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You have explained different applications of photography with reference to detailed examples which are in most cases illustrative. Throughout this paddle you have used subject terminology.

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Shooting from different angles can have an interesting effect on a photo. If you shoot from below it can make an image look larger which portrays it being more important. On the other hand, you can shoot from a high angle making an image look smaller and this can portray it being in danger or vulnerable.

The picture below is shot from a low angle looking up at the tree. This gives off the effect that it is even bigger than it actually is. Taking photos like this can be more interesting for the viewer than taking a bog standard photo that is predictable. We all know that this is just a tree that we see everyday, but this angle has made it look different which makes it stand out.

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A background of a photo is important because if it is too busy or distracting the viewer will not concentrate on the part of the photo you want them to. The main image can also blend in with the background which would be bad also.

The photo below is a good example of a correct background. The main focus is the bird, therefore it needs to stand out the most. The use of the plain background allows the main image to become sharp and nothing obstructs it.

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You can improve your photograph by cropping it. this is where you eliminate the edges that are not needed. By cropping you can make a photo come across more intense because you can focus purely on one thing. Before you crop an image it can have distracting parts to it that you don't want the viewer to be looking at.

The photo below is a good example of a photo before it has been cropped and after. The after effect is successful because it makes the viewer feel more of a connection with the person. Also it makes us understand the persons emotion deeper because we are focusing only on his face and hands.

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This is where you would place an object in the foreground, middle ground or background to show the depth of a photo.

The photo below is effective because a rock has been placed in the foreground which we focus on first. Also there is a mountain in the background which is effective because it makes us feel like there is a large distance between each object.

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Framing helps isolate the main point of your picture from the rest of the world. You can use natural frames such as trees, rocks or holes and you can also use man made frames such as windows, doors or other structures.

This gives off an eye catching effect because it helps exaggerate a particular part of a photo.

Below we can see a man made frame, this is a good photo because we see the window frame which is very ordinary, we then see the beautiful view. This captures the view for what it really is because it stands out to a window frame that we see everyday.

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It can make the picture very eye catching if you take the picture correctly. Patterns bring a sense of visual rhythm to photos like a series of repeating notes. This satisfies the viewer. You need to find a point of interest and explore it to get the most successful photo.

We can see beneath that this photo has a line of symmetry down the middle, this allows us to focus directly on the main image. The patterns of the water are also effective because they are symmetrical which is appealing to the eye also.

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Lines are used to draw a viewers attention to a specific part of a photo. This is one of the most effective tools for a photographer because it can pull you into an image. Lines are used to concentrate the viewer on one particular thing such as, a person or a vanishing point in the background.

We can see leading lines being used in the picture below. The lines of the train tracks draw us into the end bit of the tunnel. This is effective because we immediately look at the end part of the tracks. It also makes the picture more interesting instead of it just being a basic photo of the train station.

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Putting your subject off centre can create an interesting photo. It can give the effect of the picture feeling empty, therefore you would fill this void with another object. This element is attractive to the eye because we are not just focused on one subject.

The picture below uses balancing elements, we can see that the pebbles have been placed to one side of the picture. This makes them stand out more but to fill the gap we can see that the sea and clouds are in the background. This is to stop the picture from feeling empty which can be boring to look at.

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This is where an image is divided into nine equal boxes. The lines are aligned on a subject with the guide lines and their intersection points, placing the horizon on the top or bottom line, or allowing the linear features in the image to flow from section to section.

You would position the most important elements of the photo along the lines or at the points where the lines intersect.
The reason for this is that it is believed that these lines create more tension, energy and interest in the composition than simply centering the subject.

On the picture below we can see the rule of thirds taking place. The main image has been centred along one of the lines. The other main part of the picture (the branch) has also been placed in all three of the top boxes. This would be the horizon of the picture that has been highlighted.

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These pictures are often used in the music industry to promote an artist, album or tour. They are usually set up to make the people involved look good, which will attract the audience they are after.

We could find these photos on billboards so that for example, a bands new example becomes known to the world. Additionally, we could find these photos in travel magazines, promoting a holiday to the readers. The better the picture is, the more people will want to visit the place.

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This photography is devoted to displaying clothing and other fashion items. The photos are used to promote a businesses clothing line, therefore the photos can be set in interesting places to get a better picture and make the clothing line look good. They are usually glossy images to extenuate the models and their clothing. Another trick that may be used would be wacky make up and hair to catch peoples eyes.

We would see fashion photography in magazines or even in town centres on posters. The aim of this photography is to persuade viewers to go out and buy the piece of clothing.

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These photos are captured to portray somebodies personality. They often use lighting, back drops and different poses to enhance this. Usually the focus is on the face, a close up picture is very common, but sometimes the whole body can be captured with a background to create a particular meaning.

These pictures are popular for special occasions such as weddings. Also we may find them on a personal web site, this will allow the person to express themselves.

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These types of photographs are used to create a meaning or even to capture a meaning such as love.

Families often take these photos at weddings or special events. They also take their babies there to capture photos of them dressed up.

More than likely, these photos are used for personal use.

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Usually these photos use a realistic style . They are used to educate the audience and even inform them about past events.
Although it strives to be as natural as possible, sometimes the photos may be exaggerated to tell the story even further and to generally make the photo more appealing.
These photos are typically covered in professional journalism, or real life reportage, it could also be an amateur, artistic or academic pursuit.

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This photography incorporates images taken on camera with a sketch or painting. They usually include post production because you are editing two pictures together.
These pictures can be used to express an opinion of someone like the one underneath. Instead of using words, the creator has illustrated around a realistic picture for a better effect.

You may see this type of photography on billboards or magazines. This would be useful on a billboard because you can get the point of your picture across quickly without the audience having to read it. Billboards are placed usually on roads where people are driving past, therefore they don't have the time to thoroughly read the main point of the picture. This is why illustration photography is beneficial.

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This a specialised area of photography that captures patients, medical and surgical procedures, medical devices and specimens from autopsy. Every photo taken must require a high level of technical skill to present the photograph free from misleading information that may cause interpretation.

We would see these pictures in clinical documentation, research, publication in scientific journals and teaching.

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This is photographing of buildings and similar structures that are attractive. The photos tend to be taken to show off particular parts of a building. Close ups of parts of a building are often taken to exaggerate the beautiful detail.

We would usually see architectural pictures in magazines that are devoted to architecture because people will buy these magazines to see buildings at their full potential.

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Photographs are shot to promote products. The photos are staged so that the product looks it best which makes the audience want to buy it. Special features of the product must be shown in this shot    to allow the audience to see it in its best light.

We would see advertising photos on billboards, at bus stops or on buses. The photos need to be advertised in places that catch peoples eyes.
The photos need to be thoroughly thought through because there is only one shot to persuade the audience to buy their product.

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This is when we communicate news by photographs. We usually see these photos used in newspapers because they are honest and raw, they help tell an intense story and allow the reader to imagine the scenes that have took place.

These photos aren't staged because they are telling a genuine story, therefore they have to be realistic otherwise the audience are reading a false story.