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A Level AQA Design & Technology Product Design

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Design and Technology: Product Design on the App Store

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Industrial designers come up with new and interesting things that makes us dream nicely about our future.

From simple items to complicated ones, they are designing new products that fascinate us and are meant to help us and make our life easier and more practical in the near or, let's hope not, far future.

A few of these products are in this article for you to know what to expect.

Of course, there are also products that are already available for sale. Regarding the ones that are only concepts I can say only that one can only dream.

"ABC" Keyboard by Iaroslav Neliubov

Sony Concept Bracelet Computer by Hiromi Kiriki

Although this is a concept and we can only dream of, it will have to wait a few decades to be implemented, but in any case, it's good that there's vision for the future.

In mountaineering the buzz comes from your ability to clamber over any terrain however rough, always with one objective in mind - the summit. But descending is hard on the joints, and so it's a necessary evil. It's quite different with mountain biking. In that case descending is an adrenaline-fuelled thrill worth working for, bringing you effortlessly back to the valley and enabling you to cover large distances. The "Bergmönch" combines the two. It's a sports device which can easily be carried uphill, and which mutates into a fun-filled downhill device par excellence for the descent.

The hug chair by Ilian Milinov

Now don't imagine that this chair was designed only for couples that want to sit next to each other, you can also put on the support a laptop, a book or a newspaper.

Eaux Eaux Sink by Joel Roberts

Rubik's lamp

Rubik's lamp is an innovative project based on the popular toy from the eighties. Much like the original Rubik's cube, the lamp is composed of 26 smaller cube-like pieces, whose interlocking shapes fit onto each other.

The rotation of each face of the main cube allows the arrangement of up to forty-three quintillion different combinations, each one providing different lighting. Colored patterns and chaotic, kaleidoscopic lighting can be created by not leaving the main rows parallel to each other.

Recharge your cellphone and camera with this universal & usb solar-cell tree charger. Thanks to 54 tiny photovoltaic panels this device will store energy in a battery during the day, allowing you to reload your stuff whenever you need. All wires are plugged and hidden under the electronic bonsai tray.

This object is made of several modules fitted together by a 3.5 jack connector. You can rotate each part individually and produce an endless number of different shapes.

The Ghost of a Chair is a sculptural free-form furniture piece, handmade out of a single 4mm transparent polyester sheet. Each chair is unique due to its unconventional manufacturing process, using a combination of high-end technology and craft, in a labor of love. Volatile and unpredictable, each Ghost chair is a One-off.

The Ghost of a Chair embodies signature aesthetics with its originality and functionality in a statement furniture piece. Its transparency enables the chair to exist in any environment. The material itself is a light conductor and can easily function as an outdoor fixture; its versatility goes as far as your imagination can take you.

The Dutchtub is sober and decadent at the same time. A hot tub is a luxury product but the functionality and design of the Dutchtub makes it a friendly product to use in any environment. This brings it back to an essence: the essence of outdoor bathing.

Finger Reader by Hansub Lee

This product is inspired by the notebooks of Sony Vaio,it has the two different colors of the on/off button (green,orange). It fits perfectly with Sony culture and you can use it to hear music wireless from your notebook or your mobile phone and for audio conversions.

LEDoorHandle by Kun-hee Kim, Kei Shimizu & Nguyen-vu Dang

Outdoor furniture usually follow a limited number of existing conventions. The Terrace Chair is an attempt to go outside the rules or define a new convention: While being instantly recognizable, it looks somewhat different from what you would expect to find at your home & garden center.

The bulk of the chair is rotation molded in polyethylene with a base of stainless steel. It is quite low-tech and requires little maintenance - just leave it out all year and give it a wash now and then. But when it is time to party, connect a low voltage cable to the bottom of the base and the chair will glow invitingly in the dark and provide ambience to the scene.

The body of the chair is only slightly elastic but it has a soft embracing feel due to the rounded, organic shape. The chair is easily disassembled into clearly marked elements according to the cradle-to-cradle principle.

The Charging Tap by Qi Weijia

Tandem storage space by Geoffrey Graven

Otter backpack by Benson Lee

The informative drawers create an engaging dresser for kids and an iconic furniture piece for parents.

Well considered and well made. The dresser is hand crafted and packaged with care in Eastern Washington by the crew Mountain View Cabinetry.

The cabinet is made from ¾" ULDF and finished with conversion varnish. The drawers are 9 ply ½" maple plywood, dovetailed and finished with clear catalyzed lacquer. All cabinet and drawer components are cut, drilled and dadoed on a CNC table router. Assembled with a combination of screws, pins, staples, glue, and Pacific Northwest fresh air.

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Cool And Innovative Product Design Examples

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Industrial designers come up with new and interesting things that makes us dream nicely about our future. From simple items to complicated ones, they are designing new products that fascinate us and are meant to help us and make our life easier and more practical in the near or, let's hope not, far future.

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Whether it's a mobile phone, a vacuum cleaner or a chair, the very best examples of industrial design seamlessly blend form and function to make products truly desirable.

As its name implies, this discipline is about all balancing creative, conceptual, freeform thinking with the practical, industrial constraints of actually getting something made, which requires knowledge of production processes, materials and technology.

Over the years, some designers' mastery of this crucial balance has elevated them to iconic status - and we've featured some of the fruits of their labour here. We all know how product design by the likes of Jonathan Ive, James Dyson or Charles Eames look and work. Chances are you already own one, or at least want one.

But we've also included some great industrial designs that you may not already have seen - some of which are on the market, while some are still at a concept stage. So whether you're a consumer hungry for the latest stylish gadget to kit out your apartment, or a designer yourself looking for inspiration, read on...

The Mini is a design classic that came about because of restrictions in fuel supply during the 1950s caused by the Suez crisis. Designer Alec Issigonis was tasked with designing a car that was more frugal than the large cars of the day, aiming to compete with increasingly popular German bubble cars like the original VW Beetle - itself a design classic. The original design became a true British icon, influencing a generation of car designers, and was revolutionary at the time. Its distinctively diminutive contours remain hugely popular today.

Instantly recognisable, the Coca-Cola contour bottle is a masterpiece in industrial design that dates back to 1915 when the Coca-Cola Company asked its bottle suppliers to design a new bottle that would be distinctive and instantly recognisable - even in the dark. Designer Earl R. Dean took up the challenge, and following instructions issued by his boss, aimed to come up with a design based on the ingredients of the drink. Unable to find any reference images for either the coca leaf, or the Kola nut, Dean instead used an image of a cocoa pod from his encyclopedia as inspiration, leading to the iconic ribbed bottle shape we know and love today.

The classic Vespa scooter design is associated heavily with the Italian design aesthetic, but it was actually heavily influenced by pre-World-War-II Cushman scooters made in the US and shipped to Italy by the Allies to act as field transport for paratroopers and marines during the war. It wasn't until Paggio involved aeronautical engineer Corradino D'Ascanio that the now familiar scooter shape, missing the central supporting spar and allowing the rider to step through the bike to get on and off.

During World War II the Swedish government tasked Victor Hasselblad with designing a camera that mirrored a German aerial surveillance camera recovered from a downed plane. This camera was refined over the following years, eventually spawning the iconic 500C in the late 1950s. Such was the popularity of the camera, it became the anchor product for the Hasselblad company for the next four decades, and was used by NASA during the Apollo missions to the moon.

Designed by Phillipe Starck in 1990, the Juicy Salif is rightly counted amongst the icons of industrial design and has been exhibited in the Museum of Modern Art in New York. The citrus squeezer is cast in aluminium which is then polished, the design based on the shape of a squid and according to an account from the founder of Alessi was originally sketched out by Starck on a napkin while eating squid with lemon squeezed over it. It's a perfect example of how the most abstract associations can inspire iconic design.

How often does a knife get included in the D&AD Annual? UK designer Christian Bird created a perfectly balanced industrial design that weighs up a sleek ceramic blade that never needs sharpening with an angular, soft touch handle. A work of art as well as a precision cutting tool, each knife is available in a limited edition run of 999.

German industrial designer and concept artist's Mathias Koehler's fresh, bold take on the staple favourite of knitting grandmothers the world over curls round into a sleek, circular shape, enabling a fluid rocking motion that also powers a reading light at the top. It remains at a concept stage.

A classic example of totally rethinking the way a staple household product functions. In the 1970s, James Dyson was inspired by an industrial cyclone system in a sawmill to develop a bagless vacuum cleaner - and famously made over 5,000 prototypes in a workshop behind his house before perfecting the DC01. Many different models of this classic industrial design have been developed since, including a handheld version.

Hurtling down steep, rocky terrain on a mountain bike is a powerful adrenaline rush, but reaching the summit in the first place can be a slow, painful slog. For a mountaineer, however, the ascent is the best bit, while the downward leg is a killer on the knees. This lets you do both, by transforming a bike into a backpack to let you carry it easily.

Serbian designer Damjan Stanković has put fresh twists on everything from a tea infuser to a spaghetti fork, but this quirky take on a drinking glass is particularly inspired. When empty, it's covered in a seemingly random mosaic, but when filled with coloured liquid (milk, orange juice or cola, for instance) the squares join up to spell the name of the drink.

A unrivalled 1950s classic, Charles and Ray Eames' lounge chair and ottoman combo was the couple's first attempt at high-end furniture. Fashioned from moulded plywood and leather, it was distinctive among luxury counterparts for being very comfortable as well as stylish. Constantly in production since its launch, the classic industrial design forms part of the permanent collection at MoMA in New York.

Samuel Wilkinson's stylish approach to a humble lightbulb scooped a coveted D&AD Black Pencil award last year. Fluorescent glass tubes twist around each other in an organic yet harmonious way, giving the bulb a different silhouette depending on where you stand. The aesthetic appeal of this brilliant industrial design is counterbalanced by the fact it uses 80% less energy than an incandescent bulb.

13. iPod/iPhone/iPad

Three indisputably game-changing product lines by arguably the world's most iconic and celebrated industrial designer, Sir Jonathan Ive - all of which could easily have made the list on their own. It all started back in 2001 with the original iPod; the first iPhone was released in 2007; the iPad followed three years later; and finally the iPad Mini in 2012.

14. iMac

Despite squeezing all of its iOS devices into one entry, Cupertino's finest still made the list twice. Spearheading the reinvention of Apple in the late '90s, the all-in-one, brightly-coloured translucent computer made its rivals' beige boxes look crushingly ordinary. Since then, its evolution has seen it grow more sleek, slim, and minimalist, but no less iconic.

Based on a similar concept to his Rising Chair, Robert Van Embricqs' Rising Table uses a single piece of wood as a starting point to transform into a stylish piece of furniture. Challenging the notion of a table having to be a flat surface and four separate legs, it opts for an organic latticework of beams that are beautiful and functional in equal measure.

Designed by London-based industrial designer Sebastian Bergne, this beautifully simple table lamp concept was launched at Interieur 2012 in Belgium. It uses adjustable LED lighting to cycle between cool and warm white light, while the curved design encourages users to place the lamp in different positions.

Another masterclass in minimalism, Koichi Futatsumata's inspired industrial design questions the overly complex design of traditional valve amplifiers, instead balancing two beautifully simple amplifier tubes on the top with two large stylish dials on the front, all packaged up in a sleek metal outer shell - and was nominated for a D&AD Award in 2011.

Pioneered in 1914 for industrial use on US Navy battleships, the KitchenAid stand mixer first entered homes in 1918, but it was in the 1930s that Egmont Arens' patented silhouette - relatively unchanged ever since - turned the product into an icon of American industrial design, which is exhibited in San Francisco's Museum of Modern Art.

Okay, so it may not be the most practical addition to the average home - setting you back a tidy $4,500 - but this indulgent take on the humble wash basin is a bit of fun, and questions why we should accept plain porcelain. Sold, fittingly, through a company called Opulent Items, it enables you to keep fish in your bathroom, should you wish to.

Just 20mm thick, this experimental concept for a domestic ladder innovates on the rotational moulding process to create a lightweight, super-strong product that's both stylish and functional. This imaginative industrial design is a joint venture between Andrea Gross Gaiani, Alessio Monzani, Kerman Gomez and Martina Fagiani, who studied together in Milan.

Another brutally simple, plastic-moulded concept, this time for a chair, Barber Osgerby's Tip Ton lets you switch between two different seating postures: relaxed, or forward-leaning. Its unique shape means that when you rock forward, the chair stays in place on its uniquely shaped 'skids'. This industrial design is also lightweight, durable and stackable, and won a D&AD Yellow Pencil.

This classic piece of industrial design was originally conceived in 1932 by George Carwardine, a car designer who was working on vehicle suspension systems at the time. It was his work in this field that inspired the versatile four-spring mechanism that defines the Anglepoise lamp, which was developed primarily for working environments such as workshops and surgeries, but a simpler three-spring version soon made it into homes too.

Dubbed "the workspace of the future" by its creators Lista Office, Mindport was designed by multi-award-winning creative team Carmen and Urs Greutmann. Built primarily from steel, this industrial design is about functionality and versatility, creating screened zones for ad-hoc meetings while keeping an open-plan feel.

Introduced in 1979 with krypton or xenon bulbs and variable-width beams, many Maglites have become collectable items thanks to their limited-run special editions and custom paint schemes. They now use LED bulbs, and thanks to their power and durability are the flashlight of choice for many police forces. Until recently, this included the LAPD - until their double-use as a baton became controversial.

Another example of a relatively nondescript household item given a radical conceptual overhaul by an imaginative industrial designer, Jean-Marie Massaud's sculptural radiator for Cordivari draws inspiration from the ocean waves - and is available in both horizontal and vertical orientations.

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25 inspiring examples of industrial design

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Whether it's a mobile phone, a vacuum cleaner or a chair, the very best examples of industrial design seamlessly blend form and function to make products truly desirable. As its name implies, this discipline is about all balancing creative, conceptual, freeform thinking with the practical, industrial constraints of actually getting something made, which requires knowledge of production processes, materials and technology.

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GCSE Design and Technology revision materials covering AQA Product Design (4555) with direct links to the exam specification.

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This is part of the module Industrial and Commercial Products and Practices (R1).

The questions follow the same format - there will be a diagram of a product folowed by a description.

The questions will then follow the assessment criteria chart.

Take careful note of the assessment criteria.

Explain the level of production - be able to give FOUR reasons why this product is one-off, batch or mass produced

quality control in production

quality standards

safety in the use of the product

safety procedures in production

form and function

fashion trends/styles

cultural influences

Quality of written communication (SPAG) but also using the correct terms (vocabulary)

How to get more marks Write in black, never use red biro. Clearly write the question part (e.g. 1a) at the start of your answer and then rule a line across the page at the end of each section. Do not write notes - use proper sentences which justify your points. No one word answers. There are some areas of overlap especially with quality of the product, quality control and safety. Take care when describing these areas. Note the number of marks for the question and then answer fully, so that you get all the marks. (There are 16 marks for the section on industrial manufacturing - the chief examiners report notes that this is a common area for weakness.) Use suitable diagrams especially when answering about industrial production methods. Use the correct technical vocabulary. e.g. A suitable finish for aluminium would be anodising. Always relate your answers to the question being asked - e.g. write about the aesthetics of the product in the question. Revise. Use the text book which covers everything you need to know. Read old papers and look at the mark schemes. Read the examiners reports.
Product design specification

1. Purpose -what is the aim of the product - what is it for?

2. Function - what should the product do to achieve its purpose and how should it be made to do it - what does it do and how does it work?

3. Market - who is to be the target purchaser and the user - who will buy it and who is it bought for? e.g. toys bought for children by parents.

4. Performance- includes ergonomics - how well does the user interact with the product? Is it comfortable? Does it fit? Is it adjustable? Is it well suited to the environment in which it will be used?

5. Aesthetics - the appearance, is it it appropriate for its purpose? Does the surface finish or general appearance have an additional purpose such as water resistance, easy to clean or to give a better grip?

6. Quality standards - quality versus cost. The quality of manufacture and materials used must be appropriate for the performance and purpose of the product.

ISO 9000 is primarily concerned with "quality management". This means what the organization does to fulfil:

- the customer's quality requirements, and
- applicable regulatory requirements, while aiming to
- enhance customer satisfaction, and
- achieve continual improvement of its performance in pursuit of these objectives.

7. Safety - safety of the product in use. Must meet relevant standards such as British Standards etc. BSI "Kitemark" and "Safety Mark" The European Union "EC" mark is another standard. ISO standards are also important.
Materials and Components
When choosing materials for a product understanding its properties will be essential. The correct choice will also be a balance of cost, availability and working characteristics.

Properties of materials (click to go to materials page)

Components are:-

1. Standard components which are bought in e.g. nuts and bolts, electronic components, motors, bulbs. This is usually the cheapest option as these products are mass produced in vast quantities so that unit costs are very low.

2. Specialised components which are used on only one product or only by that manufacturer. This gives the product its individuality e.g. switches, handles and feet, fascias. It will also in some cases be a major part of the product - e.g. a jug kettle where the plastic jug body is a component.

3. Sub-assemblies such as electronic circuits, gear boxes, key pads and control systems can be manufactured elsewhere in the factory or by sub-contractors and then included in the final assembly.

Manufacturers primary concern is producing their product effectively and making a profit. They will optimise their manufacturing methods and purchasing of components to their advantage i.e. if it is cost effective to sub-contract a sub-assembly then that is likely to happen. Look at JIT in the manufacturing section.

Levels of Production - one-off, batch, mass, continuous.(click for link)

Levels of Production will influence:

1. retail price

2. choice

3. the process of manufacture

4. where the product is manufactured

For each of these which level of production will be the cheapest/most expensive. Which will give the consumer the least choice/most choice. Which needs to be near good transport and power links. Which is the most expensive to set up. Which would make use of jigs. Which would use automated machines and robots the most. Would CNC machines be used for one-off production (the answer here is most definitely yes).

1. Preparation or Primary processing - raw materials are converted into usable stock or initial product form. Includes rolling, drawing and casting for metals, the manufacture of boards such as MDF laminated with maple veneer, the conversion of logs into sectioned timber,the preparation of plastic granules for injection moulding, plastic sheet for vacuum forming etc.

2. Processing or Secondary Processing - changing the form of the materials by further operations, usually some form of machining. Includes drilling, turning, die casting, injection moulding etc. This stage may have many sections or operations. Manufacturing processes (click for link)

3. Assembly - all the components are brought together to produce the final product. This may be on a production line. Parts may be joined using a range of fixings or fasteners, they may be welded, soldered or glued.

4. Finishing - painting, plating, polishing, dip coating etc. These processes are applied before (usually) or after assembly.

5. Quality control is usually an integral part of the manufacturing process rather than at the end. Testing, inspection and data analysis of the processes ensures a quality outcome for the product. Safety testing is included here.

British Standards is the organisation dealing with quality and safety

Product Quality Issues

See above but especially deal with quality control in production and how it would be met, refer to the standards - BSI Kitemark, EC and ISO9000. Quality of the product in use -do a simple evaluation!

This is easier, first deal with safety of the product in use, is it safe in use - well balanced, no sharp edges, stable in use (Will it tip over?), electrical safety (trailing leads etc). Be critical(good & bad) and also suggest improvements.

Secondly deal with safety issues in production - machine guards, dust extraction, good lighting,noise, electrical safety, as well as personal safety such as eye protection and protective clothing. Training, maintenance, working conditions (lighting, overcrowding and poor housekeeping) are also safety issues. (Health and Safety act at Work legislation makes the employee responsible for their own safety.)

Your answer must relate to the product and its manufacture.

You can discuss two in detail or all four in less detail to gain the eight marks. You must discuss the product in the question.

When discussing FORM you may include not only shape but colour, surface texture, feel -heavy or light, warm or cold, optical properties such as shiny or matt, how it makes you feel (does it remind you of something)etc. You can of course be critical and discuss why you you do not like it and how its form could be improved - more comfortable handles, smoother edges and corners etc.

Function is essentially what it does and how it works - discuss how well - evaluate it! Safety can be mentioned again here.

Trend/Styles - a good test of your design education. You ould relate the products design to what you know about Modernism and the Bauhaus - ' truth to the material' and 'form follows function', or the way modern materials such as polymers(plastics) make the design possible. The idea of a quality product versus a consumer product with built in obsolesence (a short lifespan because of lower quality parts and materials).

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This is part of the module Industrial and Commercial Products and Practices (R1). The questions follow the same format - there will be a diagram of a product folowed by a description. The questions will then follow the assessment criteria chart. Take careful note of the assessment criteria.

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aqa design & technology: product design (3-d design) as/a2 (aqa design for a level)

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juvenile nonfiction / technology / how things work-are made

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AQA Design & Technology: Product Design (3-D Design) AS/A2 (Aqa Design for a Level)

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Buy AQA Design & Technology: Product Design (3-D Design) AS/A2 (Aqa Design for a Level) by Will Potts, Brian Evans (ISBN: 9780748782574) from Amazon's Book Store. Free UK delivery on eligible orders.

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AQA Design & Technology: Product Design (3-D Design) AS/A2 (Aqa Design for a Level)
~ Brian Evans (author) More about this product

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