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Homo erectus migrated from Africa to Europe before the emergence of modern humans. Around 35,000 BC, modern like humans appeared. The Augrinacian culture quickly spread throughout Europe. This culture is represented mostly by the use of tools made from bone and antlers. Any remaining Neanderthals were forced to submit to the more advanced humans. Around 16,000 BC, the advancement of a new culture emerged. Magdalenian culture became a prominent existence in Europe, recognized mostly for their hunting of deer and other red meat.

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The first literate civilization discovered in Europe was the Minoan. The Minoan civilization was located on the island of Crete around 2600 BC. The Minoans created large palaces and ushered in trading between other Mediterranean civilizations. They also created their own writing and reading system, or language called Linear A. The language remains mostly undecipherable today. Around 1600 BC the Minoan's were succeeded by the Mycenaean civilization. It represents the first mainland civilization in Greece. The Mycenaean people were very similar to those of the Minoan. One major difference is the Mycenaean's focus on military and defense. Also, they created their own language called Linear B, which reads from left to right ,and is more decipherable than that of their predecessors.

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Scarre, Christopher. Human past: world prehistory and the development of human societies. London: Thames and Hudson, 2013.

"Fact or myth?" The Minoan Civilization. Accessed May 21, 2017. http://www.visit-ancient-greece.com/minoan-civilization.html.

"History of Athens." Wikipedia. May 20, 2017. Accessed May 21, 2017. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Athens.

"Mont Saint-Michel or Toledo: Greek or Arabic Sources for Medieval European Culture?" Mont Saint-Michel or Toledo: Greek or Arabic Sources for Medieval European Culture? | Muslim Heritage. Accessed May 22, 2017. http://www.muslimheritage.com/article/mont-saint-michel-or-toledo.

Silven, Kirsten. "Martin Luther, The Reformation, And Modern Islam." The Inquisitr. November 08, 2015. Accessed May 22, 2017. http://www.inquisitr.com/2551900/martin-luther-reformation-day-and-islam/.

Society, National Geographic. "Europe: Human Geography." National Geographic Society. October 09, 2012. Accessed May 22, 2017. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/europe-human-geography/.

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Around 300 AD, the Hellenistic period would arise. A growing urbanization of the Eastern Mediterranean was a main characteristic of the time. Notable developments of music, government, science, math, and theater, are all achievements of the time. Athens was one of the powerful city states of the period which created an early form of democracy. The citizens of Athens voted on legislation and executive bills themselves. It was also the home of Plato and Socrates two prestigious philosophers.

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The Roman Empire was centered on the Mediterranean, it controlled all of the bordering countries. The Empire controlled Britain, Romania and parts of Mesopotamia. The growth of the Empire was due mostly to its original large size, and its enemies inability to unite against it. Pax Romana was a period of peace and advancement in centralized government. It quickly ended around 200 AD due to a series of civil wars. Around 380 AD, the Empire split into a western part, with a capital in Rome, and an eastern part with a capital in Constantinople. Diocletian and Constantine, (Emperors of the west and east) shared differnt views on religion. Diocletian severly persecuted Christianity, while Constantine declared and end to state sponsored persecutions, which led to the creation of the State Church of the Roman Empire.

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The Roman Empire had been in many wars and battles with invading armies from Northern Europe. In 476 AD Rome fell to the  Germanic King Odoacer. It is believed that the adoption of Christianity by the Roman Empire, made the people and more importantly the soldiers lazy and indifferent to the present, based around the idea of a better life after death. Roman Authority in the east and west eventually were relinquished to three major powers, the Franks, the Visigothic kingdom, and the Ostrogothic kingdom. In 800 AD the ruler of the Franks, Charlemagne, was crowned Emperor of the Romans. His Empire was renamed the Holy Roman Empire and forced many bordering civilizations to enlarge their military's, and focus on expansion.

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The Early middle ages range from 500 - 1000 AD. This time period is dominated by war and struggle, mostly designated to the Caliphates entering Roman territory. Muslim Arabs first invaded under the rule of Abu Bakr in Mesopotamia. Under their second ruler Umar, they defeated the Sassanid Persian Empire, and took control of Syria, and Mesopotamia. This created a trend of other Muslim conquests in Europe and spread Islam throughout.

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Around 1300 European growth and prosperity had come to a standstill. The Black Plague killed people in a matter of days. This caused major populations to reduce to half of the original size. However, this sudden lack of population killed off many useful workers in a variety of areas, so the surviving workers were paid more as a result. Due to sickness among other things, the number of peasants, or homeless grew. This caused a series of revolts. At the same time the Catholic Church was hurt by the Great Schism, (the declaration by three different men that they were the true pope). These events became known as The Crisis of the Middle Ages.

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Despite the crisis, the 1300's were a time of great advancements in math, science, art, and music. It began in Italy with the Italian patriarch Francesco di Petracco, who was very interested in the connection between Greek and Roman minds. This inspired many artists to begin drawing from Greek and Roman examples for their work. Other innovative artists also arose during the time, including Leonardo da Vinci. This major influence and waves of new art prompted many people to use their knowledge of art and writing to prove that they were more powerful than others.

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Beginning in 1517, this period can be summarized as one of many new ideas and the questioning of past beliefs. The creation of the printing press allowed anyone to re-write the commanding theology of the time in their own image. The corruption of the Catholic church led to major backlash and questioning from its followers and protestants. From this event John Calvin created Calvinism which eventually influenced King Henry VIII to branch off from Catholicism and create the Anglican church. These major divisions of religion caused wars between groups and would help shape what modern Europe looks like.