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https://youtu.be/K7D6iA7bZG0

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Stem cells themselves do not serve any single purpose but are important for several reasons. First, with the right stimulation, many stem cells can take on the role of any type of cell. This can range from muscle cells to brain cells. In some cases, they can also fix damaged tissues. 

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Stem cells themselves do not serve any single purpose but are important for several reasons. First, with the right stimulation, many stem cells can take on the role of any type of cell. This can range from muscle cells to brain cells. In some cases, they can also fix damaged tissues. 

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Scientists and doctors are interested in stem cells as they help to explain how some functions of the body work, and how they sometimes go wrong. Stem cells also show promise for treating some diseases that currently have no cure such as paralysis and Alzheimer disease.

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7 cartoons to make you smile - Stem cells can be 'seriously' funny_ (1)

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Stem cells are present inside different types of tissue including :

1.) the brain
2.) bone marrow
3.) blood and blood vessels
4.) skeletal muscles
5.) skin
6.) the liver

However, stem cells can be difficult to find. They can stay non-dividing and non-specific for years until the body summons them to repair or grow new tissue.

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Cells in the body have specific purposes, but stem cells are cells that do not yet have a specific role and can become almost any cell that is required. They are undifferentiated cells that can turn into specific cells, as the body needs them.

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What Is A Stem Cell _ Stem Cell Definition _ BioInformant

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Stem cells are of the following different types:

Embryonic Stem Cells

Adult Stem Cells

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Mesenchymal stem cells

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 THE EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS CAN BE FURTHER CLASSIFIED AS :   

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 THE EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS CAN BE FURTHER CLASSIFIED AS :   

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Totipotent Stem Cells: These can differentiate into all possible types of stem cells.

Pluripotent Stem Cells: These are the cells from an early embryo and can differentiate into any cell type.

Multipotent Stem Cells: These differentiate into a closely related cell type. For eg., the hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into red blood cells and white blood cells.

Oligopotent Stem Cells: Adult lymphoid or myeloid cells are oligopotent. They can differentiate into a few different types of cells.

Unipotent Stem Cells: They can produce cells only of their own type. Since they have the ability to renew themselves, they are known as unipotent stem cells. For eg., Muscle stem cells.

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HOW DO WE GET EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS FROM EMBRYOS?

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HOW DO WE GET EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS FROM EMBRYOS?

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When scientists take stem cells from embryos, these are usually extra embryos that result from in vitro fertilization (IVF).In IVF clinics, the doctors fertilize several eggs in a test tube, to ensure that at least one survives. They will then implant a limited number of eggs to start a pregnancy.

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When a sperm fertilizes an egg, these cells combine to form a single cell called a zygote.This single-celled zygote then starts to divide, forming 2, 4, 8, 16 cells, and so on. Now it becomes an embryo.Around 3–5 days after a sperm fertilizes an egg, the embryo takes the form of a blastocyst.The blastocyst contains stem cells. Embryonic stem cells come from a blastocyst that is 4–5 days old.Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into more cell types than adult stem cells.

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Also called tissue-specific or somatic stem cells, adult stem cells exist throughout the body from the time an embryo develops.The cells are in a non-specific state, but they are more specialized than embryonic stem cells. They remain in this state until the body needs them for a specific purpose, say, as skin or muscle cells.These stem cells are obtained from developed organs and tissues. They can repair and replace the damaged tissues in the region where they are located.

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These cells have been tested and arranged by converting tissue-specific cells into embryonic cells in the lab. These cells are accepted as an important tool to learn about normal development, onset and progression of the disease and also helpful in testing various drugs. These stem cells share the same characteristics as embryonic cells do. They also have the potential to give rise to all the different types of cells in the human body.

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These cells are mainly formed from the connective tissues surrounding other tissues and organs known as the stroma. These mesenchymal stem cells are accurately called stromal cells. The first mesenchymal stem cells were found in the bone marrow that is capable of developing bones, fat cells, and cartilage.There are different mesenchymal stem cells that are used to treat various diseases as they have been developed from different tissues of the human body. The characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells depend on the organ from where they originate.

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Tissue Regeneration

Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease

Treatment of Brain Diseases

Blood Disease Treatment

Treatment of heart and diabetes

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In 2013, a team of researchers from Massachusetts General Hospital reported in PNAS Early Edition that they had created blood vessels in laboratory mice, using human stem cells.Within 2 weeks of implanting the stem cells, networks of blood-perfused vessels had formed. The quality of these new blood vessels was as good as the nearby natural ones.
The authors hoped that this type of technique could eventually help to treat people with cardiovascular and vascular diseases.

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Scientists hope one day to be able to develop healthy heart cells in a laboratory that they can transplant into people with heart disease.These new cells could repair heart damage by repopulating the heart with healthy tissue.

Similarly, people with type I diabetes could receive pancreatic cells to replace the insulin-producing cells that their own immune systems have lost or destroyed.The only current therapy is a pancreatic transplant, and very few pancreases are available for transplant.

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Doctors now routinely use adult hematopoietic stem cells to treat diseases, such as leukemia, sickle cell anemia, and other immunodeficiency problems.Hematopoietic stem cells occur in blood and bone marrow and can produce all blood cell types, including red blood cells that carry oxygen and white blood cells that fight disease.

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Doctors may one day be able to use replacement cells and tissues to treat brain diseases, such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s.In Parkinson’s, for example, damage to brain cells leads to uncontrolled muscle movements. Scientists could use stem cells to replenish the damaged brain tissue. This could bring back the specialized brain cells that stop the uncontrolled muscle movements.Researchers have already tried differentiating embryonic stem cells into these types of cells, so treatments are promising.

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Tissue regeneration is probably the most important use of stem cells.
Until now, a person who needed a new kidney, for example, had to wait for a donor and then undergo a transplant.There is a shortage of donor organs but, by instructing stem cells to differentiate in a certain way, scientists could use them to grow a specific tissue type or organ.
As an example, doctors have already used stem cells from just beneath the skin’s surface to make new skin tissue. They can then repair a severe burn or another injury by grafting this tissue onto the damaged skin, and new skin will grow back.

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To grow stem cells, scientists first extract samples from adult tissue or an embryo. They then place these cells in a controlled culture where they will divide and reproduce but not specialize further.Stem cells that are dividing and reproducing in a controlled culture are called a stem-cell line.Researchers manage and share stem-cell lines for different purposes. They can stimulate the stem cells to specialize in a particular way. This process is known as directed differentiation.

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Click on the link given below and answer the questions. Write your score in the comments below

https://www.medindia.net/medical-quiz/quiz-on-stem-cells.asp#quiz

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1.) TSME LELSC
2.) ISTESU TERENRAGINEO
3.) KSINOPANR
4.) TFSEU
5.) CALMSEEHYNM MEST SLECL

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