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Thomas and Loader define cyber-crime as 'computer-mediated activities that are either illegal or considered illicit and are conducted through global networks.
Yvonne Jewkes notes that the internet has brought new and old ways of committing crime to half the worlds population.
Wall:
Cyber-tresspass- crossing boundaries into other cyber property
Cyber-deception- identity theft
Cyber-pornography- Including minors
Cyber-violence- doing psychological harm
Policing cyber-crime is hard because the internet is so vasy

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The media do 3 things:
1. Exaggerate and distort the situation
2. Predict what will happen next
3. Make symbolisations
CRITICISMS:
Assumes societies reaction is always an over-reaction.
Can't explain why some issues are amplified, but some aren't

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The Crime Amplification Spiral Explained

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The Crime Amplification Spiral Explained

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The media creates a distorted view of the amount of a particular crime
By raising media awareness of an amount of crime this leads to public concern
The crime then become high on politicians list
Politicians and police take action and decide to do something about it
The police crackdown leads to the discovery of more crimes
Some people will resent being targeted and therefore, go on to commit further crimes

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The media is a source that can raise awareness about crime that goes on in society.
Moral Panic- When an awareness of a large amount of crime is recognised by the public which leads to a worried society.
Moral Entrepreneur: An individual group of formal organisation that influence a group to adopt to maintain a norm
Self-fulfulling prophecy: A prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true
Deviant career: A fixed pattern of abnormal behaviour, often as a result of labelling
Master Status: The social position that is the primary identifying characteristic of an individual
Deviancy amplification spiral: Media hype phenomenon defined by media critics as a cycle of increasing numbers of reports on a category of anti-social behaviours leading to a moral panic

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Late Modernity= Consumption, excitement and immediacy. Crime and its thrills become commodified.
Fenwick and Hayward "Crime is packaged and marketed to young people as romantic and exciting"

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Cultural Criminology, the media and crime

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Cultural Criminology, the media and crime

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Media turns crime into a commodity, it encourages people to become consumers of crime.
Hayward and Young: Media has saturated society and we are immersed in the media scope, criminal acts and how they are represented makes it difficult to separate reality from fantasy

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The media creates an unrealistic fear of crime:
Research shows that there is a link between media consumption and the fear of crime
Schlesinger and Tumbr found tabloid readers and heavy users of TV expressed greater fear of going out at night and becoming a victim
Gerbner et al found heavy TV users had higher levels of fear of crime.

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Nathan Martinez watched Natural Born Killers about ten times and he was accused if copying what he saw on the film.
Livingstone: Despite conclusions made, people continue to be preoccupied with the effects of the media on children because of our desire as a society to regard childhood as a time of uncontaminated innocent in the private sphere

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Those most susceptible to influence tend to be the young, lower classes and the uneducated.

Imitation: Aspiring to be like someone, perhaps linked to ideas of status

Desensitisation: Individuals susceptible to influence view crime, especially violent crime as normal

Learning criminal technique: Individuals are more likely to feel as though they can commit crimes successfully

Desire for unaffordable goods: Places pressure on individuals: some may turn to illegitimate means

Glamourising offending: People are attracted to the glamour and status a criminal life can give them

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Fictional representations of crime follow what Surette calls the 'law of opposites'

Property crime is underrepresented, while violence is over represented

Fictional cops usually get their man

Fictional sex crimes are usually perpetrated by psychopathic strangers, not acquaintances

Real life homicides often result from brawls and domestic disputes, not the product of greed and calculation

Fictional villains tend to be higher status, middle-aged white males

Police are increasingly shown as corrupt and brutal

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News is a social construction, as it is not discovered, but manufactured. News values are the criteria by which journalists and editors decide whether a story is newsworthy enough to make it into the newspaper or news bulletin.
1. Immediacy- breaking news
2. Dramatisation- action and excitement
3. Personalisation- human interest stories
4. Higher status persons and celebrities
5. Simplification- eliminating shades of grey
6. Novelty or unexpectedness- a new angle
7. Risk- victim-centred stories
8. Violence

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Ericson et al: 45-71% of quality press and radio news was about various forms of deviance.
Williamson and Dickinson: British newspapers devote 30% of their news space to crime.
1. The media over-represent violent and sexual crime- Ditton and Duffy found 46% of media reports were about violent or sexual crime, yet these only made up 3% of overall crime
2. The media portray criminals and victims as older and more middle class. Felson calls this 'age fallacy'
3. Media coverage exaggerates police success
4. The media exaggerate risk of victimisation
5. Crime is reported as a series of separate events
6. The media overplay extraordinary crimes and underplay ordinary crime