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Crop Rotation

Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farming

Dairy Farming

Grain Farming

Mediterranean Agriculture

Livestock Ranching

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Characteristics
-Commercial grazing of livestock over a large area
-Suitable for arid or semiarid land where the soil cannot grow vegetation
-Grew into popular culture from Hollywood films
-Dominated commercial agriculture from 1867 to 1885
-Demand for beef rose in the East Coast, so the farmers would have herds of cattle rounded up into train cars in Texas for delivery to a meat processor in Chicago in order to be delivered to the East Coast
-Ranching declined after conflicts with sedentary farms who had bought land from the government
-Ranchers never actually bought land and would illegally cut down fences of farms and put their own fences down for their territory
-Farmers combated the ranchers with barbed wires, first produced in 1873
-USA has been converting from ranching to crop growing as crops yield higher incomes per area
-Ranching still exists, but they send their cattle to feed on farms or local feed lots
-Now increasing in developing regions(China 1, USA 2, Brazil 3)

Crops/Products
-Cattle
-Sheep

Regions
-USA, primarily Southwest like Texas
-Southeastern Latin America
-Central Asia
-Sub-Saharan Africa
-Australia

Pros
-Lower operating costs than crop growing
-Large source of meats
-Can work in lands that crop growing cannot

Cons
-Lower incomes per area compared to crop growing
-Bad for the environment from having more methane put in the atmosphere
-Ranchers were committing illegal crimes against farmers
-Only provides one or two products, no variety

Terms
Popular Culture-Widespread acts or traditions

Arid Land-
Dry land, poor nutrient-soil

Barbed Wire-
A steel fencing wire with pointed barbs along its surface to prevent outsiders from entering through the fence

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Characteristics
-These regions all share the same physical environment
-Sea winds provide moisture and sea breezes to cool down summer
-Hot and dry summers
-Moderate winter temperatures
-Very hilly land
-Smaller percentage of income comes from livestock than Mixed Crop and Livestock Agriculture due to lack of water during the summer and scarce grazing lands
-In the past, farmers used transhumance to raise sheep and goats along the Mediterranean regions
-Most crops are used for human consumption
-Horticulture is the primary crop genre grown in a Mediterranean region
-Variety of crops in one farming area
-Half of land is devoted to horticulture and the other half is used for cereals with the exception of California, which mainly grows horticulture
-Olives, a major cash crop is used for cooking oil
-take care of their lands, they plant fallow crops after cultivation

Crops/Products
-Olives and Grapes(the two most important cash crops
-Citrus fruits
-Tree nuts
-Deciduous fruits
-Cereals such as wheat

Regions
-Lands that border the Mediterranean Sea
--Southern Africa, West Asia, Southern Europe
-California
-Central Chile
-Southwestern South Africa
-Southwestern Australia

Pros
-Large variety of crops
-Major source of horticulture
-Provides olives and grapes, olives are essential for cooking oil
-Less livestock means less pollution

Cons
-Due to the summer climates, especially in California, large-scale irrigation is necessary
--California is already in a drought
-Lower incomes due to less livestock, so they must rely on cash crops like olives

Terms
Horticulture-
Fruits, vegetables, flowers, and tree crops

Transhumance-
The seasonal migration of humans in order to provide  needed living conditions for livestock

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Characteristics
-Large percentage of crops are going to be sold to humans rather than livestock
-In developing countries, products will be used to sell to others, but it will also be eaten by the farmers
-Wheat will be the primary crop as it can be sold for high prices
-Production has increased in developed countries
-Heavily mechanized, uses technology to produce more crops
- Located in regions not suitable for mixed crop and livestock agriculture

Crops/Products
-Wheat
-Corn
-Oats
-Barley
-Millet
-Rice

Regions
-Winter Wheat Belt
--Kansas, Colorado, and Oklahoma
-Spring Wheat Belt
--Dakotas, Montana, and Southern Canada
-Palouse Region
--Washington State
---Provides legumes
-China
--1 in wheat production
-India
--2 in wheat production
Other-
South-Central Canada
Eastern Europe

Pros
-Provides an extreme amount of wheat for the country
-Provides economic strength to the country as it is an international trading product
-Expensive machinery can be used throughout the different regions and save money from having to buy many machines

Cons
-Includes expensive machinery
-Seasonal work
-Less workers and more machinery

Terms
McCormick Reaper-Invented in 1830's, cuts wheat standing in the field

Combine-
Does three tasks-Reaping, Threshing, and Cleaning

Winter Wheat-
Planted in autumn, grows strong roots, survives winter, and is ripe in the beginning of summer

Spring Wheat-
In regions where winter is too severe for winter wheat, the wheat is planted in spring and harvested in late summer

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Characteristics
-Primarily produces milk from cows
-Must be within range of market, the range has increased as our technology increased
-Sell their products to markets first, generally not direct to the customer
-Labor intensive industry as the cows must be milked twice a day
-During the winter, they must spend more money on hay and food for the cows as they cannot feed on the grass
-They send the milk to different processors
-The further the consumer, the more likely the milk will be used to create butter, cheese, or condensed milk rather than to be sold as milk
-Production has increased in developed countries

Crops/Products

-Milk
-Cows

Regions
-India, China, Pakistan, Northeastern USA, Northeastern and Northwestern Europe

Pros
-Crops are not required
-Dairy products have a high demand
-Provides a lot of jobs as they need a lot of care

Cons
-Most of the jobs are taken by machines as it is labor-intensive and they have few human workers
-You have to be in range of your market, otherwise the milk will spoil during transportation
-Cows are extremely detrimental to the environment as they release methane flatulence, use a lot of resources such as water, and takes a lot of land for a little amount of meat

Terms

Milkshed-
The ring surrounding a city where the milk transported to the urban area will not spoil, basically the maximum proximity a milk farm can be to its consumers

Labor Intensive-
An industry that has a high percentage of their expenses coming from wages

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Characteristics
-Consists of truck farming and specialty farming
-Large scale operations that maximize efficiency with new machines, more efficient GMOs and new fertilizers
-Often hires migrant workers from Mexico to reduce labor costs
-Most crops are sold canned or frozen
-Specialty farming is reliant on its rich costumers

Crops/Products
-Apples
-Asparagus
-Cherries
-Lettuce
-Mushrooms
-Tomatoes
-Peppers
-Nursery Plants
-Strawberries

Regions
-Southeastern USA
-Specialty farming in New England

Pros
-Highly efficient farming, less resources and money being wasted
-Its location has proximity to large markets in Eastern USA
-Provides more jobs

Cons
-Provides jobs to mainly Mexican migrants, not Americans
-Not too much variety of crops within each individual farm
-Harmful to the environment as it will use more efficient methods for farming, many of which will have the environment as an expense(for example new fertilizers may damage the soil, or hurt necessary insects)

Terms

Truck Farming-  Farming as efficiently as possible using undocumented workers and large farms

Specialty Farming-  Farming to a select group of rich consumers as alternative to dairy farming

Undocumented workers-  Workers who have entered the US illegally, but have obtained a job generally for low wages

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Characteristics
-Includes integration of crops and livestock, as well as crop rotation
-Known for feeding most of the crops to the livestock instead of humans
-The livestock in return provide manure as a fertilizer for said crops
-There are many fields that cycle through different crops annually in order to preserve the nutrients in the soil as different crops affect the soil differently

Crops/Products

-Corn
-Soybean
-Cows
-Pigs
-Chicken

Regions
-The Corn Belt
-China and Japan
-Crop Rotation in Europe

Pros
-Extra source of income for the farmers
-Livestock produce manure as a fertilizer
-Provides a constant flow of jobs compared to seasonal temporary jobs
-Soil will last longer with crop rotation being used

Cons
-Less of the crops go to humans
-More livestock means more pollution and increased causes for global warming from the methane flatulence

Terms

Corn Belt-
Located from Ohio to the Dakotas in Northern USA with Iowa as the center, it is a region that is known for producing large amounts of corn

Integration of Crops and Livestock-
a method in which the livestock are fed most of the crops and in turn produce fertilizer via manure

Crop Rotation-
In order to reduce the depletion of nutrients in the soil from a large-rooted plant, small rooted crops are grown in the same field a year later to let the nutrients regenerate more, then it will switch back to large-rooted crops, and so on