get reduced after the biofield treatment and that might be responsible for the reduction of onset temperature in the treated sample as compared to control. Further, the reduction in intermolecular interaction in treated sample may reduce its thermal stability. Besides, the peak width i.e. the difference of onset and endset temperature, was calculated as 122.13°C in the control while, it was increased to 133.08 °C in the treated sample. The data also exhibited that in this sublimation process, the control and treated samples were lost around 71.50% and 61.83% of their respective initial weight. Moreover, the rate of weight loss was decreased from 1.50 ×10⁻⁵ g/s (control) to 0.88 ×10⁻⁵ g/s in treated MoO ₂ sample (Table 2). It indicated that the rate of weight loss of treated MoO ₂ during decomposition process was decreased by 41.05% as compared to the control. Hence, TGA data suggested that biofield energy treatment has altered the thermal properties of MoO ₂.

Fig. 2. TGA thermogram of molybdenum dioxide powder.

Fig. 2. TGA thermogram of molybdenum dioxide powder.
3.3. FT-IR Spectroscopy
The FT-IR spectra of control and treated MoO ₂ samples are presented in Fig 3. The control sample showed the absorption band at wavenumber 975 cm⁻¹,which was assigned to symmetric stretching modes of the double terminal Mo=O bond [24]. It was shifted to lower wavenumber 970 cm⁻¹ in the treated sample after biofield treatment. Previously, our group reported that biofield energy treatment had altered the Ti-O bond length in barium titanate (BaTiO ₃) [25]. The stretching vibration wavenumber (ν) of a bond is directly related to the bond force constant (k) as follow:

Here, μ is effective mass of atoms, which form the bond.

From the above equation, it can be inferred that the increase of bond force constant leads to increase the wavenumber in FT-IR and vice versa. Thus, the decrease in wavenumber corresponding to Mo=O stretching vibration in the treated sample suggested that its bond strength might reduce after biofield energy treatment. In addition, the band observed at 466 cm⁻¹ in control, was shifted to lower wavenumber 450 cm⁻¹ in the treated sample, which could be due to metal oxygen bond. In addition, the treated sample also showed the absorption bands at 547 and 715 cm⁻¹, which were absent in control sample. It was reported that the band around 715 cm⁻¹ is the characteristic peak of the asymmetric stretching vibrations of the O−Mo−O bonds [26]. Based on the above data, it is assumed that biofield energy treatment probably acted at bonding level to cause these modification. Furthermore, the reduction in bond strength in M=O was also supported by the reduction in thermal stability of MoO ₂. Besides, in order to use MoO ₂ as catalyst in hydrocarbon, it's Mo=O bond strength and thermal stability plays an important role. Hence, the modification of M=O bond strength and thermal stability of MoO ₂ through biofield energy treatment could alter its catalytic activities.

Fig. 3. FT-IR spectra of molybdenum dioxide powder.
4. Conclusions
The biofield treatment has reduced the lattice parameters and unit cell volume of monoclinic MoO ₂ powder. The XRD data showed the alteration in the lattice parameters, unit cell volume, density and molecular weight of the treated sample as compared to the control. The TGA study revealed that the onset temperature of thermal degradation of MoO ₂ was reduced from 702.87 °C to 691.92 °C, which could be due to the reduction of thermal stability of treated sample as compared to the control. The rate of weight loss during degradation in treated sample was reduced by 41.05% as compared to the control. Besides, FT-IR spectra exhibited that the absorption band corresponding to Mo=O stretching vibration was shifted from 975 cm⁻¹ (control) to lower wavenumber i.e. 970 cm⁻¹ in the treated sample, which could be due to reduction of strength of Mo=O bond in the treated sample. Hence, overall data concluded that biofield energy treatment has significant impact on the physical, thermal, and structural properties of MoO ₂ powder. Therefore, the modification of thermal stability and bonding strength of treated MoO ₂ through biofield energy treatment could make it more useful in catalytic action as compared to the control.
Acknowledgements
Authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Cheng Dong of NLSC, Institute of Physics, and Chinese academy of sciences for permitting us to use Powder-X software for analyzing XRD results. The authors would also like to thank Trivedi Science, Trivedi Master Wellness and Trivedi Testimonials for their support during the work.
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[16] Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, et al. (2015) characterization of physical, thermal and structural properties of chromium (VI) oxide powder: Impact of biofield treatment. J Powder Metall Min 4: 128.
[17] Deng Z, Hu Y, Ren D, Lin S, Jiang H, and Li C (2015) Reciprocal hybridization of MoO ₂ nanoparticles and few-layer MoS2 for stable lithium-ion batteries. Chem Commun 51: 13838-13841.
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[19] Kumar P and Kar M (2014) Effect of structural transition on magnetic and dielectric properties of La and Mn Co-substituted BiFeO ₃ ceramics. Mater Chem and Phys 148: 968-977.
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Physical, Thermal & Structural Properties of Molybdenum Dioxide - Impact of Biofield

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International Journal of Materials Science and Applications Published November 9, 2015 Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Rama Mohan Tallapragada, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Omprakash Latiyal, Snehasis Jana. Analysis of Physical, Thermal, and Structural Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Molybdenum Dioxide. International Journal of Materials Science and Applications. Vol. 4, No.

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Molybdenum Dioxide | Alterations after Biofield Treatment

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Molybdenum Dioxide | Alterations after Biofield Treatment

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Analysis of Physical, Thermal, and Structural Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Molybdenum Dioxide | Mahendra Trivedi | Alice Branton | Dahryn Trivedi | Gopal Nayak | Academic Room

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Molybdenum dioxide (MoO2) is known for its catalytic activity toward reforming hydrocarbons. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on physical, thermal, and structural properties in MoO2.

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International Journal of Materials Science and Applications

Published online November 9, 2015 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ijmsa)

doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20150405.21

ISSN: 2327-2635 (Print); ISSN: 2327-2643 (Online)

Analysis of Physical, Thermal, and Structural Properties of

Biofield Energy Treated Molybdenum Dioxide

, Rama Mohan Tallapragada

Trivedi Global Inc., Henderson, USA

Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Rama Mohan Tallapragada, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Omprakash Latiyal, Snehasis Jana.

Analysis of Physical, Thermal, and Structural Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Molybdenum Dioxide. International Journal of

Materials Science and Applications. Vol. 4, No. 5, 2015, pp. 354-359. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20150405.21

) is known for its catalytic activity to ward reforming hydrocarbons. The objective of

this study was to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on physical, thermal, and structural properties in MoO

powder sample was divided into two parts, one part was remained as untreated, called as control, while the other par t

was subjected to Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment and c alled as treated. Both control and treated samples were

investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (T GA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR)

spectroscopy. The XRD data exhibited that the biofield treatment has altered the lattice parameters, unit cell volume, density

and molecular weight of the tr eated sample as compared to t he control. The TGA study revealed that the onset temperature of

thermal degradation of MoO

was reduced from 702.87°C to 691.92°C. Besides, the FT-IR spectra exhibited that the

absorption band corresponding to Mo=O stretching vibratio n was shifted to lower wavenumber i.e. 975 cm

in treate d sample. Hence, above results suggested that biofield energy treatment has altered the physical, thermal, and

structural properties in MoO

powder. Therefore, the b iofield treatment could be applied to modify the catalytic properties of

in pharmaceutical industries.

Molybdenum Dioxide, Biofield Energy Treatment, X-ray Diffraction, Thermogravimetric Analysis,

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Molybdenum is a well-known element, around 80% is

utilized in steel industries to improve the corrosion resistance

[1]. T he molybdenum compounds have long been use for

numerous applications. Molybde num has oxidation states

varying from +2 to +6, among them, oxides exist in two

forms i.e. molybdenum (IV) and molybdenum (VI) oxide.

conductivity like metals due to presence of delocalized

electrons in its valence band [2]. Due to this, MoO

rechargeable lithium ion batteries as anode material [3 ]. In

addition, it is also used in solid o xide fuel cell (SOFC) as

electrical conductivity [4, 5]. Recently, MoO

significant attention d ue to its catalytic acti vity towards

reforming hydrocarbons. The catalytic action of MoO

governed by metallic site i.e. Mo

metallic site dissociates the hydrogen (H

hydrogen atoms. After that, the active hydrogen atoms binds

with the surface oxygen and form Bronsted acid functional

groups [6]. For industrial applications, the ph ysical, thermal,

and morphological properties of MoO

Currently, the p hysical and thermal proper ties of MoO

controlled via various processes such as reduction of MoO

[7], hydrothermal process [8], and thermal evaporation [9],

etc. All these process are either require costly equipment

setup or high temperature conditions to obtain the desired

properties. Thus, it is important to search an alternative

The energy exists in various forms and there are several

ways to transfer the energy from one place to another such as

electrochemical, electrical and thermal etc. Similarly, the

International Journal of Materials Science and Applications 2015; 4(5): 354-359 355

human nervous system consists of ne urons, which have the

ability to transmit information and energy in the form of

electrical signals. D ue to this, a human has the ability to

transmit it to any object (living or non-living) around the

responded into useful way that is called biofield energy. This

process is termed as biofield energy treatment. The National

(NCCAM) has consid ered the b iofield treatment (o r healing

therapy) under subcategory of energy therapies [10]. Mr.

Trivedi's unique biofield energy treatme nt is known as The

Trivedi Effect®. Recently, Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy

treatment is known to alter the atomic, physical and thermal

characteristics in several metals [11-13] and ceramics [14-16]

in material science field. After considering the outstanding

consequences with biofield energy treatment on ceramics and

metals, this work was designed to evaluate the effect of

biofield treatment on the physical, thermal, and structural

using X-ray diffraction (XRD),

thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform

infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy.

powder was purchased from Sigma Aldrich,

USA. T he procure d powder was equally divided into two

parts. One part was remained untreated, called as control.

While, other part was in sealed pack, handed over to Mr.

laboratory conditions. Mr. Trivedi provided the treatment

through his energy transmission process to the treated sample

without touching the sample and this part was coded as

treated. After that, the control and treated samples were

characterized using XRD, TGA, and FT-IR techniques.

The XRD analysis of control a nd treated MoO

diffractometer system. The X-r ay of wavelength 1. 54056

m was used. Fro m the XRD diffractogra m, the peak

(FWHM) (θ°), relative intensity (%) values were obtained.

parameter and unit cell volume of the control and treated

The Scherrer equation was used to compute

the crystallite size (D) as following:

Here, b is full width half maximum (FWHM) of XRD

peaks, k=0.94, and λ =1.54056 Å.

The percentage change in crystallite size was calculated

% change in crystallite size = [(D

are crystallite size o f control and treated

powder samples respectively.

The thermal analysis of MoO

TGA-DTG. For that, Mettler Toledo simultaneous TGA-

DTG instrument was used. The sa mples were heated from

room temperature to 900ºC with a heating rate of 10ºC/min

under nitrogen atmosphere.

The FT-IR analysis of control and treated MoO

frequency range of 4000-500 cm

accomplished to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment on

dipole moment, force constant and bo nd strength in chemical

3. Results and Discussion

The XRD tech nique is a quantitative a nd non-destructi ve

technique, which ha ve been widely us ed to study the crystal

structure and its pa rameters for a give n compound. The

XRD pattern o f control and treated MoO

Ths XRD pattern of control sample showed th e crystallin e

peaks at Bragg angle (2θ) 26.02°, 36.9 7°, 53.51°, 60.25,

and 66.67°. T he peaks wer e fitted well with the monoclinic

crystal structure according to Joint committe e on po wder

diffraction stand ards (JCPDS file no. 65-5758 wit h a spac e

showed the peaks at 2θ 26.04°, 37.00°, 53.55°, 60. 29, and

66.68°. It indicate d that all XRD p eaks were slightly shifted

toward higher angles in the treated sample as compared to

the control, after biofield energy treat ment. In ord er to

software was used and lattice para meters, unit cell volume,

density, and molecular weight were co mputed. T he results

are prese nted in Table 1. The data showed that the latt ice

parameters "a" and "c" o f trea ted sa mple wer e de creased

from 5.649 Å (control) to 5.643 Å and 5.650 Å (control) to

Schwertmann et al. repor ted that the reduction in latt ice

parameter of unit ce ll led to shift the XRD peaks toward

higher angles [ 18]. It was also reported that the XRD peaks

can shift to the higher side i f larger radii a toms are replaced

by smaller radii atoms [19 ]. The decrease in lattice

parameter and unit cell volume were supported b y shifting

of X RD p eaks toward higher angles. Thus, based on the

parameters "a" and "c ", it is presumed that the biofield

treatment might i nduce compressive stress in tr eated MoO

Due to this, an internal str ain might induce in treated MoO

356 Mahendra Kumar Trivedi et al.: Analysis of Physical, Thermal, and Structural Properties

of Biofield Energy Treated Molybdenum Dioxide

Nevertheless, the crystallite size was found to be same in

control and treated sample as 70.8 nm. Beside s, the

reduction in unit cell volume caused an increase i n density

from 6.45 0 g/cc (control) to 6.462 g/cc in treated sample.

On the c ontrary, the molecular weight of the treated MoO

powder was de creased from 1 29.10 to 128 .87g/mol. Hence,

the XRD data sugge sted that biofield energy treat ment has

altered the physical p roperties of MoO

Fig. 1. X-ray diffractogram of molybdenum dioxide powder.

Table 1. X-ray diffraction analysis of molybdenum dioxide powder.

was accomplished usi ng TGA-

DTG system. The TGA curve of control and treated MoO

shown in Fig 2. The control TGA showed that the sample

started to gain the weight around 336.5 °C, and continues till

444.5°C. In this pr ocess, the weight of control sample was

increased by approximately 9.5% as compared to its initial

weight. Naouel et al. reported that the weight gain by MoO

sample in TGA was due to its oxidation [20] Zhang et al.

reported that the theoretical weight gain during oxidation of

Nevertheless, the treated sample started to gain the weight

at around 386.6 °C and continue to gain till 6 57.4 °C. In this

process the weight of the treated sample was increased by

7.6% with respect to its weight at 306.6°C. It suggested that

the onset temperature for oxidation of treated sample was

decreased by 8.8% as compared to the control. It could be

due to decrea se in thermal stability of treated MoO

after biofield energy treat ment. It is assumed that the energy

treatment, probably a lter the bo nd strength of M=O. Due to

temperature. Nevertheless, the data also showed that the

control sample started to lo se its weight at onset temperature

702.87°C and ended at temperature 825°C. The weight loss

at this temperature could be due to sublimation of the MoO

compound [22,23]. Furthermore, the treated sample showed

the onset and endset temperature at 691.92°C and 825°C

respectively. The data suggested that the onset temperature of

treated sample was reduced as compared to the control. Thus,

it is assumed that the intermolecular interaction o f the treated

sample may get reduced after the bio field treatment and th at

might be responsible for the reduction of onset temperature

in the treated sample as compared to control. Further, the

reduction in intermolecular interaction in tr eated sample may

reduce its thermal stability. Besides, the peak width i.e. th e

difference of onset and endset temperature, was calculated as

122.13°C in the control while, it was i ncreased to 133.08 °C

in the treated sample. The data also exhibited that in t his

sublimation p rocess, the con trol and treated samples were

lost around 71.50 % and 61.83% of their respective initial

weight. Moreover, the rate of weight loss was decreased from

g/s (control) to 0.88 ×10

sample (Table 2). It indicated that the rate of weight los s of

during decomposition process was decreased

by 41.05% as compared to the control. Hence, TGA data

thermal properties of MoO

Table 2. TGA analysis of molybdenum dioxide powder.

Parameter Control Treated

Peak width 122.13 1 33.08

Percent change in weight at Onset 109.52 105.44

Percent change in weight at endset 38.02 43.61

Change in weight percent -71.50 -61.83

Percent change in weight/width -0.585 -0.464

Percent change in rate of weight loss

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.authors[].name
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Rama Mohan Tallapragada, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Omprakash Latiyal, Snehasis Jana

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Analysis of Physical, Thermal, and Structural Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Molybdenum Dioxide - PdfSR.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Molybdenum dioxide (MoO2) is known for its catalytic activity toward reforming hydrocarbons. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on physical, thermal, and structural properties in MoO2.

# data[].attributes.headline
Physical and Thermal Properties of Molybdenum Dioxide

# data[].attributes.subject
Physical and Thermal Properties of Molybdenum Dioxide

# data[].attributes.body
| Visit the link to know about how the unique human energy treatment could alter the physical & thermal properties of molybdenum oxide.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
structural properties of molybdenum dioxide

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
thermal properties of molybdenum dioxide

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
physical properties of molybdenum dioxide

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
"Analysis of Physical, Thermal, and Structural Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Molybdenum Dioxide" by Mahendra Trivedi

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Molybdenum dioxide (MoO2) is known for its catalytic activity toward reforming hydrocarbons. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on physical, thermal, and structural properties in MoO2.

# data[].attributes.headline
Structural Properties of Biofield Treated MoO2

# data[].attributes.subject
Structural Properties of Biofield Treated MoO2

# data[].attributes.body
| The current research shows the influence of the unique human energy treatment on the structural properties of biofield treated MoO2. Click on the link to know more.

# data[].attributes.headline
FT-IR Spectroscopic Characterization of MoO2

# data[].attributes.subject
FT-IR Spectroscopic Characterization of MoO2

# data[].attributes.body
| In the present research, FT-IR spectrum exhibits the alteration in the wavenumber of the treated sample of Molybdenum Dioxide as compare to untreated sample. Get to know more from the given below link.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Analysis of Physical, Thermal, and Structural Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Molybdenum Dioxide

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Molybdenum dioxide (MoO2) is known for its catalytic activity toward reforming hydrocarbons. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on physical, thermal, and structural properties in MoO2. The MoO2 powder

# data[].attributes.body
| The TGA study revealed that the onset temperature of thermal degradation of MoO2 was reduced from 702.87°C to 691.92°C that shows the changes in thermal properties of MoO2 due to the impact from the biofield treatment.

# data[].attributes.body
| The TGA study revealed that the onset temperature of thermal degradation of MoO2 was reduced from 702.87°C to 691.92°C that shows the changes in thermal properties of MoO2 due to the impact from the biofield treatment.

# data[].attributes.body
| In the research, the XRD analysis data of Molybdenum Dioxide exhibited the alteration in the lattice parameters, unit cell volume, density and molecular weight of the treated sample.

# data[].attributes.headline
Properties of Biofield Treated Molybdenum

# data[].attributes.subject
Properties of Biofield Treated Molybdenum

# data[].attributes.body
| This study assess the effect of biofield energy treatment on the physical, thermal, and structural properties in MoO2. Visit the link for more details.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Analysis of Physical, Thermal, and Structural Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Molybdenum Dioxide :: Science Publishing Group

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Molybdenum dioxide (MoO 2 ) is known for its catalytic activity toward reforming hydrocarbons. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on physical, thermal, and structural properties in MoO 2 .